基于BLUP和GBLUP方法估计北京油鸡胴体和肉质性状遗传参数的差异

旨在比较不同方法对遗传参数估计的差异,为未来北京油鸡胴体和肉质性状选育方法的制定提供参考依据。本研究利用传统最佳线性无偏预测（best linear unbiased prediction,BLUP）和基因组最佳线性无偏预测（genomic best linear unbiased prediction,GBLUP）两种方法对北京油鸡的胴体和肉质等性状进行了遗传参数估计。从系谱较为完整的北京油鸡群体中,选择100日龄体重相近的公鸡615只,测定其100日龄体重（BW）、屠宰率（EP）、胸肌率（BMP）、腿肌率（LMP）、腹脂率（AFP）、嫩度（T,以剪切力值表示）和肌内脂肪（IMF）等性状,并用SNP芯片（Illumina,60K）进行个体基因分型。结果表明,除IMF和剪切力（SF）遗传力基于两种方法的估值存在较大差异外,其余性状利用两种方法得到的遗传力估值差异较小;除嫩度外,GBLUP方法估计的遗传力均低于BLUP方法。所有胴体相关性状中,除屠宰率遗传力为低遗传力外,其余性状均属于中等遗传力性状。嫩度呈现低遗传力,而IMF基于BLUP法和GBLUP法的估计遗传力分别为中等（h² =0.256）和低遗传力（h² =0.107）。基于BLUP方法,IMF与BW、BMP和SF 3个性状间均呈高度遗传负相关（-0.572、-0.420、-0.682）,与EP的遗传相关为中度负相关（-0.234）,与AFP的遗传相关为中度正相关（0.420）;基于GBLUP方法,IMF与BW、BMP和SF 3个性状间均呈高度遗传负相关（-0.808、-0.725、-0.784）,与EP的遗传相关为高度负相关（-0.626）,与AFP的遗传相关为低度正相关（0.097）。综上,对于某些性状,基于传统的BLUP方法与新的GBLUP方法得到的遗传力与遗传相关估值存在较大差异,实际育种工作中,为提高育种效率,需要综合考虑。     

鸡肌内脂肪双向选择对脂肪性状及相关基因mRNA表达的影响

本试验旨在研究鸡肌内脂肪（IMF）双向选择对脂肪性状及相关基因mRNA表达的影响。试验采用北京油鸡肌内脂肪双向选育系和对照系雏鸡,饲养至56和120 d时,每个系分别屠宰30只母鸡,测定胸肌和腿肌IMF含量、腹脂重、腹脂率及LPL、H-FABP和A-FABP基因mRNA表达量,比较双选系各性状差异,分析IMF遗传选择效果。结果表明,上选系肌肉IMF含量和肉色亮度值（L^＊）显著大于下选系（P〈0.05）,胸肉终pH（pHu）显著低于下选系（P〈0.05）。LPL基因在120日龄上选系腹脂中的mRNA表达量显著高于下选系（P〈0.05）,下选系胸肌中H-FABP基因mRNA的表达显著高于上选系（P〈0.05）。结果表明IMF的双向选择是有效的,该双选系可以作为未来基因定位和基因互作效应研究的宝贵资源群体。     

北京鸭生长发育性状遗传参数的估计

本文以Z型北京鸭为研究对象,采用个体动物模型,运用遗传参数估计软件MTDFREML估计了Z型北京鸭6周龄时生长发育性状和屠宰性状的遗传参数。结果表明,体重、屠体重、胸肌重、全净膛、皮脂率、胸肌厚度、胸肌体积、胫骨长和脂肪率为高遗传力性状;腹脂重、背加腹部皮脂厚、胸肌率、腹脂率、腹部皮脂厚、胸宽、龙骨长、胸深和瘦肉率为中等遗传力性状;腿肌重、皮脂重、腿肌率、背部皮脂厚和颈长为低遗传力性状。     

饲养方式对河田鸡脂肪代谢的影响

本文主要研究了饲养方式、性别、日龄对河田鸡脂肪代谢的影响。试验采用28日龄河田鸡,分为笼养组、室内平养组和草地散养组,每组4个重复,笼养组每重复公母各15只鸡,平养组每重复公母各30只鸡,草地散养组每重复公母各50只鸡,公母分开饲养,在第8、12、16周分别进行屠宰分析。结果表明,饲养方式、性别、日龄对脂肪合成关键酶FAS和ME的mRNA水平及其酶活性具有显著影响,散养鸡的肝脏FASmRNA和MEmRNA水平及其酶活性显著低于笼养鸡（P〈0．05）,与之相应的是散养鸡的肌内脂肪、肌间脂肪、皮下脂肪、腹脂率显著低于笼养鸡（P〈0．05）。随着日龄的增加,肝脏FAS、MEmRNA水平及其酶活性会随着增加。母鸡的肝脏FAS、MEmRNA水平及其酶活性显著高于公鸡（P〈0．05）。从酶活性与脂肪沉积的相关性可以看出,FAS活性与腿肌IMF含量、肌间脂肪宽、皮下脂肪、腹脂率呈正相关,并且与皮下脂肪和腹脂率呈显著正相关（P〈0．05）,FAS活性与胸肌IMF呈负相关,但相关性不显著。肝脏ME活性与腿肌IMF、胸肌IMF含量呈显著正相关（P〈0．05）,而与皮下脂肪、腹脂率呈负相关（P〉0．05）。     

法系獭兔数量性状遗传参数估计

用单元内同胞相关法对法系獭兔3个世代的繁殖性状和生长发育性状进行了遗传力估计，并对6月龄的体重体尺进行了相关分析。结果表明：产仔数（0．15）和初生窝重（0．20）属中等遗传力性状；21日龄个体重（0．42）、32日龄断奶个体重（0．38）及成活数（0．42）皆属高遗传性状；3月龄体重（0．37）及体尺（0．28－0．37）属较高遗传力性状，而6月龄的相应性状遗传力值（0．47－0．63）明显地高于3月龄。3月龄体重与6月龄体重、6月龄体尺间皆有很高的遗传相关（0．81－0．96）和表型相关（0．46－0．79）。     

基于BLUP和GBLUP方法估计北京油鸡胴体和肉质性状遗传参数的差异

旨在比较不同方法对遗传参数估计的差异,为未来北京油鸡胴体和肉质性状选育方法的制定提供参考依据。本研究利用传统最佳线性无偏预测(best linear unbiased prediction,BLUP)和基因组最佳线性无偏预测(genomic best linear unbiased prediction,GBLUP)两种方法对北京油鸡的胴体和肉质等性状进行了遗传参数估计。从系谱较为完整的北京油鸡群体中,选择100日龄体重相近的公鸡615只,测定其100日龄体重(BW)、屠宰率(EP)、胸肌率(BMP)、腿肌率(LMP)、腹脂率(AFP)、嫩度(T,以剪切力值表示)和肌内脂肪(IMF)等性状,并用SNP芯片(Illumina,60K)进行个体基因分型。结果表明,除IMF和剪切力(SF)遗传力基于两种方法的估值存在较大差异外,其余性状利用两种方法得到的遗传力估值差异较小;除嫩度外,GBLUP方法估计的遗传力均低于BLUP方法。所有胴体相关性状中,除屠宰率遗传力为低遗传力外,其余性状均属于中等遗传力性状。嫩度呈现低遗传力,而IMF基于BLUP法和GBLUP法的估计遗传力分别为中等(h~2=0.256)和低遗传力(h~2=0.107)。基于BLUP方法,IMF与BW、BMP和SF 3个性状间均呈高度遗传负相关(-0.572、-0.420、-0.682),与EP的遗传相关为中度负相关(-0.234),与AFP的遗传相关为中度正相关(0.420);基于GBLUP方法,IMF与BW、BMP和SF 3个性状间均呈高度遗传负相关(-0.808、-0.725、-0.784),与EP的遗传相关为高度负相关(-0.626),与AFP的遗传相关为低度正相关(0.097)。综上,对于某些性状,基于传统的BLUP方法与新的GBLUP方法得到的遗传力与遗传相关估值存在较大差异,实际育种工作中,为提高育种效率,需要综合考虑。     

肉鸡血浆VLDL浓度与肥度性状和体重的相关研究

以一世代和二世代高、低脂系肉鸡为素材,测定了42,45和49日龄肉鸡血浆极低密度脂蛋白（VLD）浓度和体重,并于二世代时屠宰72只49日龄肉鸡（公、母各半）,测定其肥度性状。结果：血浆VLDL浓度和肥度性状变异大,变异系数分别为34％～60％和21％～27％;血浆VLDL浓度为中等遗传力,因此对血浆VLDL浓度选择宜采用家系和个体选择结合的方法;血浆VLDL浓度和腹脂重（率）呈显著正表型相关,其遗传相关为中等至较高水平;血浆VLDL浓度与体重表型相关很弱,而遗传相关为中等,公、母鸡腹脂重与体重呈显著正表型相关。腹脂率与体重表型相关均不显著。表明对血浆VLDL浓度低向选择,在降低腹脂的同时,体重也将下降。为防止体重的下降,应对血浆VLDL浓度和体重同时进行选择。     

血浆极低密度脂蛋白浓度的双向选择对肉鸡腹脂、肝脂和产肉性能的影响

对零世代８周龄血浆极低密度脂蛋白（ＶＬＤＬ）浓度进行降低腹脂的间接选择，一世代取得了明显效果：腹脂和肝脂向两极分化，其中肌胃脂和肝脂选择反应较大。低血浆ＶＬＤＬ的选择使腹脂降低，肝脂增加，对产肉性状未产生不利影响。９周龄腹脂率、板油率和肌胃脂率在高ＶＬＤＬ系分别高于低ＶＬＤＬ系２１％，１６％和５１％；肌胃脂率品系间差异极显著（Ｐ＜０．００１）。品系与性别互作对肌胃脂率有明显影响（Ｐ＜０．０５）。腹脂、肌胃脂存在性别差异，腹脂率雌性略高于雄性，而肌胃脂率雄性高于雌性。９周龄肝脂率，高ＶＬＤＬ系显著低于低ＶＬＤＬ系（Ｐ＜０．０１），雌性高于雄性。一世代８周龄血浆ＶＬＤＬ产生了直接选择反应，血浆ＶＬＤＬ浓度，高ＶＬＤＬ系高于低ＶＬＤＬ系。血浆ＶＬＤＬ存在性别差异，雄性高于雌性。一世代高、低ＶＬＤＬ系血浆ＶＬＤＬ和腹脂的变异系数仍然很大，继续对其选择仍然有效。由于血浆ＶＬＤＬ属中等遗传力，并且家系间差异显著，因此，在世代选育中应采取家系结合个体选择法     

技术创新，优质禽业发展的不竭动力——第六届中国优质禽育种与生产研究会学术讨论会暨代表大会：优质鸡肌内脂肪含量遗传选择

提高肌肉品质是优质肉鸡育种的主要目标之一。肌内脂肪（IMF）是肌肉品质的主要指示指标，它通过氧化时对肌纤维束的溶解作用而提高肌肉嫩度和多汁性。而且IMF富含磷脂，磷脂通过美拉德（Mailard）反应产生香味。将IMF作为主选性状进行选育，可以提高肌肉品质。本实验采用矮脚肉鸡F系（合成品系j脂肪沉积能力强，正向选择）和北京油鸡（地方鸡种，体脂少，双向选择）为育种素材，将90日龄胸肌IMF含量作为主选性状，从2000年开始，已完成了6个世代的选育，其中选择系保持500－800只产蛋母鸡群量，对照系保持70只公鸡，200只母鸡的随机交配群体。选择方法采用同胞测定，家系选择。     

肉鸡血浆VLDL浓度与肥度性状和体重的相关研究

以一世代和二世代高、低脂系肉鸡为素材，测定了４２，４５和４９日龄肉鸡血浆极低密度脂蛋白（ＶＬＤＬ）浓度和体重，并于二世代时暑宰７只４９日龄肉鸡（公、母各半）、测定其肥度性状。结果：血浆ＶＬＤＬ浓度和肥度性状变异大，变异系数分别为３４％～６０％和２１％～２７％；血浆ＶＬＤＬ浓度为中等遗传力，因此对血浆ＶＬＤＬ浓度选择宜采用家系和个体选择结合的方法；血浆ＶＬＤＬ浓度和腹脂重（率）呈显著正表型相关，其遗     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein