YM型小麦雄性不育系KTM3314A的温敏特性

为了明确YM型小麦温敏不育系KTM3314A的育性转换特性,以1B/1R类型K型小麦雄性不育系K3314A和YM型小麦雄性不育系KTM3314A为试验材料,进行分期播种(秋播、春播)和剪穂再生试验,以K3314A为对照,比较不同播期及再生分蘖穗的自交结实率,并与同期的温度、湿度等气象数据对照,以确定KTM3314A的温度敏感期和临界温度。结果表明,K3314A秋播、春播及再生分蘖穗皆完全雄性不育,KTM3314A秋播完全雄性不育,春播及再生分蘖穗育性部分恢复,育性转换的温度敏感期在孕穗前后5 d,临界温度为18.14℃,表明KTM3314A具有温度敏感特性。     

斯卑尔脱（T.spelta）小麦和莫迦小麦（Lmacha）1BS染色体对K型小麦不育系育性恢复和几个重要性状的影响

为了明确斯卑尔脱（T．spelta）小麦和莫迦小麦（T．macha）1BS染色体对K型小麦不育系育性恢复等的影响,利用1B／1R小麦K型不育系K3314A、YS型小麦温敏雄性不育系YS3314和YM型小麦温敏雄性不育系YM3314进行秋播、春播试验,考察3种类型不育系育性对温度的反应,并分别与普通小麦品种（系）90（13）21、L783、温6、陕354和邯6172杂交,测定和比较其F1的恢复性、单倍体发生频率和几个重要农艺性状。结果表明,Y$3314和YM3314秋播完全雄性不育,春播则自交结实,K3314秋播、春播皆雄性不育,说明T．spelta和T．macha的1BS染色体导入使K3314A获得温敏特性。YM型小麦温敏雄性不育系比YS型小麦温敏雄性不育系和1B／1R类型不育系更易恢复;YS型小麦温敏雄性不育系其杂交F1产生极少或不产生单倍体,且在单株有效穗数和有效小穗数等性状上具有明显的优势,YM型小麦温敏不育系则在穗粒数上具有明显的优势。     

斯卑尔脱(T.spelta)小麦和莫迦小麦(T.macha)1BS染色体对K 型小麦不育系育性恢复和几个重要性状的影响

为了明确斯卑尔脱(T.spelta)小麦和莫迦小麦(T.macha)1BS染色体对K型小麦不育系育性恢复等的影响,利用1B/1R 小麦K 型不育系K3314A 、YS型小麦温敏雄性不育系YS3314和YM型小麦温敏雄性不育系YM3314进行秋播、春播试验,考察3种类型不育系育性对温度的反应,并分别与普通小麦品种(系) 90(13)21、L783、温6、陕354和邯6172杂交, 测定和比较其F1的恢复性、单倍体发生频率和几个重要农艺性状.结果表明,YS3314和YM3314秋播完全雄性不育,春播则自交结实,K3314秋播、春播皆雄性不育,说明T.spelta和T.macha的1BS染色体导入使K3314A 获得温敏特性.YM型小麦温敏雄性不育系比YS型小麦温敏雄性不育系和1B/1R 类型不育系更易恢复; YS型小麦温敏雄性不育系其杂交F1产生极少或不产生单倍体,且在单株有效穗数和有效小穗数等性状上具有明显的优势,YM型小麦温敏不育系则在穗粒数上具有明显的优势.     

带有莫迦小麦(T.macha)染色体片段的普通小麦温敏雄性不育系YM3314的初步研究

为简化杂交小麦制种环节,扩大和创新小麦温敏雄性不育遗传资源,在提莫菲维小麦细胞质背景下利用莫迦小麦1B染色体上的T型恢复基因作为选择标记,将与其连锁的莫迦小麦雄性不育温敏基因导入普通小麦3314的核基因组,获得带有莫迦小麦1B染色体有关育性片断的材料TM3314,经回交导入粘果山羊草细胞质背景,育成KTM3314A(简称为YM3314).经秋播、秋播剪穗再生分蘖、夏播、春播试验,YM3314在陕西杨陵秋播雄性不育,秋播剪穗再生分蘖、夏播、春播均雄性可育;结合人工气候箱控温控光试验结果表明,YM3314的雄性不育具有温度敏感特性,对日长似乎不敏感.带有莫迦小麦温敏雄性不育基因的小麦雄性不育系,可称作YM型小麦温敏不育系.     

YS型小麦温敏不育系A3314育性转换过程中叶片和幼穗酶活性的变化

为研究YS型小麦温敏雄性不育系的育性转换机制,在不同育性条件下,测定了YS型小麦温敏不育系A3314及其原同型保持系TSP3314不同发育时期叶片和幼穗中过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量.结果表明,两种育性条件下,A3314幼穗中酶的变化较叶片对其育性影响大;同一发育时期SOD、POD、CAT活性基本呈现不育条件下比可育条件下低的趋势,特别是在减数分裂期后表现更加明显.MDA含量与SOD、POD、CAT活性变化趋势相反.这些结果说明YS型小麦温敏不育系中酶活性与花粉育性密切相关.     

小麦温敏雄性不育系BNY的花粉育性及自交结实性研究

BNY是新发现的小麦温敏雄性不育两用系。为了进一步确定BNY的育性敏感时期,对BNY和CK(温麦6号)的花粉育性及自交结实性进行了系统调查,结果表明,BNY不同蘖位、穗位、花位的花粉败育率存在差异,小分蘖败育率高于大分蘖,大分蘖高于主茎;同一穗不同部位的小穗花粉败育率差异不明显;同一小穗不同花位花粉败育率差异明显,下位小花败育率显著高于上位小花。自交结实率主茎穗高于大分蘖穗,大分蘖穗高于小分蘖穗,但均显著低于CK;主茎穗与大分蘖穗的自交结实率差异不显著,而小分蘖穗与主茎穗及小分蘖穗与大分蘖穗的自交结实率差异显著。     

一个水稻育性相关基因在小麦雄性不育系中的表达

为了确定小麦中一个编码与水稻光温敏雄性不育有关的酶的基因（FJ803924）是否与小麦雄性不育系的育性有关,采用半定量PCR和电泳分析,测定了此基因在人工控温下生长的5种小麦（非1B/1R 类K型不育系732A 及其保持系732B、YS型温敏雄性不育小麦A3017、1B/1R 类K 型不育系K3314A 及其保持系3314B）不同时期幼穗中的表达量变化趋势。结果表明,此基因在高、低温处理下在732A和A3017中出现较明显的表达量差异,而在另外几种小麦中表达量变化差异不明显。此基因在不同小麦中的表达受温度影响的程度不同,与小麦育性的关系也不尽相同。     

YS型小麦温敏雄性不育系A3017控温条件下的花粉育性比较

为了研究温敏不育系在可育和不育温度条件下的花粉发育情况，通过人工控温的方法对YS型小麦温敏不育系A3017-310和A3017-312减数分裂期分别处在不育和可育温度条件下的花粉育性进行了分析．结果表明，不育温度条件（12～16℃）下，花粉粒多数败育，I2-KI染色不着色，染色不均匀，约1／3花粉粒发育至单核中后期或双核早期发生败育，大部分花粉粒发育到二核后期或三核期发生败育（染败），两个系的花粉粒碘染败育率分别为98．7％和99．0％，花粉萌发势分别为0．7％和0．5％，花药不开裂、不散粉，自交结实率均为0；可育温度条件下（正常分蘖穗为18～22℃，再生分蘖穗为20～25℃），花粉粒多数正常，花药能正常开裂、散粉，花粉粒在这两种可育温度条件下碘染的败育率无差异，均约为20％．花粉萌发势随温度升高而增加，A3017—310由60．7％增为71.5％。A3017-312由27．4％提高为63．1％;自交结实率（国际法）为34．6％～113．7％。A3017—310和A3017—312株系来源于同一组合的F6代，它们在不同的可育条件下，育性恢复程度有所不同，表明YS型温敏不育系在育性转换为可育后控制自交结实的遗传机制较为复杂。     

高温不育小麦育性转换特性研究

为研究高温雄性不育小麦周13S -1的育性转换特性,2004～2005年在广东湛江进行了分期播种试验.结果表明,周13S -1育性变化趋势为"部分不育-高度不育-部分不育",不育的时间长,不育期败育程度高.温度是引起周13S -1雄性育性发生转换的主要原因,日长对其雄性育性没有显著影响.抽穗前26～18 d平均日均温与自交结实率的相关达极显著水平.当抽穗前25～21 d平均日均温在20.32℃以上时周13S -1表现完全不育;低于19℃表现部分不育,能够自交结实,且育性随着温度的降低而升高.说明周13S -1的育性临界温度在20℃左右.在湛江10月15日至11月15日播种表现高度不育,自交结实率在1.5%以下,可以用于生产杂交种;10月15日以前和11月15日以后播种均表现部分不育,可以自交繁殖.育性转换对温度的敏感时期为抽穗前26～18 d,此时生育时期为倒二叶露尖前后,穗分化时期为药隔期.相关分析表明花粉育性和自交结实率无显著相关.     

F型小麦雄性不育系测恢研究及杂种优势分析

小麦F型雄性不育系是具有普通小麦细胞质的新型细胞质雄性不育系。本研究利用364个普通小麦品种(系)与F型雄性不育系FA杂交配制F1,测定其育性恢复性。结果表明,49个小麦品种(系)对F型不育系具有完全恢复性,其F1的自交结实率(国际法)达到甚至超过对照(黄淮冬麦区主栽品种周麦18),这些材料可作为FA的恢复系供进一步研究利用。这一结果说明,小麦F型雄性不育系的育性较易恢复。另外,7个小麦品种(系)对不育系FA不具有恢复力,可用于转育新不育系。从364个组合初选出15个组合,经超标杂种优势分析,7个组合表现更优,具有不同程度的增产潜力,需进一步升级试验、筛选鉴定。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.