重组禽流感灭活疫苗注射方法比较

用不同批次重组禽流感灭活疫苗(H5N1亚型,Re-1株)分别颈部皮下注射和胸部肌肉注射28日龄的SPF鸡,结果表明,颈部皮下注射均比胸部肌肉注射产生的HI抗体快且高.表明应用重组禽流感灭活疫苗,采用颈部皮下注射产生免疫效果比胸部肌肉注射好.     

家禽常用免疫方法及免疫失败的原因分析

1免疫方法 1．1注射法 注射法分为肌肉注射、皮下注射和刺种法,以颈部皮下注射为最好。肌肉注射分胸肌注射、腿肌注射和翅膀肌肉注射。采用注射免疫时应注意,免疫前、后2-3天用土霉素拌料和多种维生素饮水,产蛋鸡注射免疫最好在下午进行,免疫油剂苗时要摇匀、预温。颈部皮下注射,要注射在颈后段1/3处皮下,     

家禽灭活苗免疫新趋向

灭活苗在生产中常用来刺激鸡的免疫系统，提高抗体水平。灭活苗在使用时，常选用皮下注射和肌肉注射两种方式。皮下注射一般选择颈部皮下注射，肌肉注射常选用胸、大腿或翼。这两种注射方式常引起较大的组织反应。灭活苗通常为轻型矿物油乳剂水化抗原，氢氧化铝乳剂水化抗原。氢氧化铝灭活苗一般没有油乳剂疫苗产生的抗体水平高，但组织反应轻。油乳剂型病毒疫苗引起的组织反应比细菌型疫苗轻。一般来说，皮下注射比肌肉注射反应小，因此，一般油乳剂疫苗特别是细菌型疫苗都是应作皮下注射，而注射点越来越趋向以种鸡或后备母鸡的腹股沟部皮…     

浅谈鸡油乳剂灭活疫苗的免疫接种

在当今的养鸡生产中,进行油乳剂灭活疫苗的免疫接种是预防和控制传染病,保护鸡群健康的重要措施。如何正确地接种油苗,减少应激,是广大养殖户值得重视的问题。1油乳剂灭活疫苗接种的方法油乳剂灭活疫苗接种的方法是注射,分为皮下注射和肌肉注射两种。皮下注射以颈部皮下注射为主,肌肉注射又分为浅层胸肌注射和腿肌注射等。     

家禽滅活苗免疫新趋向

灭活苗在生产中常用来刺激鸡的免疫系统,提高抗体水平。灭活苗可单独使用,也可在使用活疫苗后使用。 灭活苗在使用时,常选用皮下注射和肌肉注射两种方式。皮下注射一般选用颈部皮下注射,肌肉注射常选用胸、翼或大腿。这两种注射方法常引起较大的组织反应:小鸡在注射灭活苗时,会引起不同程度的不适,表现为精神抑郁,羽毛蓬乱,挤堆和采食量下降;疫苗注射胸、翼或大腿可能形成永久性损伤。     

蛋鸡注射油苗的正确方法及注意事项

随着养鸡业的不断发展,疾病越来越复杂,产蛋期注射疫苗已经成为有效预防疾病的重要措施。可是有许多养鸡户由于没有按照正确的油苗使用方法,在注射后,引起产蛋急剧下降,严重的可影响一个月以上,给经济造成巨大损失。所以如何正确的在产蛋期注射油苗,应引起广大养殖户的高度重视,以减少不必要的损失。一郾注射方法主要有皮下注射和肌肉注射两种。皮下注射以颈部皮下为主,肌肉注射分为胸肌注射、腿肌注射和翅膀肌肉注射等。疫苗注射以皮下或浅层肌肉为主,经大量的临床实践证明,以颈部皮下注射效益最好。1郾颈部皮下注射:操作时先按说明将注射…     

人工诱发鸡新城疫的攻毒条件的比较研究

将4周龄淮南麻黄鸡80羽随机平均分成4组：口鼻接种组、皮下接种组、肌肉接种组和空白对照组，分别用不同稀释度的NDV攻毒，观察攻毒结果并统计死亡情况。结果不同攻毒途径的致病性有差异，肌肉注射致病性最强，皮下注射次之，滴鼻滴口最弱。不同攻毒途径所需的攻毒剂量各不相同，滴鼻滴口所需的剂量最大，皮下注射次之，肌肉注射量最小。本文对造成不同攻毒途径致病性差异的原因进行了深入探讨。人工诱发新城疫，建议采用注射途径。     

家禽免疫接种操作及注意事项

<正>家禽免疫接种是养禽业疫病防控工作中的重要措施之一。免疫接种的成败,直接关系到养殖户的经济利益。现将家禽免疫接种常用的几种免疫方法的操作以及免疫时应注意的事项归纳总结如下,以供大家参考。1注射免疫法分为肌肉注射、皮下注射和刺种法。肌肉注射选择在胸肌、腿肌和翅膀翼膜三角区等部位,15日龄以下的多选择腿肌注射,15日龄以上多选择胸肌注射。皮下注射选择颈部皮下注射为好。刺种以翅     

肉鸡油苗的使用方法及注意事项

<正>随着肉鸡养殖业的规模化发展,注射油乳剂灭活疫苗成为预防和控制疫病流行,保护肉鸡群健康的重要措施。临床应用中,因油乳剂灭活疫苗使用不当引发了多种多样的事件。如何正确规范地使用油乳剂灭活疫苗,已成为业界非常重视的问题。1油乳剂灭活疫苗的免疫方法油乳剂灭活疫苗免疫的惟一方法就是注射,分为皮下注射和肌肉注射。皮下注射以颈部皮下注射为主,肌肉注射可采用浅层胸肌注射和腿肌注射。1.1颈部皮下注射     

家禽注射免疫的操作要点

家禽注射免疫有皮下与肌肉注射两种方法.肌肉注射抗体上升快,但对鸡的应激大,容易造成残鸡,且抗体维持时间短,常用做紧急免疫;皮下注射对鸡只免疫应激小、抗体维持时间长,是实际生产中较常用的免疫接种方法.     

A Comparison of Serum Concentrations of Penicillin After Intramuscular Injection and Subcutaneous and Deep Injection into the Dewlap in Cattle

Using an aqueous solution of sodium benzyl penicillin as the model substance, a comparison was made in cattle between absorption after intramuscular injection, and after subcutaneous and deep injection into the dewlap.The duration of supposed therapeutically effective serum concentrations using the 2 dewlap routes was longer than for the intramuscular route, although maximum concentrations were lower. The applicability of injection into the dewlap, especially the subcutaneous route, is discussed in relation to intramuscular injection.     

Subcutaneous pre-anaesthetic medication with acepromazine–buprenorphine is effective as and less painful than the intramuscular route

O bjectives : To compare reaction to injection, sedation and propofol induction dose in dogs receiving acepromazine–buprenorphine pre-anaesthetic medication by the intramuscular or subcutaneous routes.
M ethods : Fifty-two client owned dogs of American Society of Anesthesiologists grade I or II anaesthetised for diagnostic imaging. Dogs were randomly assigned to receive acepromazine 0·03 mg/kg and buprenorphine 0·02 mg/kg either intramuscular or subcutaneous. Reaction to injection was scored. Sedation was compared before and one hour after pre-anaesthetic medication. Propofol was administered in 1 mg/kg incremental injections until tracheal intubation was achieved. Total propofol dose was recorded.
R esults : Reaction to injection was significantly greater (P=0·009) in the intramuscular group compared to the subcutaneous group. Sedation scores were not significantly different (P=0·523) between the intramuscular and the subcutaneous group. There was no statistically significant difference in propofol dose for induction (P=0·7).
Clinical Significance: Acepromazine–buprenorphine pre-anaesthetic medication provides a similar degree of sedation whether administered by the intramuscular or subcutaneous route. The intramuscular route is more painful compared to the subcutaneous route.     

Pharmacokinetic profile of cefotaxime in goats

Cefotaxime was once administered in goats via intravenous, intramuscular and subcutaneous routes for determination of blood and urine concentration, kinetic behaviour and bioavailability. Following a single intravenous injection, the blood concentration-time curve indicated two compartments open model, with an elimination half-life value (t1/2 beta) of 22.38 +/- 0.41 minutes. Both intramuscular and subcutaneous routes showed lower values i.e. 38.64 and 69.58 minutes. The lower apparent volume of distribution of cefotaxime in goats than one liter/kg elucidated lower distribution in tissues than in blood. After intramuscular and subcutaneous injections peak plasma cefotaxime concentrations were 77.8 +/- 1.7 and 44.0 +/- 0.8 micrograms/ml at 29.6 and 40.4 minutes, respectively. The average bioavailability of cefotaxime given by intramuscular and subcutaneous injection was 1.08 and 1.25, respectively. The cefotaxime concentration remained in urine 24 hours longer after subcutaneous injection than after intramuscular administration.     

Pharmacokinetics of cefotaxime in the dog

Each of five dogs was given cefotaxime at a dose rate of 50 mg/kg by intravenous, intramuscular and subcutaneous routes, in three separate treatments. Plasma concentration time profiles were characterised by a linear two-compartment model after the intravenous administration. After intravenous, intramuscular and subcutaneous injections the mean biological half-lives were 0.74, 0.83 and 1.71 hours, respectively. The apparent steady state volume of distribution was 0.48 litre/kg and body clearance after intravenous injection was approximately 0.63 litre/hour/kg. After intramuscular and subcutaneous injections peak plasma cefotaxime concentrations were 47 +/- 15 and 29.6 +/- 16 micrograms/ml at 0.5 and 0.8 hours, respectively. The average bioavailability of cefotaxime given by intramuscular injection was 86.5 per cent and for cefotaxime given subcutaneously it was approximately 100 per cent. After two hours, the cefotaxime plasma concentration remained higher after subcutaneous than after intramuscular administration.     

Pharmacokinetic profile of cefotaxime in goats

Cefotaxime was administered to goats intravenously, intramuscularly and subcutaneously to determine blood and urine concentration, kinetic behaviour and bioavailability. Following a single intravenous injection, the blood concentration-time curve indicated a two compartment open model, with an elimination half-life value (t1/2 beta) of 22.38 +/- 0.41 minutes. Both intramuscular and subcutaneous routes showed slower values, that is, 38.64 and 69.58 minutes. The apparent volume of distribution of cefotaxime in goats was less than 1 litre kg-1 and suggested a lower distribution in tissues than in blood. After intramuscular and subcutaneous injections peak plasma cefotaxime concentrations were 77.8 +/- 1.7 and 44.0 +/- 0.8 micrograms ml-1 at 29.6 and 40.4 minutes, respectively. The average bioavailability of cefotaxime given by intramuscular and subcutaneous injection was 1.08 and 1.25 times the intravenous availability, respectively. The cefotaxime concentration remained in urine 24 hours longer after subcutaneous injection than after intramuscular administration.     

双黄连注射液治疗母畜子宫内膜炎的临床试验

临床选取自然发生子宫内膜炎的猪只236头，羊241只，牛180头。将发病母畜随机分为高、中、低剂量组，药物对照组和阳性对照组，分别采用肌肉注射和子宫灌注两种给药途径交替给药，一日一次，连续3次给药后，停药观察7d。结果双黄连注射液高剂量组与中剂量组对子宫内膜炎的疗效优于化学药物对照组，差异均显著（P〈0．05）；低剂量组治疗效果与化学药物组差异不显著（P〉0．05）。双黄连注射液对家畜无毒副作用，而且还能增强家畜的抵抗力，因此可作为治疗母畜子宫内膜炎的首选药物。     

泰地罗新注射液治疗猪呼吸道疾病临床疗效试验

为评价泰地罗新注射液注射液(4％)对猪呼吸道疾病的有效性和安全性,试验选择自然发病、表现典型的呼吸系统疾病症状的130头猪进行治疗效果试验.将患病猪随机分成2组(试验组和对照组),受试组采用泰地罗新注射液(4 mg/kg体重)肌内注射给药,对照组采用氟苯尼考注射液(2mg/kg体重)肌内注射给药.结果 显示:受试组和对...     

黄芪多糖与庆大霉素肌肉注射治疗犬脾虚泄泻证的比较

以犬为研究对象,探讨黄芪多糖注射液肌肉注射对犬脾虚泄泻证的临床治疗效果。24只健康本地犬饲养1周后灌胃番泻叶水煎剂人工复制脾虚泄泻证病理模型,造模成功后随机分为3组：黄芪多糖注射液治疗组肌肉注射黄芪多糖注射液0．25mL／kg,2次／d;庆大霉素组肌肉注射庆大霉素注射液0．2mL／kg,2次／d;病理对照组不作任何处理;同时设立4头健康犬作为空白对照,造模期间灌胃生理盐水。治愈后检测试验犬体质量、三大临床指标、白细胞、红细胞、血红蛋白及脾脏指数,并进行统计分析。结果表明,黄芪多糖注射液治疗组治愈后白细胞、血红蛋白、红细胞恢复较快,平均日增重及脾脏指数显著高于庆大霉素治疗组（p〈0．05）;三大临床指标各治疗组差异不显著（P〉0．05）。说明黄芪多糖注射液可用于临床治疗动物脾虚泄泻证。     

Pharmacokinetics of cephalexin in dogs and cats after oral, subcutaneous and intramuscular administration

A three-way crossover study was carried out in 10 dogs and nine cats to establish the pharmacokinetic parameters of the semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotic, cephalexin sodium, when administered orally, subcutaneously or intramuscularly. Ten dogs received a subcutaneous or intramuscular injection of 10 mg/kg bodyweight cephalexin or an oral dose of three 50 mg cephalexin tablets; the peak serum concentrations achieved were 24.9, 31.9 and 18.6 micrograms/ml, respectively, and the times taken to reach these peak levels were 1.2, 0.9 and 1.8 hours. Nine cats received either a subcutaneous or intramuscular dose of 0.25 ml cephalexin suspension (approximately 20 mg/kg bodyweight) or an oral dose of one 50 mg tablet; the peak serum concentrations achieved were 54.0, 61.8 and 18.7 micrograms/ml for the subcutaneous, intramuscular and oral administrations respectively, with times to peak concentrations of 1.1, 0.7 and 2.6 hours.     

Depletion of intramuscularly and subcutaneously injected procaine penicillin G from tissues and plasma of yearling beef steers.

Withdrawal periods required when doses of 24,000 IU and 66,000 IU of procaine penicillin G/kg body weight were administered to yearling beef steers by intramuscular injection daily for five consecutive days were investigated. These dosages are in excess of product label recommendations, but are in the range of procaine penicillin G dosages that have been administered for the treatment of some feedlot bacterial diseases. The approved dose in Canada is 7,500 IU/kg body weight intramuscularly, once daily, with a withdrawal period of five days. Based on the tissue residue data from this study, the appropriate withdrawal period is ten days for the 24,000 IU/kg body weight dose and 21 days for the 66,000 IU/kg body weight dose when administered intramuscularly to yearling beef steers. In a related study, 18 yearling beef steers received 66,000 IU of procaine penicillin G/kg body weight administered by subcutaneous injection, an extra-label treatment in terms of both dose and route of administration, typical of current practice in some circumstances. Deposits of the drug were visible at subcutaneous injection sites up to ten days after injection, with more inflammation and hemorrhage observed than for intramuscular injections of the same dose. These results suggest that procaine penicillin G should not be administered subcutaneously at high doses; and therefore a withdrawal period was not established for subcutaneous injection.