Bank Branch Geographic Location Patterns in Spain: Some Implications for Financial Exclusion

Over the last 20 years, the Spanish banking industry has undergone a profound reshaping in several respects. One of the factors that has allowed this has been the geographic expansion of most savings banks into other regions outside their regions of origin that has been taking place at a significant pace since 1989. Almost simultaneously, the Spanish economy has grown at remarkable annual rates, a growth pattern that came to an abrupt halt in 2008. Under these circumstances, this paper analyzes the geographic expansion patterns of Spanish financial institutions during the postderegulation period. This goal extends previous analyses in two main ways: by considering a broader set of variables affecting bank branch location and by using a quantile regression in order to obtain results that go beyond conditional mean models. Results indicate that 1) location and geographic diversification patterns vary mostly across firms and by type of firm; 2) the evaluation of growth and financial development at municipal level indicates that some communities have experienced financial exclusion; and 3) it is difficult to establish a linear relationship to explain bank branch geographic diversification strategies.     

我国村镇银行发展问题研究

村镇银行作为一种新型农村金融机构,给当地农户及涉农企业带来了融资帮助、填补我国农村金融的空白,同时也在发展中存在一定障碍。文章以我国村镇银行现状和吉林省三家村镇银行发展情况为背景,分析了村镇银行在发展中存在的问题,包括资金来源不足、规模小、发起人难找、金融生态环境欠佳、贷款风险高等问题,并提出相应改革策略。     

Shenzhen in China's Financial Center Networks

Shenzhen, China, aspires to be an international financial center; however, its financial sector occupies an anomalous position in China's networks. The sector is tightly integrated into mainland networks, and Shenzhen's local banks provide access to Hong Kong's networks. Nonetheless, the city's proximity to Hong Kong, the Asia‐Pacific center of financial networks, confers few incremental benefits compared to those received by other mainland centers. The proposed Qianhai financial district, which is to be a laboratory for opening China's capital accounts, does not differentially boost Shenzhen because other financial centers will be allowed to experiment. A network theory of financial centers provides the explanatory framework for interpreting Shenzhen in China's financial center networks. Empirical analyses focus on Shenzhen's network ties with the Mainland and with Hong Kong. Shenzhen's future rests on the capacity of its financial firms to participate in the networks of South China, as well as to operate across the Mainland.     

中国农业节水技术推广金融保险支持创新研究

为促进农业节水技术推广的发展,必须加强金融保险支持。通过对农业节水技术推广现状和金融保险支持情况分析,我们发现已取得一定成效,但还存在金融体系不完善、银财的配套措施不力、涉农贷款数量增长慢、金融服务水平不高和涉农保险机构少、保险覆盖面小、转嫁风险能力弱等问题。鉴于此,必须在金融体系建设、银财配套、提高贷款数量、提高服务效率和开发相应险种进行风险本地转嫁及再保险进行风险区域性或国际性转嫁等方面创新,以支持农业节水技术推广。     

The expansion of Chinese banks along the routes of the Belt and Road Initiative: Following customers and geopolitical relations

Existing studies on the global expansion of banks have been mostly based on the experience of the banks from more developed economies, while little is known about the geographies of internationalization of banks from less developed countries. The expansion of Chinese banks, with state-owned commercial banks in the lead, has been accelerating since the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) was proposed in 2013. This study contributes to existing research by providing new evidence and explanations based on the case of expansion of Chinese banks along the BRI routes. Chinese banks started to expand from Hong Kong and Macao, then expanded to Southeast Asia and the Arabian Peninsula, and finally reached Central Asia and other regions. The branches of Chinese banks are mainly clustered in Southeast Asian countries rather than other regions. Similar to their Western counterparts, Chinese bank branches are inclined to agglomerate in international or regional financial hubs. The regression analysis shows that two factors are crucial in explaining the spatial distribution of Chinese banks along the routes of the BRI. First, Chinese banks are likely to follow their customers, namely, state-owned firms from the non-financial sectors making direct investments in overseas regions. Second, Chinese banks are more inclined to open branches in countries that have good geopolitical relations with China reflecting the challenging international environment for Chinese banks to seek global expansion.     

Game Analysis Between Center Bank and Commercial Banks Under Asymmetric Information

Modern economy depends on money,but money is created by the bank system.So,as the main body of finance institution in one state,banks have the importance influence upon the economy of one country.Center bank constitutes the money policy and executes the money policy in one country,then it is the core of the whole financial system.But the validity for the money policy must rely on the activity of commercial banks to the money policy.Being based on the money policy transmitting mechanism,this Article analyzes how to establish a kind of bargain relation between Center bank and commercial bank so that commercial bank may work hard toward the aim of the money policy for the center bank under the asymmetric information,which was the bases of the Commercial Banks' innovation.     

天然沙冬青土壤种子库特征研究

通过野外样方调查、种子鉴定及种子发芽等相结合的方式,对天然沙冬青种群种子库进行研究,以期揭示天然沙冬青土壤种子库特征及与种群更新之间的关系。研究结果显示,天然沙冬青种群土壤种子库比较丰富,平均密度为11粒/m2;种子主要存在于土壤表层,在有结皮存在的情况下,种子才有可能存在于0~2 cm土层中,以下土层没有种子;沙冬青种子发芽率与土壤种子库呈负相关,种子库丰富的地方,种子的发芽率较低,这一对矛盾造成幼苗数量的稀少,进而影响天然沙冬青种群的自然更新。     

安徽农村粮食银行运营现状、存在的问题及发展对策

农村粮食银行近年来在粮食主产区发展明显加快,并且在减少农户储粮损耗、解决农户储粮难题、美化农村居民居住环境、提高农村居民生活质量等方面发挥着越来越重要的作用。调查发现,安徽农村粮食银行普遍存在规模较小、信用较低、农户储粮风险较大等问题。当前,解决上述问题的关键在于构建统一的粮食银行组织领导与监管体系,规范粮食银行运营;建立农村粮食银行准入制度;实行存粮准备粮管理制度;加强风险管理,设立风险准备基金,加强农户参与粮食银行的愿意。     

Remoteness and rural development: economic impacts of rural roads on upland farmers in Sarawak,Malaysia

>Although Sarawak has a rapidly growing economy, the benefits of growth have been focused largely in the urban centres. However, the majority of the population lives in rural areas, where poverty, although on the decline, prevails. Attention is given to the role of rural roads in countering remoteness and, hence, promoting more equitable development. To assess the impact of rural roads, two roads were used for comparison. One provided Iban communities with access to Betong, a small district town. The other provided Bidayuh communities with access to Kuching, the capital city. This paper focuses on three economic impacts of roads – agricultural production, employment, and household income. Findings show that the impact of roads varied within an area (a function of remoteness) and between areas (also a function of remoteness). Impacts were considerably greater when roads provided communities with access to a major urban centre compared with a small town. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to the government's strategy of rural development.     

A Territorial Articulation Index for Rural Areas Applied to Four Spanish Comarcas

This paper proposes a model for calculating a composite index to evaluate the internal territorial cohesion or articulation of rural areas, specifically rural Spanish comarcas (groups of municipalities with common geographic and historical characteristics). Evaluation is based on the optimum spatial distributions of their urban nuclei and access to roads by their inhabitants. First, we built the index for spatial distributions of urban nuclei in each comarca. Next, we constructed road accessibility indexes for all urban nuclei to each other and to the main urban nucleus (defined by the largest concentration of services). Based on these indexes, we developed an Internal Territorial Articulation Index (ITAI) that reflects the spatial distribution of the territory's urban nuclei in terms of their aggregation, internal accessibility within the comarca, and relationship with the main urban nucleus. The ITAI was applied to four Spanish comarcas in the province of Almería: Almería Alpujarra, Almanzora, Los Vélez, and Almería Poniente. The results are highly varied and allow areas with low degrees of territorial articulation or coherence to be identified either by the distribution of their urban nuclei or by their poor accessibility to roads. Results were unfavourable in mountainous regions with steep slopes and in areas furthest from the province's large urban nuclei. The conclusions may help develop settlement and road transport infrastructure strategies in these rural comarcas.     

Financial System and the Firm''s FinancialBehavior in Transitional Economy

On the basis of comparative analyses of the capital-market oriented and the bank oriented financial systems in the world, thispaper discusses the specialties of our country's financial system. Under this background, this paper builds an equilibrium model to explain the financial behaviors of firms in soft-budget constraint,the research results show that the soft-budget constraint is the main cause that leads to excessive loans .Because the different targets of governmentand firm, it's hard to optimize the firm's financial behaviors only by banking credit mechanisms, therefore, it is necessary to reduce the soft-budget constraint and establish effective incentive mechanisms of state-owned banks.     

我国农村金融市场现状与改革思考

分析了我国农村金融市场的现状,指出了存在的市场竞争缺失,市场风险大,金融服务不足,信贷产品与农业生产不符,农村资金外流等问题,并有针对性地提出了放宽市场准入,构建多元化金融机构;完善金融服务功能,增加金融业务产品;建立农村资金回流机制,减少农村资金分流;建立健全农村贷款的抵押担保机制;加大对农村金融机构的扶持力度等解决问题的措施。     

Canada and the International System of Bank Headquarters Cities, 1968–1989

ABSTRACT This paper examines spatial-temporal trends in the international system of corporate banking centers. It is evident that the largest corporations locate their headquarters in a formal national decision-making hierarchy and that national and regional nodes within this hierarchy house the headquarters of major banks. Initially these banks link clients internally. However, as domestic corporations evolve into transnationals, banks follow their customers overseas and establish foreign headquarters. The results of the study indicate that, until 1975, American banking corporations and their financial centers dominated global banking. Since then other countries, most notably Japan and Germany, have successfully challenged this hegemony, while others like the United Kingdom and Canada have been in relative decline. The 1980s witnessed a new era of international coordination of the world's largest industrial countries. Canada, for example, opened its doors to international banking, joined the G-7, and presently is linked to the world's major banking centers.     

Private Government Formation in the DC Metropolitan Area

ABSTRACT This paper examines a variety of quasi-governmental organizations, mandatory homeowners' associations, special service districts, and transportation management associations, recently established in the urban region. Using the Washington, DC metropolitan area as a case study, this paper explores reasons for their development and implications of them for urban governance. It is argued that these organizations marry the concepts of public special districts and public-private partnerships in a process of private government formation. Private governments, it is suggested, are not wholly a private response to the shedding of services by the public sector, the dominant notion of privatization and local state restructuring, but the result of demands emerging in the private sector stimulated by social and spatial change. This signals the need to add to the concept of public-driven privatization the process of private initiated change where the resulting goods and services are more fully shaped by the needs of private interests. The evidence suggests these institutions do not represent a scaling back of the local state as privatization implies, but an extension of state structures in a fundamentally new direction, an extension which could be labeled the parallel state.     

地方农作物种质资源库建设的建议与思考

通过对国内外农作物种质资源库建设概况的梳理总结,从种质库的规划设计、施工建设、运行管理3个方面,提出明确规划定位、加强顶层设计,施工建设严把质量关、安全关,运行管理标准化、实现可持续发展,以及给予长期稳定资金投入、构建全国种质资源库协作网的建议和思考。     

The Analysis of Impulse Response of Bank Landing to the Impact of Monetary Policy in China

Abundant researches approve that the bank-lending channel is the main monetary transmission channel in China recent years. But the most of investigations only focus on the behavior of the gross bank-lending index in the monetary transmission, and the further investigation hasn't been carried on. This paper divides the gross index of bank lending into the short-term and mid-, long-term loans based on the internal and external researches. It analyzes how the financial institutions adjust their lending policy under the impact of the monetary policy of the central bank and the effect of the adjustments on the macroeconomic, making the further study of the bank-lending channel in monetary transmission in China.     

Commercial fishing practices on offshore juvenile flatfish nursery grounds on the Grand Banks of Newfoundland

Analyses of the 1985 to 1989 juvenile flatfish survey data from the Grand Bank off the east coast of Newfoundland has delimited two major areas of juvenile American plaice, Hippoglossoides platessoides, concentrations: one on the northern slope and one on the southern edge of the bank. A major concentration of juvenile yellowtail flounder, Limanda ferruginea, was distributed in the area of the Southeast Shoal on the southern Grand Bank. Juveniles of both species shared their distribution with their adult population and there was some overlap by juveniles of both species on the southern Grand Bank. These areas of concentrations are hypothesized to be oceanic nursery sites for both Grand Bank species.The northern plaice nursery area is fished heavily by the Canadian otter-trawler fleet because the majority of the adult population is located in this area. The southern nursery area for plaice is fished heavily by many otter-trawl fleets of other nations since it is located outside of Canada's 200-mile fishing boundary. The southern nursery area for juvenile yellowtail flounder straddles the 200-mile boundary and, consequently, is fished heavily by Canadian (inside) and non-Canadian (outside) fleets. The implications of these dual fisheries on the southern Grand Bank is discussed in terms of discarding of under-sized fish by the Canadian fleet inside the 200-mile boundary and the directed effort on juveniles outside the boundary.     

The Successful Transition to a Knowledge‐Based Development Path of a Less‐Developed Region

This paper presents the case of a less‐developed EU region—the Pomeranian region of Poland—that is, an example of the successful transformation from a command to market economy and the creation of a new knowledge‐based development path thanks to the upgrading of its innovation model. This successful transformation was based, in part, on the region's specific innovation policy and the activities of pro‐innovative institutions; however, other factors were also important such as the diversified structure of the region's economy. New knowledge‐based industries have developed in the region, while the potential of traditional industries that have gone through a restructuring, has been maintained. The factors that existed prior to the innovation model's transformation included such aspects as the high quality of human and social capital, a strong academic center, a high quality of life, and an open economy and society. Supply factors in the form of qualified personnel were crucial for the growth of employment in new industries and R&D that determined the improvement of the regional GDP per capita. Moreover, the transition to a knowledge‐based economy stimulated an increase in the concentration of population in the metropolitan area of Tri‐City.     

Geographies of Housing Finance: The Mortgage Market in Milan,Italy

ABSTRACT The geography of financial exclusion has mainly focused on exclusion from retail banking. Alternatively, and following the work of David Harvey, this paper presents a geography of access to and exclusion from home mortgage finance. The case of Milan shows that capital switching to the built environment is partly a sign of economic crisis and partly a sign of the intrinsic opportunities that the built environment provides. A major factor in both is the deregulation of the mortgage market that has enabled the loosening of historically stringent lending criteria, leading to a tremendous growth of the mortgage market, while leaving the co‐evolution of family and home ownership intact. In addition, capital switches within sectors of the economy and between places. In Milan, once “unattractive” but currently gentrified nineteenth‐century districts underwent cycles of devalorisation and revalorisation. Even though access to mortgages has increased throughout Milan, geographical disparities in mortgage lending persist: at present, yellowlining (differential access, based on less favourable terms) is common in parts of the Milanese periphery. The creation of boundaries makes the realisation of class‐monopoly rent possible; while the subsequent redrawing of these boundaries creates new submarkets in which surplus value can be extracted. Based on the Milan case, one cannot explain the timing and geography of formation and reformation of submarkets in other cities, but it helps us to see how Harvey's abstract ideas of class‐monopoly rent, submarket creation, and capital switching take place in the real world.