苜蓿新品种应用技术及经济效益对比分析

对引种苜蓿的生产性能及其经济效益研究结果表明：在试验地条件下，苜蓿品种不同，干草和种子产量及其经济收入也明显不同，多数品种都表现出较高的产量和经济效益。其中，杂种1代、Makiwakaba原种、Baralfa、阿尔冈金、牧歌40Hz、金皇后、杂种4代、甘农3号等8个品种表现出较高的产草量和经济效益；Euver99、Makiwakaba98、Makiwakaba原种、Vertus原种、Euver98、爱菲尼特、甘农3号等7个品种表现出较高的种子产量和经济效益。在水肥条件较好的地块，国外的苜蓿品种产草量较国内的品种高18％～27％。     

雁门关生态畜牧经济区苜蓿引种试验研究

为筛选出适合山西大同盆地推广种植的苜蓿品种,研究比较了国内外21个苜蓿品种的生育期、株高、越冬率、干草产量。结果表明:国内品种甘农1号、甘农3号、甘农4号、公农1号、公农2号、新牧1号、中苜1号、放牧苜蓿及目前大面积推广国外引进品种阿尔冈金苜蓿抗寒性强、越冬率较高、产草量高,适合在雁门关地区大面积推广种植。国外引进品种前期生长快、产量较高,但越冬率有逐年下降的趋势,因此雁门关地区苜蓿主推品种应以抗寒性较强的国内品种为主。     

新疆北疆地区32个紫花苜蓿品种的生产性能研究

为筛选出适宜新疆北疆地区种植的苜蓿品种,选取国内外32个紫花苜蓿品种,利用DPS9.5数据处理系统软件对不同品种的丰产性和稳产性进行比较分析。结果表明：不同年份苜蓿年产量以及各品种之间存在极显著差异(P<0.01);不同品种干草产量随着生长年限的延长表现出先升高后降低趋势,所有参试苜蓿品种中甘农4号、MF4020、甘农5号4年年产量之和排名前3位,分别达58960.60、58051.54、57868.68 kg/hm²;各茬次干草产量总体呈现出第1茬>第2茬>第3茬的趋势,其中第1茬产量占全年总产量比重较高,为44.1%～53.2%;各茬次产量与年产量基本呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),第1茬与年产量之间的关联度最高,随着茬次的增加关联度总体上呈下降趋势,且第2年年产量与总产量关联度最高。综合4年试验结果得出,甘农4号、MF4020、甘农5号3个品种的丰产性和产量稳定性优于其他品种,适宜在新疆北疆地区推广种植。     

9个苜蓿品种引种对比试验研究

为满足畜牧业发展的要求,选育出适宜哈密地区两县一市种植的紫花苜蓿品种,2005～2007年对引自国内外的9种紫花苜蓿品种进行引种对比试验,通过物候期、株高、产量、干鲜比、茎叶比等各个指标的观测得出:甘农三号苜蓿、新牧一号杂花苜蓿、敖汉苜蓿产量较高,美国金皇后苜蓿、三得利苜蓿、美国WL232苜蓿次之,中牧一号苜蓿最低;三得利和美国WL232苜蓿茎叶比较高,甘农三号苜蓿最低;综合评价:9个苜蓿品种中,甘农三号苜蓿、新牧一号杂花苜蓿、敖汉苜蓿、美国金皇后苜蓿、三得利苜蓿、美国WL232苜蓿的综合性状好,产量高且稳定,草质好,适宜哈密地区推广种植。     

22个苜蓿品种在甘肃永登地区的生产适应性评价

以22个苜蓿品种为试验材料,在甘肃永登地区进行生产适应性评价,测定了各品种的产量和品质指标。结果表明:干草总产量最高的是甘农4号(17 537.0kg/hm2),其次为德宝(16 610.8kg/hm2)、甘农5号(16 356.7kg/hm2),陇中苜蓿(10 220.0kg/hm2)最低;平均株高最高为驯鹿(88.1cm),其次为阿尔冈金(84.6cm)、中苜1号(83.7cm),最低的是陇中苜蓿(65.2cm);生长速度较快的是驯鹿(1.39cm/d)、阿尔冈金(1.33cm/d)、中苜1号(1.31cm/d),最慢为陇中苜蓿(0.99cm/d);粗蛋白含量最高的是三得利(18.51%),其次为北极星(18.24%)、驯鹿(17.77%),最低的品种为柏拉图(15.35%);酸性洗涤纤维含量最低为太阳神(33.38%),其次是苜蓿王(33.40%)、皇后(33.58%),最高的是甘农1号(40.04%);中性洗涤纤维含量最低为陇东苜蓿(41.6%),其次是甘农3号(41.9%)、太阳神(42.5%),含量最高的是甘农8号(48.7%);粗灰分含量最高是驯鹿(11.39%),其次是甘农3号(11.29%)、中兰1号(11.17%),含量最低的是皇后(9.64%);粗脂肪含量最高为北极星(2.41%),其次为中苜1号(2.34%)、太阳神(2.33%),含量最低的是甘农1号(1.77%)。综合评价结果表明:供试的22个品种中,甘农4号、德宝、甘农5号、阿尔冈金、陇东苜蓿、皇后、中苜1号品种产草量高、品质好,综合评价较高,具有潜在的推广价值,适宜于在甘肃灌区大面积推广应用。     

11个紫花苜蓿品种在庆阳南部的适应性

2013-2015年,在庆阳南部的宁县引进10个苜蓿(Medicago sativa)品种,与当地品种陇东苜蓿进行生产性能的比较及营养成分测定,并应用层次分析法对参试品种进行综合评价。结果表明:1)三得利、55V48、哥萨克、甘农5号优点突出,其中,55V48、甘农5号、三得利具产量优势,3年平均干草产量分别达15.92、15.35、15.25t·hm~(-2),比对照陇东苜蓿依次增产7.35%、3.51%、2.83%;哥萨克品质优异,蛋白质含量为最高,达到15.21%,茎叶比最低,低于对照17.1%;三得利抗旱性较好,2015年的干草产量达15.11t·hm~(-2),仅次于对照。这4个品种综合性状优良,对庆阳南部的气候比较适应,可重点示范推广。2)55V12、甘农3号、皇后、甘农4号优点不同,总体性状良好,综合表现与对照陇东苜蓿类似,可针对其优势示范推广。3)甘农1号和新疆大叶优点不明显,稳产性和品质都较差,综合性状一般,应慎重示范推广。     

9个国产优良紫花苜蓿品种在甘肃河西地区引种栽培研究

为促进甘肃省河西地区优良紫花苜蓿品种的引进,在甘肃省高台县对引进的9个国内优质苜蓿品种进行了定量灌溉、无追肥模式的区域试验,观测分析了各品种的产草量、株高和茎叶比等指标。结果表明:9个苜蓿品种在高台地区普遍生长良好,生育期差异不明显;3年平均株高甘农3号最高,为94.3 cm,草原3号最低,为82.5 cm,中苜1号、甘农3号3年平均株高均显著高于草原3号(P<0.05),其他各品种间差异均不显著(P>0.05);3年平均干草产量中苜1号最高,为238.41 kg/100 m^2,甘农8号最低,为200.08 kg/100 m^2,中苜1号、新牧1号3年平均干草产量均显著高于甘农8号(P<0.05),其他各品种间差异均不显著(P>0.05)。综合评价认为,供试9个苜蓿品种综合生产性能均较好,适宜在甘肃高台地区进行大面积推广。     

六个苜蓿品种特性分析

1997—2000年在冀滨海低平原区研究甘农一号、和阗苜蓿、沧州苜蓿、安斯塔、北若叶、立若叶等六个国内外紫花苜蓿品种的特性和适应性鉴定。结果表明,安斯塔、甘农一号苜蓿生产稳定性好,产草量潜力较大,再生性强,综合性状好,适宜在当地大面积推广种植。日本的北若叶苜蓿适宜在当地灌溉条件下种植。另外,安斯塔、北若叶等苜蓿品种直立性较好,适宜机械收割。地方品种沧州苜蓿在草产量、再生性、直立性等方面均处于劣势。     

12个紫花苜蓿品种在半干旱地区的生产性能及营养价值

为了确定不同紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)品种在半干旱地区生产性能的大小和营养价值的高低,在兰州国家区域试验站,连续两年对12个紫花苜蓿品种的生产性能进行测定分析,采用灰色系统关联度理论综合评价分析了不同品种紫花苜蓿的粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗灰分、粗纤维、含水量、无氮浸出物、钙、磷含量8项营养指标。结果表明,不同品种苜蓿在不同茬次时株高和干草产量均存在显著性差异(P0.05),两年内随着收割茬数的增加,株高和干草产量不断减小,中苜3号、甘农3号、甘农5号、中苜5号和康赛的植株较高,甘农5号、甘农3号和阿迪娜的干草产量较高;不同紫花苜蓿品种营养品质也存在差异,其中甘农5号、中苜3号最优,甘农3号、中苜5号、康赛次之。从生产性能和营养价值综合考虑,甘农5号、中苜3号、甘农3号、中苜5号和康赛生产性能优异、营养价值高,综合性状突出,可以作为黄土高原半干旱地区大面积推广种植的紫花苜蓿品种。     

不同苜蓿品种对豌豆蚜生长发育的影响

研究了甘农3号、甘农5号、陕北、游客、俄罗斯5个苜蓿品种在15、18、21、25和28℃及相对湿度为80%条件下,对豌豆蚜（Acyrthosiphon pisum）生长发育的影响。结果表明,不同温度条件下5个苜蓿品种对豌豆蚜成若蚜生长发育的影响不同,成若蚜发育历期均以陕北苜蓿上的最长,在各温度下甘农5号苜蓿上的最短,在各温度下,2个品种间均差异极显著（P〈0.01）;不同苜蓿品种上豌豆蚜成若蚜的历期大小均为陕北〉甘农3号〉游客〉俄罗斯〉甘农5号;5个供试苜蓿品种上豌豆蚜的存活率以俄罗斯和陕北苜蓿最小,甘农3号和甘农5号最高。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein