皖南双季稻区长期施肥效应研究

在安徽休屯盆地进行的10年肥料定位试验结果表明,土壤对水稻产量的贡献率明显大于肥料,施肥的增产幅度随施肥年限有逐年降低趋势。氮磷钾肥增产效应依次为K＞N＞P。长期施用有机肥可保持水稻稳定增产,但在等养分条件下,紫云英与氮磷钾化肥配施（MNP）,早稻平均产量明显低于等养分的化服单施（NPK）,说明有机肥应提早施人,并增加氮肥作基肥的比例,以满足水稻幼苗对养分的需求。施用化肥或有机肥除有效钾外,土壤养分均有增加。因此从增产增收和养分平衡的意义上讲,必须重视稻田施用钾肥,适当控制磷肥用量。     

横峰县晚稻“3414”肥料试验初报

通过晚稻"3414"肥料效应试验,摸清土壤养分校正系数、土壤供肥量、水稻需肥规律和肥料利用率等基本参数,对比测土配方施肥效果,验证和优化肥料配方,为配方设计和施肥指导提供依据,为配方设计和施肥指导提供依据,指导农民科学施肥,减少化肥施用量,既节约生产成本又提高产量,还有效减少农业面源污染;同时,通过科学施肥,确保作物健康生长,减少病虫害,减少农药施用次数和用量,降低农药造成的污染,改善生态环境,提高农产品品质。     

广东省甘蔗专用BB肥的研制,施用及效益

研究了广东省几个主栽甘蔗品种的肥料效应,提出广东省甘蔗专用ＢＢ肥的适宜配肥比例为Ｎ：Ｐ２Ｏ５：Ｋ２Ｏ＝１：０．３０：０．７８￣１．００,在中等肥力土壤上,高产甘蔗推荐施肥量为甘蔗专用ＢＢ肥１１４０￣１４１０ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２,施用甘蔗专用ＢＢ肥具有极显著的增产效益,其肥效优于通用型复合肥（１５－１５－１５）和当地肥料,单位面积投肥成本低,经济效益高。     

中国农户复合（混）肥施用效果分析

近10年来中国肥料快速走向复合化,复合（混）肥是拉动肥料产业发展的主要力量。本研究基于农业部测土配方施肥农户调研数据,对全国6个省的1143户农户水稻、小麦和玉米三大粮食作物的复合（混）肥施用现状及效果进行分析。结果表明,复合（混）肥中提供的氮磷钾养分已经占肥料投入总量的32.1%、57.0%和58.2%,其中氮复合化水平超过西欧水平。施用复合（混）肥导致三大粮食作物养分投入数量平均增加12.2%,肥料成本平均增加26.7%,但在不同作物上的增产效果差异较大,其中玉米上施用各种类型复合（混）肥均能显著增产,增产幅度平均达29.9%,有部分复合（混）肥配方在水稻上增产,大部分复合（混）肥在小麦上不增产。复合（混）肥配方制定不科学、施用不科学及假冒伪劣过多是主要原因。     

不同施肥模式对稻田土壤速效养分含量及水稻产量的影响

为了综合评价中国南方稻田不同施肥模式对土壤速效养分及水稻产量的影响,并找到最佳施肥模式,本试验在浏阳市北盛镇、荷花镇和达浒镇3个不同基础地力水稻田块从2013年起进行田间定位试验,比较不施肥、常规施肥、60%化肥+40%有机肥(秸秆+紫云英)和单纯施用化肥处理的水稻产量和土壤速效养分含量变化。3年定位试验表明:不同施肥模式相比无肥处理均能显著提高水稻生物产量,以60%化肥+40%有机肥处理最为显著,且生物产量表现出逐年递增的趋势。通过提高水稻有效穗数和穗粒数使水稻产量显著高于其他处理,60%化肥+40%有机肥处理相比不施肥、纯化肥、常规施肥处理分别增产38.3%~62.4%、1.7%~9.6%、8.4%~12.0%。土壤中速效养分含量表现出60%化肥+40%有机肥处理显著高于其他处理的规律,且速效养分含量逐年递增,而纯化肥处理速效养分逐年递减。从当季作物产量而言,低肥区应加大化肥在有机无机配施中的比例,但从长远培肥地力方面,应适当加大有机肥在配施中所占比例,对于中高肥区则可逐步增加有机肥施用比例。不施肥会降低土壤肥力,而施肥具有明显培肥地力的效果,60%化肥+40%有机肥的施肥模式培肥地力效果最为显著,有利于增加水稻有效穗数和穗粒数,产量显著高于其他处理。     

掺混型缓/控释肥对杂交晚稻产量的影响

采用田间小区试验,以不施肥(CK1)和施用等量NPK化肥(CK2)为对照,研究掺混型缓/控释肥对水稻产量的影响.结果表明,各缓释肥处理的产量均高于等量NPK处理.其中,在长沙点中肥力水稻土上,35%聚乙烯醇混聚物(CF2)胶结复混肥+65%废弃泡沫塑料(PS)混聚物包膜复混肥(简称CF2+PS)效果最好,比等量NPK处理增产27.68%,其次是35%高岭土-聚酯胶结肥+65%PS包膜肥,比等量NPK处理增产24.70%;在宁乡点低肥力水稻土上,35%高岭土-聚酯胶结肥+65%PS包膜肥处理效果最好,比等量NPK处理增产37.25%;宁乡试验点各施肥处理的增产效果均高于长沙点,说明土壤肥力越低,肥料的增产率越高;减少20%掺混型缓释复混肥施用量(处理9),仍然比等量NPK处理增产,说明根据作物各生育期对养分的需求比例,将不同时间段释放养分的缓释肥料按比例掺混,效果较佳,节肥、增产是可行的.     

水稻测土配方施肥增产效果研究

为探明重庆市江津区水稻测土配方施肥的增产效果,特进行测土配方施肥的大区对比试验。结果表明各试验点测土配方施肥,相比不施肥平均增产49.9%,相比常规施肥平均增产7.7%,增产效果显著,但对平坝区的增产效果不明显,需进一步调整配方肥方案;江津区平坝区水稻生产中增施单位肥料的增产效果氮肥>钾肥>磷肥,主要限制因子是氮肥;江津区深丘区和南部山区水稻生产中增施单位肥料的增产效果磷肥>氮肥>钾肥,主要限制因子是磷肥。     

增施有机肥对黄瓜及玉米肥效探究

为了进一步了解测土配方施肥技术,在同等施肥水平下,按一定比例加入有机肥后对黄瓜及玉米的产量、品质以及对土壤养分结构的影响。在春芽蔬菜专业合作社开展了常规化肥与有机测土配方肥的肥效对比试验。试验结果表明:与常规只施用化肥相比,施用有机肥+化肥(有机测土配方肥)可使黄瓜增产6.7%,玉米分别增产5.04%和6.37%,两者土壤有机质平均提升0.28%,投入产出比平均提高39.0%,化肥用量减少40.0%。     

渭北旱塬小麦施肥效果及肥料利用效率研究

总结2006~2009年陕西省渭北旱塬测土配方施肥项目180个3414试验数据,分析当前生产条件下旱作区小麦施肥效果以及施肥量、 土壤肥力水平对小麦产量、 经济效益、 肥料利用效率等的影响,为提高旱作小麦产量和肥料高效利用提供依据。结果表明, 施用氮（N）、 磷（P2O5）、 钾肥（K2O）小麦分别增产986、 679和405 kg/hm2,增产率为30.0%、 18.9%和9.5%,增收1098、 810和392 Yuan/hm2,对小麦产量的贡献率分别为21.5%、 14.8%和8.8%,农学效率分别为6.4、 7.1和7.1 kg/kg; 施肥增产、 增收效果以及肥料贡献率均表现为N＞P2O5＞K2O,农学效率表现为P2O5＝K2O＞N; 与不施肥相比,平衡施用氮、 磷、 钾肥（N+P2O5+K2O）小麦增产73.0%,增收1923 Yuan/hm2,对产量的贡献率为40.0%,农学效率为5.8 kg/kg; 过量施用氮、 磷、 钾肥均无显著减产效应,推荐施肥处理化肥的增产、 增收效果, 对产量的贡献率以及农学效率均最高。土壤肥力对化肥肥效有显著影响,投肥于中、 低肥力土壤既能实现养分高效利用又能获得较大经济效益。与20世纪80年代相比,氮肥利用效率明显降低,磷肥肥效基本不变,而钾肥肥效在快速提升。合理施肥与耕作、 栽培等多种措施相结合是旱区作物增产、 增收的有效途径。     

水稻配方施肥产量与效益初探

重庆市铜梁县境内灰棕紫泥水稻土占全县稻田面积的60％,为弄清该类土壤理化性状、养分含量状况、化肥利用率、施肥种类、数量和搭配比例与水稻产量之间的关系,进行了“3417”田间试验研究,结果表明：（1）灰棕紫泥水稻土中等肥力水平大眼泥田,在稿秆还田基础上,以每667m。施N9．2kg、P2054．8kg、K204．8kg为最佳产量和最佳经济效益配肥方案;（2）合理施用氮肥是提高水稻产量的主导因素,在施氮基础上,磷、钾肥的合理搭配对提高水稻产量具有明显效果;（3）在灰棕紫泥水稻土上施用撒可富复合肥比施用等量常规肥增产效果明显;（4）在灰棕紫泥水稻土上施用硼肥对水稻增产效果不明显：（5）在灰棕紫泥水稻土上加锌处理增产效果较明显。     

Expression of Soil Chemical and Biological Behavior on Nutritional Quality of Aromatic Rice as Influenced by Organic and Mineral Fertilization

The aim of the study was to evaluate changes in the yield and nutritional characteristics of aromatic rice as influenced by organic versus mineral fertilization. Aromatic rice was grown on four levels of cattle manure (CM; 5, 10, 15, and 20 Mg ha^?1). Other treatments were equivalent amounts of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) in different levels of manure fertilizer and mineral fertilizer. After 6 years of cropping, organically managed plots were superior to mineral-fertilized plots in terms of grain yields of rice at 5, 10, and 15 Mg ha^?1. Cattle manure at 20 Mg ha^?1 and its equivalent NPK through mineral-fertilizer treatment provided 41.1% and 37.9% increases in average grain yield (5.2 and 5.1 Mg ha^?1) over the unamended control. Protein content was greater in mineral-fertilized rice grains at all levels of CM. Soil dehydrogenase, β-glucosidae, urease, and acid phosphatase activities were greater in soil treated with CM than soil treated with the corresponding mineral fertilizer at all levels. There was buildup of soil-available N, K, and iron (Fe) in soils treated with CM. Grain hardness increased with increasing rates of nutrient application for both mineral-fertilized and organically grown rice; in contrast, amylose content was lower in treatments receiving more nutrients, irrespective of nutrient sources. In terms of functional property, phenol content in rice grain increased with increasing nutrient supply. Potassium and Fe contents were more in CM-treated rice than in mineral-fertilized treatments at greater rates of application. Results suggest that after building up the soil nutrient status, comparable yield and better nutritional and functional qualities of rice can be achieved in organically managed soils than in mineral-fertilized soils.     

Effects of solid phase from pig slurry on soil chemical characteristics,nitrate leaching,composition, and yield of wheat

A two years lysimeter experiment was carried out using wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Lotti) on two texturally contrasting soils. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of increasing applications (5,10, 15,20, and 25 t.ha^‐1) of solid phase (SP) from pig slurry on soil nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sodium (Na) content, nitrate‐N (NO₃‐N) leaching as well as on wheat composition and yield. As the control, a basic dressing of NPK fertilizer was applied. Results showed that plant growth was stimulated by increasing amounts of SP, yet the additions of 15 to 20 t SP ha^‐1 led to similar effects on yield as that for the control. An accumulation of P on both soils was observed as well as a significant increase on NO₃‐N leaching due to increasing rates of SP added to the soils. The N and P content in wheat plants (straw and grain) increased with increasing rates of applied SP.     

长期定位试验中氮肥与磷肥有机肥联合施用通过刺激根的生长增加玉米产量和养分吸收

Imbalanced application of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizers can result in reduced crop yield, low nutrient use efficiency, and high loss of nutrients and soil nitrate nitrogen (NO₃^--N) accumulation decreases when N is applied with P and/or manure; however, the effect of applications of N with P and/or manure on root growth and distribution in the soil profile is not fully understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the combined effects of different N and P fertilizer application rates with or without manure on maize (Zea mays L.) yield, N uptake, root growth, apparent N surplus, Olsen-P concentration, and mineral N (Nmin) accumulation in a fluvo-aquic calcareous soil from a long-term (28-year) experiment. The experiment comprised twelve combinations of chemical N and P fertilizers, either with or without chicken manure, as treatments in four replicates. The yield of maize grain was 82% higher, the N uptake 100% higher, and the Nmin accumulation 39% lower in the treatments with combined N and P in comparison to N fertilizer only. The maize root length density in the 30--60 cm layer was three times greater in the treatments with N and P fertilizers than with N fertilizer only. Manure addition increased maize yield by 50% and N uptake by 43%, and reduced Nmin (mostly NO₃^--N) accumulation in the soil by 46%. The long-term application of manure and P fertilizer resulted in significant increases in soil Olsen-P concentration when no N fertilizer was applied. Manure application reduced the apparent N surplus for all treatments. These results suggest that combined N and P fertilizer applications could enhance maize grain yield and nutrient uptake via stimulating root growth, leading to reduced accumulation of potentially leachable NO₃^--N in soil, and manure application was a practical way to improve degraded soils in China and the rest of the world.     

Evaluating Nutrient Availability in Semi-arid Soils with Resin Capsules and Conventional Soil Tests,I: Native Plant Bioavailability under Glasshouse Conditions

Resin capsule technology developed for nutrient analysis in agriculture soils recently has been expanded to semi-arid soils without knowledge of effectiveness. This study determined if resin nutrient adsorption is correlated to plant uptake and yield in semi-arid soils. Two soils were treated with five rates of nitrogen (N) and four rates of phosphorus (P), placed in pots with resin capsules, seeded with squirreltail grass (Elymus elymoides), and grown in a glasshouse for 120 d followed by biomass determination and nutrient analysis of capsules, soils, and tissues. Yield and total nutrient uptake were highly correlated to fertilizer application rates, resin ammonium (NH₄)-N, and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃)–extracted P; marginally correlated to resin and potassium chloride (KCl)–extracted nitrate (NO₃)-N, and unrelated to KCl-extracted NH₄-N and resin P. Use of resin capsules to estimate N bioavailability is promising, but P bioavailability is not effectively estimated with resin capsules; instead traditional NaHCO₃ extraction is recommended.     

Phosphorus mineralization in subarctic agricultural and forest soils

Summary Potential P and C mineralization rates were determined in a 12-week laboratory incubation study on subarctic forest and agricultural soil samples with and without N fertilizer added. There was no significant difference in net inorganic P produced between N fertilized and unfertilized soils. The forest soil surface horizons had the highest net inorganic P mineralized, 32 mg P kg^-1 soil for the Oie and 17 mg P kg^-1 soil for the Oa. In the cropped soils net inorganic P immobilization started after 4 weeks and lasted through 12 weeks of incubation. Cumulative CO₂–C evolution rates differed significantly among soils, and between fertilizer treatments, with the N-fertilized soils evolving lower rates of CO₂–C than the unfertilized soils. Soils from the surface horizons in the forest evolved the highest rates of CO₂–C (127.6 and 89.4 mg g^-1 soil for the Oie and Oa horizons, respectively) followed by the cleared uncropped soil (42.8 mg g^-1 soil C), and the cropped soils (25.4 and 29.0 mg g^-1 soil C). In vitro soil respiration rates, or potential soil organic matter decomposition rates, decreased with increasing time after clearing and in accord with the degree of disturbance. Only soils with high potential C mineralization rates and high organic P to total P ratios, mineralized P by the end of the study. Mineralizable P appeared to be associated with readily mineralizable organic C.     

Effects of long-term exposure to enriched CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> on the nutrient-supplying capacity of a grassland soil

Altered soil nutrient cycling under future climate scenarios may affect pasture production and fertilizer management. We conducted a controlled-environment study to test the hypothesis that long-term exposure of pasture to enriched carbon dioxide (CO₂) would lower soil nutrient availability. Perennial ryegrass was grown for 9 weeks under ambient and enriched (ambient + 120 ppm) CO₂ concentrations in soil collected from an 11.5-year free air CO₂ enrichment experiment in a grazed pasture in New Zealand. Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizers were applied in a full factorial design at rates of 0, 12.5, 25 or 50 kg N ha⁻¹ and 0, 17.5 or 35 kg P ha⁻¹. Compared to ambient CO₂, under enriched CO₂ without P fertilizer, total plant biomass did not respond to N fertilizer, and tissue N/P ratio was increased indicating that P was co-limiting. This limitation was alleviated with the lowest rate of P fertilizer (17.5 kg P ha⁻¹). Plant biomass in both CO₂ treatments increased with increasing N fertilizer when sufficient P was available. Greater inputs of P fertilizer may be required to prevent yield suppression under enriched CO₂ and to stimulate any response to N.     

Sugarcane yield and plant nutrient response to sulfur-amended Everglades histosols

High soil pH causes leaf nutrient deficiencies and reduces sugarcane yield. Soil pH in Florida histosols has been increasing as these soils subside and depth to limestone is decreased. A factorial experiment of four sulfur (S) rates and three added calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) levels in soil was designed to determine S-amendment effectiveness in reducing pH and increasing nutrient availability in sugarcane as calcium (Ca) carbonate levels were increased. Sulfur-amendment and increased CaCO₃ level had limited effects on yield and leaf nutrient concentrations during the growing season. Most leaf nutrients were within optimum range except nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn). Unexpected increases in Mn concentrations with added CaCO₃ were associated with reducing conditions due to increased soil bulk density. High soil pH caused Mn deficiencies in the plants. Soil pH, P and Mn concentrations were important factors in predicting sugarcane yield.     

磷钾配施对旱砂田西瓜产量、品质及养分利用率的影响

为了探明旱砂田西瓜产量、 品质及养分利用率同步提高的最佳氮磷钾施用量和配比,制定合理的栽培措施,本试验以中晚熟西瓜品种陇抗九号为试材,在砂田西瓜氮肥施用量为200 kg/hm2的基础上,设置了3个施钾水平（0、 130、 260 kg/hm2）和4个施磷水平（0、 90、 130、 170 kg/hm2）,研究了磷、 钾肥配施对西瓜产量、 品质和肥料利用率的影响。结果表明,西瓜产量和品质均随施磷量和施钾量的增加而提高,其中P170处理的西瓜单瓜重和产量较P0分别显著提高了13.75%和43.79%; 西瓜平均含糖量、 Vc和蛋白质含量较P0分别显著提高了13.75%、 9.48%和11.90%; K260处理的西瓜单瓜重和产量较K0分别显著提高了9.22%和7.54%; 西瓜平均含糖量和硝酸盐含量较K0分别显著提高了5.86%和11.24%。磷钾肥配施对西瓜光合、 产量及养分吸收利用的互作效应显著,且均表现出在低钾条件下,各指标随施磷量的增加先增加后趋于稳定或降低; 高钾条件下,则随施磷量的增加而增加,并以磷肥效应较大,钾肥次之,在磷、 钾配施的所有处理中,K260P170处理的西瓜光合速率、 产量和养分利用率均最高。本试验在施用氮肥200 kg/hm2条件下,砂田西瓜的磷、 钾最优施肥量分别为170 kg/hm2和260 kg/hm2,相应的N、 P2O5、 K2O比例为1∶0.85∶1.3。     

长江流域冬小麦氮磷钾肥增产效应及其影响因素

  【目的】  分析长江流域施用氮、磷、钾肥对小麦产量的增产效应及主要影响因素的贡献率,旨在明确不同条件下施用氮、磷、钾肥对小麦产量的影响,为优化长江流域的小麦养分管理提供科技支撑。  【方法】  数据来源于国际植物营养研究所在我国长江流域开展的小麦田间试验,以及在中国知网通过检索到的有关施肥增产效应的文献,检索关键词为“冬小麦”、“冬小麦 + 产量”、“冬小麦产量 + 肥料利用率”,符合Meta分析标准的氮、磷和钾数据分别有724、624和658组。以不施某种养分处理为对照,以反应比作为该养分的增产效应值,采用Meta分析方法,定量分析施用氮、磷、钾肥对小麦产量变化的贡献,并分别分析施肥水平、基础地力水平、种植区域、土壤有机质、pH及土壤养分对产量效应的影响。  【结果】  与不施氮、磷或钾肥处理相比,长江流域冬小麦施用氮、磷和钾肥分别可显著增加小麦产量66.0%、17.9%和10.0%,以氮肥增产效应最高。基础地力对氮、磷、钾肥的增产效应均具有显著影响,氮、磷、钾肥均在低肥力土壤 (产量< 2.0 t/hm2) 上的增产率最高,分别为134.2%、30.0%和12.1%,氮、磷肥的增产效应与基础地力呈负相关关系。长江流域不同种植区域冬小麦氮、磷、钾肥的增产效应差异显著,以重庆市的氮效应最高,为136.1% [ln(R) = 0.859],以浙江省的磷效应最高,为39.1% [ln(R) = 0.330],贵州省的钾效应最高,为19.1% [ln(R) = 0.175]。氮、磷、钾肥均在酸性土壤的增产效果最好,增产效应随着土壤pH升高呈降低趋势,增产率分别为95.2%、29.4%和14.0%。土壤有机质含量对磷效应影响显著,对氮和钾效应影响不显著。当土壤全磷 > 1.0 g/kg、全钾 > 20.0 g/kg、碱解氮 < 80.0 mg/kg、速效磷 > 25.0 mg/kg及速效钾 < 90.0 mg/kg时,施氮增产效应最显著;在土壤全磷 < 0.7 g/kg和土壤速效磷 < 15.0 mg/kg时,施磷增产效应最显著;在土壤速效钾 < 90.0 mg/kg时,施钾增产效应最显著。  【结论】  长江流域冬小麦施用氮、磷、钾肥的增产率分别为66.0%、17.9%和10.0%,氮肥仍是影响长江流域冬小麦增产的最重要养分因子。基础地力决定着施肥效应,产量 < 2.0 t/hm2的土壤施肥的增产潜力最高。土壤肥力因素中,pH、有机质和矿质养分含量应作为肥料投入的依据。     

滨海盐碱地不同施肥模式对棉花氮磷养分积累和产量的影响

为探索盐碱地棉花种植最佳施肥模式,在山东省东营市中度滨海盐碱地设置了6种施肥模式(包括不施肥对照、习惯施肥、优化施肥、一次性施肥、减量化肥以及减量化肥+有机肥),通过对棉花关键生育时期植株调查取样和测定分析,探讨了不同施肥模式对棉花养分积累及产量的影响。结果表明:一次性施肥处理(非控释氮和控释氮1∶2配合)与同等养分水平的优化施肥处理相比,棉花的干物质积累量和各器官氮磷含量均有显著提高,前者花铃期氮磷养分总积累量分别比优化施肥处理高23.39%和13.97%,比不施肥处理高50.98%和46.94%。减量化肥(N、P_2O_5、K_2O减量20%)+有机肥处理棉花产量最高,比不施肥处理高31.14%,比习惯施肥处理高13.37%,经济效益增长1 925元/hm~2;一次性施肥处理棉花产量与习惯施肥相近,经济效益比习惯施肥增长了279元/hm~2。籽棉产量与吐絮期土壤碱解氮、有效磷含量呈显著正相关。在中度滨海盐碱地采用减量化肥(N、P_2O_5、K_2O减量20%)+有机肥和一次性施肥处理措施节本增产效果较好。