森林结构调查最小面积的研究

采用4块100m×100m的天然林样地材料,分别利用角尺度和双相关函数分析4块大样地中不同面积的窗口(小样地)对应林木个体的空间分布格局。结果表明,小样地面积不同其对应林木的空间分布格局也不同,随着样地面积逐渐变大,对应林木的空间分布格局趋于稳定,这意味着森林结构分析必须在一定大小的样地上进行。根据本研究资料,样地面积最小应为2500m2。     

基于林分特征的林木个体信息估算可视化模拟技术

以湖南攸县黄丰桥国有林场为试验区,以6块典型的杉木人工同龄纯林为研究对象,研究林木径阶与其Voronoi多边形面积间的对应关系。以模拟样地为例,在林木株数、林分算术平均胸径与样地大小设定的前提下,研究林木空间分布格局特征,建立计算机模拟点阵生成算法;利用Weibull分布模型对样地内林木径阶分布进行估算,根据林木Voronoi多边形面积与其径阶间的对应规律,对林木胸径进行分配,参考林木测树因子估计模型对林木树高与冠幅因子进行估算;采用ArcgisEngine10开发技术,开发样地Voronoi多边形分析模块,结合GDI+与MOGRE技术,建立基于林分特征的林木个体信息估算可视化模型。结果表明:林木Voronoi多边形面积的算术平均值与所对应径阶间总体呈正相关关系;林木空间格局生成算法高效且适用;林木胸径因子分配考虑了空间环境的影响,贴近林木生长规律;可视化模拟技术可直观表现以上过程与结果,增强可操作性。此方法可用于解决由林分整体特征估算林木个体信息的难题,可为林业科学研究提供基础数据,可为森林可视化模拟提供技术参考。     

戴云山罗浮栲林群落主要树种空间分布格局

采用样方法对戴云山罗浮栲林群落进行调查,分析了罗浮栲林群落主要树种空间分布格局。结果表明,罗浮栲林群落乔木层主要树种中,小径阶(胸径≤10cm)林木占总株数的56.9%,其中云山青冈、树参呈随机分布,其它主要树种均呈集群分布,与林分总体分布格局一致;中径阶(10cm胸径≤30cm)林木占总株数的35.7%,其聚集程度降低;大径阶(胸径30cm)林木占总株数的7.4%,除罗浮栲呈集群分布,其余树种趋于随机分布,其分布格局主要与物种生物学特性和种群间的竞争排斥有关,且与物种的生境有密切联系。灌木层主要树种均呈集群分布。     

长白山阔叶红松林的空间分布格局

为进一步揭示天然阔叶红松林的空间结构规律,为合理选择种群结构研究方法提供借鉴,在长白山自然保护区内设立面积为1 hm2的固定样地,对样地内的林木进行每木调查和坐标定位.运用均匀度理论对不同径阶大小的林木进行空间格局分析,并运用均匀度、点格局、角尺度3种格局研究方法对样地中的主要树种及林分整体的空间格局进行对比分析.结果表明:1)小径阶林木的分布状态为集群分布,随着径阶的增大,林木由集群分布向随机分布转变.2)阔叶红松林的格局分布为集群分布,这主要受到了演替阶段和林分年龄的影响.3)3种方法在格局不太明显的种群上存在一定的差异,但这3种方法在格局检验上各有优势.     

广西大明山云贵山茉莉林的空间结构

利用混交度、大小比数和角尺度分析广西大明山云贵山茉莉林的空间结构。结果表明：云贵山茉莉林林分的树种空间配置以中、强度混交为主,优势树种云贵山茉莉多呈单种聚集;林木大小比数随胸径的增大呈迅速减小的趋势,小径阶林木多明显受压。中径木处于中庸状态,大径木占优势地位;林分整体和多数径阶的林木分布格局属聚集分布。     

马尾松天然次生林林分结构特征分析

为分析马尾松天然次生林的林分结构特征和不同空间结构参数间的相互关系,以改善其林分结构。以广西金秀县的9块马尾松天然次生林样地为研究对象,分析其直径构成,计算林分及林木的混交度、角尺度和大小比数3个空间结构参数,制作二元分布图,探讨两两之间的关系,分析林分空间结构。结果显示,马尾松天然次生林直径分布特征为左偏单峰尖峰山状分布,80.22%的林木直径集中在6～14 cm径阶范围;林分的空间分布格局为不均匀的团状分布,树种隔离程度较好,中度混交;林分中处于随机分布、劣势木和极强度混交的林木占比较多。马尾松天然次生林林分树种隔离程度较好,林木大小分化程度较为均匀,但林分空间分布格局不均匀,应采用去劣留优、补植优良乡土树种等方法,改善林分结构,促进林分天然更新,提高林分质量,实现森林资源的永续利用。     

天然红松阔叶林不同径阶林木的空间分布特征分析

为进一步揭示天然红松阔叶混交林的空间结构规律,为合理经营天然红松阔叶林提供借鉴,本研究在吉林省蛟河林业实验区大坡经营区设立面积为1 hm2的样地,利用全站仪对高度1.3 m以上的林木进行每木调查,然后利用角尺度、大小比数和混交度等3种结构参数,分析了样地内不同径阶林木的空间分布特征.结果表明:天然红松阔叶林中小径阶(胸径≤10 cm)林木占总株数的59.4%,其周围林木呈随机分布,与林分的总体分布格局一致.大径木的平均角尺度呈急剧下降的趋势,说明其相邻木挤在一起的现象大幅度减少,相邻树木在其四周趋于均匀分布.林木大小比数随胸径的增大呈迅速减小的趋势,小径木多明显受压,中径木处于中庸状态或亚优势地位,大径木全部处于优势地位.林木混交度随着胸径的增大呈逐渐递增的趋势,竞争压力逐步减小,林木空间分布特征渐趋优化.     

天然红松阔叶林林木分布格局研究的最小样本量

利用角尺度法分析了天然红松阔叶林林木个体的空间分布格局,采用数学模型对抽样点数与对应林木空间分布格局吻合率的关系进行拟合,将拟合方程二阶导数开始趋近于0的点对应的样点数确定为林木空间分布格局抽样调查的最小样本量,并利用9块模拟样地及2块厄瓜多尔天然林样地的资料进行分析,进一步求证最小样本量的合理性.结果表明,天然红松阔叶林空间分布格局调查的最小样本量为49.     

云冷杉过伐林主要树种结构特征分析

选择长白山针阔比9∶1、8∶2、7∶3的云冷杉过伐混交林,探讨直径结构、空间格局、蓄积生长、林下更新以及植物多样性等林分结构问题,为恢复红松为主的针阔混交林,提出结构调整思路。研究表明:由于过去以不合理的非经营性采伐,红松成主要择伐对象,红松不同年份各径阶株数变化幅度较大,直径18 cm开始出现缺损株数现象,缺乏中、大径组株数,导致母树数量、结实量和种源减少,造成在主要树种中红松更新最差的问题,不利于林分正向演替。不同针阔比混交林空间格局与其主要树种空间格局并非完全一致,在同一林分不同树种间存在差异。针阔比9∶1、8∶2、7∶3的混交林空间格局分别为随机分布、聚集分布和均匀分布。其中,红松分布格局主要呈聚集分布。因此,恢复以红松为主的针阔混交林,以红松和珍贵阔叶树种作为目标树种,采取目标树培育方法,伐除影响其更新和生长的林木,而将云冷杉和一般阔叶树作为伴生树种,逐渐减少云冷杉的优势,最终逐渐恢复成红松阔叶混交林;对针阔比8∶2和7∶3混交林红松分布格局,采取人工补植、间伐等措施,结合天然更新,向随机分布进行调整;采取人工补植、清理母树周围枯枝落叶层等措施人工辅助红松天然更新。     

密云水库上游典型油松林地林木生长空间格局

【目的】植被空间格局是植物群落生态特征、种间竞争等分析的基础，对了解植物群落生态学特征及过程具有重要意义。本研究试图探讨样地林分树高和胸径的空间异质性，以期获得北京山区优势种群的空间分布格局与空间分布特征。【方法】选择生长良好的林分设置固定观测样地（100 m×100 m），对所有树木进行每木检尺，明确样地内树种组成、结构特征与径级结构，基于各立木在二维空间上的坐标构建点图，分析林木聚集特征；应用变异函数分析方法了解林木空间异质性特征，采用Kriging空间插值统计学方法分析样地内林木树高及胸径等生长特征的空间分布特征。【结果】研究样地内共有树种13种，共计株数833株，其中油松为其优势树种，占78.75%，在部分区域呈现高度聚集分布；栓皮栎、黄栌、山杏等其他树种混交分布其中，在部分区域有小范围的聚集；样地内所有林木还是优势树种油松林木，其径级分布均接近于正态分布，随着径级的增加，个体数呈先增大后减小的单峰变化趋势；树高和胸径均以指数理论模型的拟合效果较好，树高值的空间异质性不高，而胸径值的空间异质性较高，树高和胸径均表现出中等程度的空间自相关性；林木树高的空间分布呈连片分布，胸径的空间分布呈斑块分布。【结论】林分在小尺度上存在聚集效应，林木生长存在空间异质性，其空间格局表现为连片和斑块状分布。     

油松毛虫幼虫和蛹在油松各轮枝层分布的空间格局及其变化规律研究

将油松植株看作是处于不同空间层次的亚生境单元——“轮枝层”构成的一个多层次立体结构,以Taylor幂法则模型及笔者重新解释的Taylor幂法则,作为描述种群空间格局的基本模型和准则。采用模糊聚类分析,灰色聚类分析,趋势面分析等方法,研究油松毛虫在各轮枝层分布的空间格局及其在各层间的变化规律;并测定了种群个体在油松植株内层间垂直分布的种群聚集度。结果表明:(1)种群在各轮枝层分布格局的种群聚集度,均为逆密度制约型,并给出了种群聚集临界密度m_0的值,因而可以对各轮枝层的空间格局连续统作出定量描述;(2)各轮枝层的种群聚集度在各层间的变化是非线性的;可以按聚集特征参数划分一定类别;(3)种群个体在植株内垂直分布的种群聚集度也是逆密度制约型。     

林分空间结构参数角尺度的标准角选择

角尺度是一个刻画森林空间结构的新参数，通过描述相邻木围绕参照树的均匀性来进行林木分布格局的判定。角尺度对复杂森林的空间结构有很强的解析能力。标准角是衡量参照树周围4株最近相邻木分布均匀性的标准，是影响角尺度使用精度的关键因子。理论推导出的标准角应为720，这个标准角能使随机分布林分的角尺度均值最接近0．5，从而与角尺度定义中林木随机分布时角尺度取值为0．5相一致，这个观察被进一步模拟的100个随机分布的林分所证实。     

Spatial patterns in different forest development stages of an intact old-growth Oriental beech forest in the Caspian region of Iran

Spatial patterns of trees are important structural characteristics that can provide insights into forest dynamics and may be related to the development stages of forests. The spatial patterns of three development stages (i.e., initial, optimal, and decay) of an intact old-growth beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) forest in the Caspian region of Iran were quantified within one-hectare permanent plots. All trees with a diameter at breast height of more than 7.5?cm were measured, stem-mapped, and then assigned to one of four diameter size classes (small, medium, large, and extra-large timbers). Spatial patterns of all trees and spatial associations among tree size classes were analyzed using Ripley’s K-function, and the spatial dependence of tree diameters was analyzed using variograms. Results showed that trees in the small size class exhibited an aggregated distribution in every development stage, which matched the overall spatial pattern of all trees in each stage. However, the degree of aggregation of all trees as well as association patterns among the size classes differed among the three development stages. Further, the average spatial dependence of tree diameters was 24, 14, and 19?m in the initial, optimal, and decay stages, respectively. Differences in spatial patterns among the development stages in this beech old-growth forest are consistent with the gap-dynamics paradigm and likely reflect different canopy disturbance events coupled with associated regeneration, release, and competition processes (e.g., shade-tolerance characteristics, seed dispersal limitation, and intraspecific competition).     

Spatial patterns and genetic structures within beech populations (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Fagus sylvatica</Emphasis> L.) of forked and non-forked individuals

Analyses of distribution patterns and genetic structures of forest stands can address distinct family structures and provide insights into the association of genetic and phenotypic variation patterns. In this study, point pattern analysis and spatial autocorrelation were used to examine the spatial and genetic structures in two naturally generated beech stands, which differ in age, trunk morphology, and stand management. Significant tree clumping was observed at distances up to 20 m in the young forest stand, whereas dispersion at distances under 10 m was observed in the old stand. The spatial analysis based on Ripley’s k function of the two different groups of trees showed that the non-forked trees match in both stands the spatial pattern of all trees while the forked were randomly distributed. Additionally, according to the bivariate analysis, forked trees in both stands were randomly distributed as related to non-forked tree positions. Finally, Moran’s I values were not very high, though significant genetic autocorrelation was identified at distances up to 20 m in the young stand, suggesting the existence of distinct family structures. However, no significant genetic structuring was observed in the old stand. Our findings suggest that spatial genetic patterns are impacted by stand age, environmental factors and human activities. The spatial distribution of forked trees was not clearly associated to family structures. Random effects and also micro-environmental variation could be additional factors explaining forking of beech individuals.     

Spatial distributions of tropical tree species in northern Vietnam under environmentally variable site conditions

Ecological interactions of species and thus their spatial pat- terns may differ between homogeneous and heterogeneous forests. To account for this, techniques of point pattern analysis were implemented on mapped locations of tree individuals from two 1-ha tropicalforest plots in Vietnam. We analyzed the effect of environmental heterogeneity on tree distributions; spatial distribution patterns of dominant species; inter-specific associations; and conspecific associations between life stages. Our analyses showed that： environmental conditions were homo- geneous at plot 1 but heterogeneous at plot 2; in both plots, all six domi- nant species were aggregated at various scales up to 30 m, and tree spe- cies were aggregated at larger scales in the homogeneous site than in the heterogeneous site; attraction between pairs of species was remarkably higher at the homogeneous site while negative associations were more frequent in the heterogeneous site; some species, H. kurzii, T. ilicifolia （homogeneous plot） and D. sylvatica, S. wightianum （heterogeneous plot） showed a lack of early life-stage individuals near conspecific adults. Moreover, additional clustering of young individuals was independent from conspecific adults, except D. sylvatica in both sites. These findings are consistent with the Janzen-ConneU hypothesis. Overall, habitat het- erogeneity influences spatial patterns and inter-specific associations of the tree species and evidences of self-thinning are shown in most species.     

Spatial patterns of Douglas-fir and aspen forest expansion

Spatial patterns, rates, and density of encroaching forests into adjacent grasslands have important implications for long-term land use management and resource planning. This study examines the effects of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menzeisii) and aspen (Populus tremuloides) regeneration mechanisms on sucker and seedling spatial patterns, distance from adult trees, and density in encroaching forests. A total of 8,924 aspen suckers and 1,244 Douglas-fir seedlings were counted and mapped in 2,920 quadrats (5 m × 5 m) in 106 plots along a lower forest-grassland ecotone in the Centennial Valley, MT, USA. Sucker and seedling spatial patterns were analyzed using Morisita’s I index. Average sucker and seedling density per quadrat and distance from adult trees were estimated for each plot and compared between aspen-dominated plots and Douglas-fir-dominated plots using ANOVA tests. Aspen suckers were established in a clustered spatial pattern at a significantly higher density and a significantly shorter distance from the adult trees. In contrast, Douglas-fir seedlings were established in varying spatial patterns at a significantly lower density and a significantly greater distance from the adult trees. Forest encroachment into the adjacent grassland in the Centennial Valley is occurring in contrasting patterns and at varying rates and densities due to the difference in aspen and Douglas-fir regeneration mechanisms.     

Fine-scale species co-occurrence patterns in an old-growth temperate forest

The pattern of species co-occurrence is instrumental for understanding community assembly rules. In this paper, we analyzed the co-occurrence of tree species in a 25-ha old-growth temperate forest plot in Northeastern China. The analysis was conducted at seven scales from 5 m × 5 m up to 100 m × 100 m in order to determine the patterns of co-occurrence at different spatial scales. Our analyses were conducted for all species, species with larger abundances, species with larger sizes, and five phylogenetic-based species groups. Our results showed that at smaller scales, the co-occurrence patterns of all species, species with larger abundances, and species with larger sizes were significantly higher than expected by chance, suggesting that strong interspecies competition exists in the community. At larger scales, there was no significant difference compared to randomized matrices. The result indicated that plant assembly rules are only found at small spatial scales. However, when co-occurrence metrics were restricted to phylogenetic groups, we could not find any clear evidence of interspecific competition within these groups. In conclusion, we found that competition is an important assembly rule at small scales in governing tree communities of our temperate forest, although it is not the only process involved. The importance of other processes should also be taken into account to explain species co-occurrence patterns.     

沙地樟子松天然纯林的结构特征

[目的]为了解红花尔基地区沙地樟子松天然纯林的结构特征,指导沙地樟子松的保护与经营。[方法]在红花尔基地区设置2块100 m×100 m的樟子松天然纯林固定样地,利用样地内每木定位调查数据和分析统计软件进行一元分布及二元分布特征分析。[结果](1)樟子松天然林纯林直径分布为单峰或多峰山状分布,垂直结构简单,只有乔木层和草本层。(2)樟子松天然纯林的林木分布格局为均匀分布,接近随机分布,林木分布格局类型与林分密度无关;林分中樟子松个体竞争激烈,多数单元中林木呈较密集状态。(3)2块样地中随机分布状态下的林木多数为中等密集或比较密集,不同分布状态下的林木优劣性差异较小;低密度樟子松天然纯林中多数密集状态的林木为绝对优势木或优势木,而高密度林分中林木密集度分布与林木大小无关。[结论]红花尔基沙地樟子松天然林结构不合理,应选择病腐木及聚集分布的个体作为潜在调整对象,进行密度调整和结构优化。