Genetic differentiation and gene flow in Colletotrichum sublineolum in Ethiopia,the centre of origin and diversity of sorghum,as revealed by AFLP analysis

Isolates of Colletotrichum sublineolum were collected from different sorghum‐producing regions of Ethiopia and divided into five groups based on their geographic origin. The growth rate of 50 isolates showed considerable variation: 1·7–5·8 mm day^?1, mean 3·3 mm day^?1. However, the isolates displayed little variation in colony colour and colony margin, except for isolates from the north, which were different from the others. Amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis of 102 isolates revealed much greater variations among the different groups. Dice similarity coefficients ranged from 0·32 to 0·96 (mean 0·78). Cluster analysis and principal coordinate analysis revealed a differentiation of the isolates according to their geographic origin, and both methods clearly indicated a genetic separation between the southern, the eastern and the other isolates. Analysis of molecular variance (amova ) indicated a high level of genetic variation both among (42%) and within (58%) the C. sublineolum sampling sites in Ethiopia. The amova also indicated a high level of genetic differentiation (F_ST = 0·42) and limited gene flow (Nm = 0·343). The results of this study confirmed the presence of a highly diverse pathogen, which is in agreement with the existence of diverse host genotypes and widely ranging environmental conditions in sorghum‐producing regions of the country. Such diversity should be taken into account in future breeding programmes to achieve an effective and sustainable disease management strategy.     

Genetic diversity, aggressiveness and metalaxyl sensitivity of Pythium aphanidermatum populations infecting cucumber in Oman

Seventy three isolates of Pythium aphanidermatum obtained from cucumber from four different regions of Oman and 16 isolates of muskmelon from the Batinah region in Oman were characterized for aggressiveness, sensitivity to metalaxyl and genetic diversity using AFLP fingerprinting. Twenty isolates of P. aphanidermatum from diverse hosts from different countries were also included in the study. Most isolates from Oman were found to be aggressive on cucumber seedlings and all were highly sensitive to metalaxyl (EC₅₀ < 0·80 µg mL^?1). Isolates from cucumber and muskmelon were as aggressive as each other on both hosts (P > 0·05), which implies a lack of host specialization in P. aphanidermatum on these two hosts in Oman. AFLP analysis of all isolates using four primer–pair combinations resolved 152 bands, of which 61 (~40%) were polymorphic. Isolates of P. aphanidermatum from Oman and other countries exhibited high genetic similarity (mean = 94·1%) and produced 59 different AFLP profiles. Analysis of molecular variance indicated that most AFLP variation among populations of P. aphanidermatum in Oman was associated with geographical regions (F_ST = 0·118; P < 0·0001), not hosts (F_ST = –0·004; P = 0·4323). These data were supported by the high rate of recovery (24%) of identical phenotypes between cucumber and muskmelon fields in the same region as compared to the low recovery (10%) across regions in Oman, which suggests more frequent movement of Pythium inoculum among muskmelon and cucumber fields in the same region compared to movement across geographically separated regions. However, recovering clones among regions and different countries may imply circulation of Pythium inoculum via common sources in Oman and also intercontinental spread of isolates.     

Genetic variation and structure of Solanum elaeagnifolium in Australia analysed by amplified fragment length polymorphism markers

Solanum elaeagnifolium is a weed of national significance in Australia. However, the genetic diversity of S. elaeagnifolium is poorly understood. Four amplified fragment length polymorphism primer combinations were utilised to investigate the genetic variation and structure of 187 S. elaeagnifolium individuals collected from 94 locations in Australia. High genetic diversity was found, with an average Jaccard's genetic similarity at 0.26. Individuals were assigned to two genetic clusters or considered as admixed according to their membership coefficient value (q) calculated by Bayesian model‐based genetic structure analysis. This suggested that Australian S. elaeagnifolium may have originated from two distinct gene pools. These results were further supported by principal co‐ordinates analysis. Large spatial groups of individuals assigning to these two gene pools were found in western Victoria and south‐western New South Wales (NSW) and northern NSW, which correlated well with the early records of S. elaeagnifolium in both regions. The high genetic diversity found here could add difficulties to effective control of S. elaeagnifolium across regions.     

云南烟草产区辣椒脉斑驳病毒的调查及其遗传多样性分析

明确辣椒脉斑驳病毒(chilli veinal mottle virus, ChiVMV)在云南6个州(市)烟草生产区的分布、遗传多样性和群体遗传结构,对病害的防控预警具有重要意义。本研究以2022年采集自云南6个州(市)不同烟草产区的96份疑似感染ChiVMV的烟草样品为试验材料,利用电子显微镜负染色观察和分子生物学方法对病毒进行检测和鉴定,获得21个ChiVMV云南烟草分离物的cp基因序列。利用SDT、MEGA、RDP、DnaSP及Arlequin等生物学软件对21个云南烟草分离物及NCBI上下载的38个来自不同国家、地区及寄主的ChiVMV分离物cp基因序列的系统进化、遗传多样性和群体遗传结构特征进行分析。结果显示,从云南6个州(市)烟草生产区采集的96份烟草样品中,ChiVMV检出率为51.04%;序列比对发现,本研究获得的cp基因与NCBI中38个ChiVMV分离物cp基因的核苷酸一致性在84.1%以上;系统发育分析发现,59个ChiVMV分离物按照地理位置的远近被划分为4个分支,聚类结果具有明显的地理分布特征,而与寄主植物无关;遗传多样性和遗传分化分析表明,4个地理种群的ChiVMV cp基因遗传多样性水平均较高,中国种群与印度、泰国和其他国家种群间发生了很大的遗传分化且差异显著(P<0.05);遗传力分析显示,基因交流、遗传漂变和基因的负选择压力是ChiVMV分离物适应性进化的重要方式。     

内蒙古地区天然臭柏种群遗传多样性的RAPD分析

应用随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)标记法研究了内蒙古地区臭柏种群的遗传分化,所用的18条引物对4个臭柏种群的55个样本扩增出124个位点,其中多态位点100个,多态率达80.7%。种内的平均Nei's多样性指数和Shannon's多样性指数分别为0.286和0.428,种群内分别为0.232和0.347,基因多样性变化趋势为毛乌素沙地(0.258,0.386)>阴山山脉西部(0.258,0.376)>浑善达克沙地(0.231,0.345)>内蒙古贺兰山(0.184,0.281)。臭柏种群总的基因多样性(Ht=0.288),大于种群间的基因多样性(Hs=0.233)。种群间的遗传分化系数(Gst)为0.183,种群内的遗传变异占总遗传变异的81.7%。臭柏种群间的平均遗传距离为0.086,平均相似性系数为0.918,4个种群之间有比较相似的遗传多样性,由于地理隔离,种群间也存在分化。     

Virulence Variation and RAPD Polymorphism in African Isolates of Phaeoisariospis griseola (Sacc.) Ferr., the Causal Agent of Angular Leaf Spot of Common Bean

Fifty four isolates of Phaeoisariopsis griseola, the agent of common bean angular leaf spot disease from the Great Lakes Region of Africa, were characterised according to their virulence behaviour and their molecular patterns. Virulence properties were revealed through the inoculation of 29 genotypes of Phaseolus vulgaris, Phaseolus coccineus and Phaseolus polyanthus. Differences in reaction types revealed high variability among these isolates. Most of them, even when collected within the same location, showed differences in their respective reactions on many plant genotypes. For molecular typing, RAPD amplifications were performed for each isolate using five random primers. Isolates with different patterns were collected within one region. Simultaneously, similar molecular patterns were found in isolates collected at different sites. However, the average of molecular similarity, based on the percentages of shared bands for each isolates pair, was higher among isolates collected within one site. No direct correlation between molecular pattern and pathotype was observed.     

基于分子遗传标记技术的舞毒蛾种群遗传关系研究进展

在简要介绍以形态、行为、生态学为依据的舞毒蛾分类发展的基础上,概述了分子遗传标记技术在舞毒蛾种群鉴定、起源、分化、入侵和扩散方面的研究进展,初步分析了我国舞毒蛾种群遗传关系研究的现存问题,并提出建议。     

云南省葡萄霜霉病菌群体遗传结构的SSR分析

为明确云南特色葡萄产区葡萄霜霉病菌的群体遗传结构,本研究采用7对SSR分子标记对采自云南3个地区的155株葡萄霜霉病菌进行了群体遗传多样性研究,并分析了病原菌群体遗传结构与地域之间的关系。7对引物共检测出41个等位基因,114种基因型,病原菌群体的Shannon’s信息指数和Nei’s无偏基因多样性指数分别为0.942和0.600。分子方差分析和群体连锁不平衡分析显示,不同群体间存在相当大的遗传变异。遗传分化系数、基因流以及Structure分析表明,元谋群体与宾川、寻甸两群体之间均具有较高的基因交流,宾川和寻甸两群体间则存在一定的遗传分化。上述结果表明,云南葡萄霜霉病菌群体存在较高水平的遗传多样性,且群体遗传结构与地理距离之间存在一定相关性。     

Genetic variation and structure in native and invasive Solidago canadensis populations

Solidago canadensis is native to North America, but has become a noxious invasive plant in China. We know only a little about its invasion history and the effects of introductions on its genetic composition. Here, we investigated genetic variation and structure between 15 North American and 13 Chinese populations of S. canadensis using AFLP makers. Four AFLP loci suggested relatively high genetic diversity of this weed and similar genetic variation between the invasive range and the native range. Most genetic variation was within populations across two ranges, but the Chinese range had a higher degree of among‐population variation than the North American range. Multiple tests, including Bayesian assignment, UPGMA analysis, PCoA and analysis of ‘isolation by distance’, showed that the Chinese populations originated from at least two distinct native sources and that secondary introduction or dispersal should be common in China. Also, North American populations were possibly a single genetic group. Overall, S. canadensis in China was probably founded from multiple introductions and then spread through long‐distance dispersal associated with human activities. Genetic variability in the species in the invaded range appears to have favoured establishment and spread and may well provide a challenge to successful control.     

普氏野马遗传多样性研究进展

从染色体、血型和血液蛋白（酶）、线粒体DNA、微卫星DNA和MHC等遗传标记方面,综述了近年来国内外对普氏野马（Equus przewalskii,EPR）遗传多样性的研究进展。提出了自己的看法：近交衰退依然存在,EPR的遗传多样性不够丰富,而且EPR与家马（Equus caballus,ECA）的亲缘关系尚有争论。历...     

Multiple introductions are responsible for the disjunct distributions of invasive Parthenium hysterophorus in China: evidence from nuclear and chloroplast DNA

Parthenium hysterophorus is an invasive weed native to tropical and subtropical America. Since its introduction into China in 1926, this weed has been limited to southern areas (18°–25°N). However, new populations were recently reported in Shandong (35°N). The origin of this geographically isolated population remains unclear. In this study, we used inter simple sequence repeat and chloroplast DNA sequence markers ( trnQ-5'rps16 ) to investigate the genetic structure of 18 invading populations of P. hysterophorus and to examine the genetic relationship of Shandong and southern populations. Our data show that Shandong population is genetically different and has apparently higher levels of genetic diversity than most populations in southern China. Both neighbour-joining clustering and principal coordination analysis clearly separated Shandong from other populations. Chloroplast DNA sequence analysis further confirmed that the Shandong population was characterised by a unique haplotype that was not found in southern populations. We conclude that the population in Shandong may have been independently introduced from areas outside China. As P. hysterophorus has a broad potential distribution in China, attention should be paid to both international and domestic quarantine to prevent new introductions and curtail the possible hybridisation and gene flow between populations in different regions.     

玉米根际球孢白僵菌群体遗传多样性的ISSR分析

为了明确玉米根际球孢白僵菌的遗传分化情况及亲缘关系,通过ISSR-PCR分子标记技术对分离自玉米根际的球孢白僵菌的遗传多样性进行了研究。从40个引物中共筛选出11个多态性高、稳定性好的引物用于正式的扩增分析,在37个菌株中共扩增出83条谱带,其中多态性条带占69条,多态性百分率为83.13%。平均每引物扩增条带在7.5条。群体的多态位点百分率(PPL)为83.13%,Nei基因多样性指数(H)为0.316 9,Shannon信息指数(I)为0.465 7。结果表明,分离自安徽省涡阳、萧县、蒙城三个地区的球孢白僵菌具有较高的遗传多样性。研究结果对进一步探讨玉米根际球孢白僵菌不同菌株的生防效果具有重要意义。     

Microsatellite DNA variation within and among invasive populations of Ambrosia artemisiifolia from the southern Pannonian Plain

Although the Pannonian Plain presents one of the areas in Europe most highly infested by Ambrosia artemisiifolia, previously reported population genetic studies of the invasive species have included only a few populations from this region. Our goal was to determine the level of genetic diversity and genetic structure of A. artemisiifolia populations from the southern Pannonian Plain using microsatellite DNA markers. We documented a high level of genetic diversity within the Pannonian populations, as compared with the genetic diversity parameters previously published for the other invasive populations of A. artemisiifolia in Europe. The mean number of alleles per locus (N_A) ranged between 6.8 and 9.4, allelic richness (r) between 6.59 and 8.53 and mean number of rare alleles per locus (N_R) ranged between 3.4 and 6.4 per analysed population. A low level of among‐population differentiation was detected, with percentage of variation between populations of 3.3%, generally low pairwise F_ST values (ranged from ?0.007 to 0.152) and also according to principal coordinate analysis. A Bayesian approach revealed that most individuals did not strongly associate with any single genetic cluster, confirming a lack of genetic structuring in the analysed region. Together with the results of quantification of the level of gene flow (N_m = 5.671), these observations indicated a presence of extensive gene exchange and admixture between the populations. Therefore, A. artemisiifolia in the Pannonian Plain region has the potential for rapid expansion.     

Mechanism of selectivity to fenpropimorph in Fusarium genus and Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides

Algorithms developed for use in the study of artificial intelligence also show promise in such quite different fields as the physical and life sciences. These methods may have advantages in speed, scope, or both, over more conventional scientific methods, and expand the range of algorithmic techniques open to the scientist. The mechanism of one of these methods, the genetic algorithm, which is already finding application in a number of areas in science, is outlined.     

浑善达克沙地和科尔沁沙地冰草居群形态多样性比较研究

应用常规统计学方法,分别对浑善达克沙地和科尔沁沙地冰草13个居群共计240个个体的5个形态学形状(穗长、穗宽、穗轴第一节间长、小穗小花数)进行了分析。结果表明这两大沙地的冰草居群在形态学形状上显示出了较丰富的遗传变异,而两个分布区冰草居群均在穗轴第一间节长这一形状表现出最大变异,在穗长上表现出最小变异。采用Shanno-Weaver信息指数,两个分布区冰草居群多样性指数分别为1.6004和1.5645。另外,我们在考察过程中发现,浑善达克沙地冰草不仅分布范围广,而且种类特别丰富,因此初步推断浑善达克沙地可能是我国冰草居群形态多样性分布中心之一。并为这一地区冰草资源的保护和合理利用提出几点建议。     

Genetic variation and evolutionary analysis of Pepino mosaic virus in Sicily: insights into the dispersion and epidemiology

Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) is a highly infectious potexvirus that causes a severe disease in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) crops worldwide. In Sicily, the first outbreak was detected in a single greenhouse in 2005 and it was promptly eradicated. However, in 2008, a large number of greenhouses were simultaneously affected, and it was impossible to eradicate or control the virus. This study addressed the dispersion and the genetic diversity of PepMV isolates obtained from the outbreak in Sicily, in comparison with worldwide PepMV isolates, to gain insight into the factors determining the evolution and epidemiology of the virus. A total of 1800 samples from plants with and without symptoms were collected in the Sicilian provinces of Agrigento, Caltanissetta, Palermo, Ragusa, Siracusa and Trapani. Three isolates collected at different times were biologically characterized. The incidence of the virus increased rapidly from 13% in 2011 to 63% in 2013, and phylogenetic analysis showed that all Sicilian isolates of PepMV belonged to the CH2 strain, one of the six strains previously described. Nucleotide diversity of the Sicilian isolates was low, thus suggesting rapid spread and genetic stability.     

RNA干扰及其在水稻抗病毒基因工程中的应用

RNA干扰(RNA interference,RNAi)是一种基因沉默机制。RNAi作为新兴的基因阻断技术具有明显的优势,已被广泛应用到动植物功能基因组和植物抗病研究中。在抗病毒研究中,人为地将与病毒或宿主基因同源的双链RNA分子导入转基因植株,引起与其同源的基因发生沉默,达到抗病毒的作用。本文主要综述了RNA干扰的相关知识以及在水稻抗病毒基因工程研究中的应用进展。     

我国小麦落选短体线虫群体遗传多样性分析

为了明确我国落选短体线虫群体的遗传多样性,利用mtCOI基因标记对落选短体线虫9个地理群体的遗传结构及遗传分化进行分析。结果显示,9个地理群体中共得到101条mtCOI序列,发现28个碱基变异位点,形成14个单倍型。其中,H1单倍型最常见,为7个地理群体的59个个体共有,推测其可能为祖先单倍型。全部地理群体在物种水平呈现中等遗传多样性(H_T=0.706±0.131),聚类分析显示其可分为类群Ⅰ与类群Ⅱ两个类群,AMOVA分析揭示落选短体线虫整体水平的遗传分化主要来源于种群间。Mantel检验表明落选短体线虫群体的遗传距离与地理距离存在正相关性,但是不同种群之间的遗传分化程度与地理距离没有显著关系。中性检验和错配分布检验均揭示落选短体线虫在整体水平和两个类群上的群体历史动态都处于相对稳定的状态。     

Genetic Variability and Population Structure of the Wheat Foot Rot Fungus, Fusarium culmorum, in Tunisia

The random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) method was used to investigate the genetic variability and population structure of Fusarium culmorum isolated from wheat stem bases. A total of 108 isolates, representing seven geographically distinct populations, was collected from five climatic regions in Tunisia. Pseudo-allelic frequencies were estimated at each of the 25 putative RAPD loci analyzed by scoring for the presence or absence of amplified fragments; 92 haplotypes were found among the 108 strains. The analysis of the population structure did not reveal any trend with regard to geographic origin. Total gene diversity (H_T ^* = 0.318) was mostly attributable to diversity within populations (H_S ^* = 0.308). Analysis of molecular variance confirmed that most of the genetic variability was within populations. Genetic differentiation among populations was low to moderate (G_ST ^* ranged from 0 to 0.190 and averaged 0.041 over all loci). Cluster analysis with UPGMA using genetic distances did not reveal any spatial clustering of the isolates collected from the different geographic regions. Based on these results, we conclude that the F. culmorum isolates recovered from different regions in Tunisia might be part of a single population pool.     

Genetic structure and population diversity in the wheat sharp eyespot pathogen Rhizoctonia cerealis in the Willamette Valley,Oregon, USA

Wheat sharp eyespot, caused by the soilborne basidiomycete fungus Rhizoctonia cerealis group D subgroup I (AG-DI), is a common disease of wheat stems that has increased in global importance in recent years. The disease caused a severe and extensive epidemic throughout the Willamette Valley of Oregon in 2014 and has remained one of the most important wheat diseases in this region subsequently. The population structure of this pathogen is still not well understood. In this study, 572 pure cultures of R. cerealis AG-DI were isolated from five commercial fields and two experimental fields in the Willamette Valley, Oregon, in the spring of 2017 and 2018. Population structure studies were conducted using six microsatellite markers. Polymorphisms were observed at all six loci, and all seven subpopulations showed moderate gene and genotype diversity. Most of the loci were in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium in the subpopulations, the entire population combined over locations and five of seven subpopulations were in gametic equilibrium, and the AMOVA and Mantel’s test demonstrated no differentiation among subpopulations. Though direct evidence is currently lacking, these results suggest that the sexual stage of the pathogen may be having a significant impact on pathogen population structure, and that the presence of basidiospores could be contributing to the extensive spread of this disease in the Willamette Valley in recent years.