Advances in insect phototaxis and application to pest management: a review

Many insects, especially nocturnal insects, exhibit positive phototaxis to artificial lights. Light traps are currently used to monitor and manage insect pest populations, and play a crucial role in physical pest control. Efficient use of light traps to attract target insect pests is an important topic in the application of integrated pest management (IPM). Phototactic responses of insects vary among species, light characteristics and the physiological status of the insects. In addition, light can cause several biological responses, including biochemical, physiological, molecular and fitness changes in insects. In this review, we discuss several hypotheses on insect phototaxis, factors affecting insect phototaxis, insect‐sensitive wavelengths, biological responses of insects to light, and countermeasures for conserving beneficial insects and increasing the effect of trapping. In addition, we provide information on the different sensitivities to wavelengths causing positive phototactic behavior in > 70 insect pest and beneficial insect species. The use of advanced light traps equipped with superior light sources, such as light‐emitting diodes (LEDs), will make physical pest control in IPM more efficient. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry     

Female preference did not evolve under laboratory conditions in the solanaceous fruit fly Bactrocera latifrons

Sterile insect technique (SIT) is widely used to eradicate target pest species. Its effectiveness depends on the ability of released sterile males to mate with wild females. In pest species with a female choice mating system, there is potential for female preference to evolve in the wild population in view of the resulting zero-fitness in females that mate with sterile males. The evolution of female preference against sterile males can, therefore, reduce the efficiency of the SIT as the likelihood decreases that sterile males will mate with wild females. We examined this experimentally by using the solanaceous fruit fly Bactrocera latifrons, a serious pest of solanaceous crops, by allowing female preference in mass-reared fruit flies to select between fertile and sterile males over 12 generations. However, this did not generate a rapid evolutionary response. Also the remating rate of females did not increase, even when the first mating partner was a sterile male. We discuss the implication of the results for the eradication project by the SIT program.     

昆虫不育技术在害虫防治中的应用和研究进展

昆虫不育技术是一种通过释放不育昆虫来控制田间害虫种群的生物防治新策略。为将昆虫不育技术应用于防治全球入侵害虫草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda,该文对昆虫不育技术的作用机理和防治现状进行了综述,并对国内外利用该技术成功防治害虫的作用原理、作用方式和对多种害虫防治的成功案例进行了归纳;同时,对防治靶标基因doublesex的功能性作用进行总结。本综述基于CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑系统调控靶标基因,整理并展望通过释放携带显性致死基因的昆虫种群实现虫口密度控制的研究现状,为促进昆虫不育技术防治害虫提供理论基础。     

昆虫辐照不育技术研究与应用进展

近年来国内外昆虫辐照不育技术的研究发展迅速,取得了许多重要成果,在实践中已成为某些害虫综合防治的有效措施之一.本文综述了昆虫辐照不育技术的剂量策略、昆虫辐照不育机理研究进展和辐照不育昆虫的质量控制,并探讨了昆虫辐照不育技术在实践应用中的限制因素及其对策.     

Agricultural insect hybridization and implications for pest management

Biological invasions, the expansion of agricultural frontiers, and climate change favor encounters of divergent lineages of animals and plants, increasing the likelihood of hybridization. However, hybridization of insect species and its consequences for agroecosystems have not received sufficient attention. Gene exchange between distinct and distant genetic pools can improve the survival and reproduction of insect pests, and threaten beneficial insects in disturbed agricultural environments. Hybridization may be the underlying explanation for the recurrent pest outbreaks and control failures in putative hybrid zones, as suspected for bollworm, corn borer, whiteflies, and stink bugs. Reliable predictions of the types of changes that can be expected in pest insect genomes and fitness, and of their impacts on the fate of species and populations remain elusive. Typical steps in pest management, such as insect identification, pest monitoring, and control are likely affected by gene flow and adaptive introgression mediated by hybridization, and we do not have ways to respond to or mitigate the problem. To address the adverse effects of farming intensification and global trade, we must ensure that current integrated pest management programs incorporate up‐to‐date monitoring and diagnostic tools. The rapid identification of hybrids, quantification of levels of introgression, and in‐depth knowledge of what genes have been transferred may help to explain and predict insect population outbreaks and control failures in the future. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry     

Factors driving public tolerance levels and information‐seeking behaviour concerning insects in the household environment

BACKGROUND

The public's negative attitudes towards household insects drive tolerance for these insects and their control. Tolerance levels are important in integrated pest management (IPM), as are pest knowledge and information. The risk information seeking and processing (RISP) model describes the relationships between personal factors and information‐seeking behaviour. We combined IPM and RISP to determine important relationships between factors driving insect tolerance levels and information‐seeking behaviour through an online survey and tested whether this model is valid and generally applicable.

RESULTS

Relationships between variables from both IPM and RISP models were tested for seven insect species. Tolerance levels were measured with two factors: willingness to pay for pest control and whether insects are tolerated. Willingness to pay for control was positively affected by age, experience, risk perception, insect characteristics, and negative emotions and affected behavioural intention, by influencing information sufficiency and information‐seeking behaviour. Tolerability was influenced by perception of insect characteristics and determines whether control measures are taken.

CONCLUSION

It was possible to combine the RISP and IPM models. Relevant driving factors were a person's age, experience, risk perception, negative affective responses, tolerance levels, relevant channel beliefs about online forums, information sufficiency and information‐seeking behaviour. There was, however, variation in important factors between different insects. © 2017 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

Insecticide toxicity and synergism by enzyme inhibitors in 18 species of pest insect and natural enemies in crucifer vegetable crops

The toxicities of three enzyme inhibitors and their synergistic effects on four insecticides were studied by using the dry film method on field populations of 18 species of insects collected in Jianxin and Shanjie, China, from 2003 to 2005. Meanwhile, the inhibitory effects of these enzyme inhibitors on the activities of acetylcholinesterases (AChE), carboxyesterases (CarE) and glutathione-S-transferases (GST), in vivo, were also studied. In general, triphenyl phosphate (TPP) and diethyl maleate (DEM) showed low toxicities to six herbivorous pest insects, four ladybirds and eight parasitoids. Piperonyl butoxide (PB) exhibited low toxicities to the herbivorous pest insects and ladybirds, but high toxicities to the eight parasitoids. The tolerance to the insecticides in 11 pest insects and natural enemies was mainly associated with the tolerance to PB. PB showed the highest synergism on methamidophos, fenvalerate, fipronil and avermectin in nine species of pest insects and natural enemies. In general, TPP and DEM showed significant synergisms to these four insecticides in four parasitoid species. However, in contrast to their effects on the parasitoids, the synergistic effects of TPP and DEM on the four insecticides by TPP and DEM against four pest insects and one ladybird varied depending on the insect species and enzyme inhibitor. Activity of AChE, CarE or GST could be strongly inhibited, in vivo, by PB, TPP or DEM, depending on the insect species and enzyme inhibitors. From the results obtained in this study, mixed-function oxidase (MFO) was thought to play the most critical role in insect tolerances to the tested insecticides in the field. Low competition existed in the evolution of insecticide resistance in the field populations of parasitoids, as compared with herbivorous pest insects and ladybirds. Possible causes of the high synergistic effects of PB on the four classes of insecticides, based on multiattack on the activity of CarE, GST or AChE in the insect species, are also discussed.     

肠道可培养共生菌对橘小实蝇不育雄虫生物学特征的影响

橘小实蝇是一种对果、蔬产业造成严重经济损失的害虫,应用昆虫不育技术（SIT）防治橘小实蝇是一种切实可行的科学手段,但辐照会使不育雄虫受到一定程度的损伤。本研究通过在饲料中添加抗生素对肠道灭菌处理来探究肠道可培养共生菌对橘小实蝇生物学及形态学参数的影响。结果表明,抗生素处理组在不育雄虫的蛹重、逆境存活率以及竞争交配力等均显著低于对照组。另外,抗生素处理组和对照组不育雄虫的存活率曲线图表明处理组不育雄虫的寿命时长显著低于对照组,利用Weibull分布拟合模型判断得知两组橘小实蝇存活率曲线均符合基本模型中的Ⅰ型。本研究为进一步利用肠道可培养共生菌来改善橘小实蝇不育雄虫的生理健康提供理论基础。     

Towards area‐wide control of Bactrocera invadens: prospects of the sterile insect technique and molecular entomology

It is 10 years since the first detection of the invader fruit fly, Bactrocera invadens, in sub‐Saharan Africa. The pest continues to hamper fruit production and create barriers to trade. Strategies currently employed to control B. invadens are insufficient, and more effective area‐wide strategies are needed. The sterile insect technique and molecular entomology approaches have high potential and could help to bring about effective area‐wide control of the pest if adopted and used as components of area‐wide integrated pest management. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry     

西花蓟马天敌种类及主要种类的控害潜能

西花蓟马[Frankliniella occidentalis(Pergande)]是国际上备受关注的检疫性有害生物,近年来该虫分布范围不断扩大,对农作物、园林园艺植物的危害日趋加重,发挥天敌对该虫的自然控制作用已引起人们广泛重视。本文根据国内外研究报道,总结和记述了西花蓟马的天敌种类及其主要种类对西花蓟马的控制作用。西花蓟马的天敌约有60种,其中天敌昆虫50种,昆虫病原线虫5种,虫生真菌5种。同时,对主要天敌种类小花蝽、昆虫病原线虫和虫生真菌对西花蓟马的捕食寄生及控制潜力进行了阐述。     

Manipulating behaviour with substrate‐borne vibrations – potential for insect pest control

This review presents an overview of the potential use of substrate‐borne vibrations for the purpose of achieving insect pest control in the context of integrated pest management. Although the importance of mechanical vibrations in the life of insects has been fairly well established, the effect of substrate‐borne vibrations has historically been understudied, in contrast to sound sensu stricto. Consequently, the idea of using substrate‐borne vibrations for pest control is still in its infancy. This review therefore focuses on the theoretical background, using it to highlight potential applications in a field environment, and lists the few preliminary studies that have been or are being performed. Conceptual similarities to the use of sound, as well as limitations inherent in this approach, are also noted. © 2014 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

昆虫性信息素及其类似物干扰昆虫行为的机理和应用研究进展

昆虫性信息素及其类似物在有害生物综合治理中起到了越来越重要的作用,如可以对目标昆虫进行监测、诱捕和迷向等。干扰昆虫行为是一种环境友好型的植物保护策略,近年来已在害虫防治领域广泛使用。干扰昆虫行为的机理一直是科学家研究的主要方向,明确其机理能使之得到更有效合理的应用。本文主要对昆虫性信息素及其类似物干扰昆虫行为的机理,以及缓释材料、施用剂量及密度、与其他挥发性物质在田间混合应用等方面的研究进展进行简要综述。     

Novel use of nanostructured alumina as an insecticide

BACKGROUND: The worldwide need to produce an inexpensive and abundant food supply for a growing population is a great challenge that is further complicated by concerns about risks to environmental stability and human health triggered by the use of pesticides. The result is the ongoing development of alternative pest control strategies, and new, lower‐risk insecticidal molecules. Among the recent technological advances in agricultural science, nanotechnology shows considerable promise, although its development for use in crop protection is in its initial stages. RESULTS: This study reports for the first time the insecticidal effect of nanostructured alumina. Two species were used as model organisms, Sitophilus oryzae L. and Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), which are major insect pests in stored food supplies throughout the world. Both species experienced significant mortality after 3 days of continuous exposure to treated wheat. Nine days after treatment, the median lethal doses (LD₅₀) observed ranged from 127 to 235 mg kg^?1. CONCLUSION: Comparison of these results with recommended rates for commercial insecticidal dusts suggests that inorganic nanostructured alumina may provide a cheap and reliable alternative for control of insect pests. This study expands the frontiers for nanoparticle‐based technologies in pest management. Further research is needed to identify its mode of action and its non‐target toxicity, and to determine the potential of other nanostructured materials as pest control options for insects. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

我国农业害虫天敌昆虫利用三十年回顾(下篇)

本文参阅了从1985-2014近30年有关我国农业害虫天敌昆虫利用发表的文献,尤其是发表在中国生物防治学报的文章。对天敌资源的调查与分类、优势天敌的人工繁殖与释放、与繁殖和释放相关的基础研究、成功的天敌昆虫引进、生物防治技术应用策略等方面的研究与应用进展进行了简要回顾。期望此文能使读者了解近30年来我国生防前辈所作出的贡献,和后辈继往开来的创新成就;认识农业害虫天敌昆虫在我国农林业生产曾发挥的作用。由于此文篇幅较长,分上、下两篇发表。天敌资源的调查与分类、优势天敌的人工繁殖与释放归为上篇,与繁殖和释放相关的基础研究、成功的天敌昆虫引进、生物防治技术应用策略研究归为下篇。     

昆虫共生菌调控宿主生长发育和生殖的研究进展

共生菌参与昆虫宿主的多种生理活动,而昆虫则为共生菌提供了良好的增殖环境,两者互利共生。共生菌的种类、丰度和功能均因昆虫种类和发育阶段的不同而有所差异。该文总结了昆虫共生菌研究概况及已报道的昆虫共生菌种类,重点介绍了共生菌调控昆虫宿主生长发育和生殖的研究进展,包括共生菌通过协助宿主营养代谢及抵御病原菌来调控宿主的生长发育速率;胞内共生细菌沃尔巴克氏体Wolbachia通过胞质不亲和、雌性化、雄性致死以及诱导孤雌生殖调控宿主的生殖力;胞外共生细菌则通过参与宿主营养代谢、改变宿主生殖行为和影响宿主生殖细胞来调控昆虫宿主的生殖力,以及共生菌调控宿主生殖的可能分子机制。同时,该文还在深入探讨共生菌功能、拓宽研究宿主种类及共生菌在抗菌防虫中的应用等方面进行了展望。共生菌对昆虫宿主生长发育和生殖调控作用的研究有助于进一步揭示昆虫与共生菌的协同进化机制,并为进一步利用共生菌进行害虫治理奠定理论基础。     

Preliminary survey for insects associated with Bursaphelenchus xylophilus in Portugal

The detection of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus in Pinus pinaster trees in Portugal in 1999 led the official services to implement exceptional and urgent control measures to prevent the spread of the pest. Because the pest is vector-transmitted, special attention was paid to the insects associated with infested trees. A survey comprising 21 species of insects, from six families, with a total of 1367 specimens, was made in order to evaluate their possible role as vectors of the nematode in Portugal. Five insect species were found to carry other Bursaphelenchus spp., but only Monochamus galloprovincialis was associated with B. xylophilus .     

RNAi‐mediated plant protection against aphids

Aphids (Aphididae) are major agricultural pests that cause significant yield losses of crop plants each year by inflicting damage both through the direct effects of feeding and by vectoring harmful plant viruses. Expression of double‐stranded RNA (dsRNA) directed against suitable insect target genes in transgenic plants has been shown to give protection against pests through plant‐mediated RNA interference (RNAi). Thus, as a potential alternative and effective strategy for insect pest management in agricultural practice, plant‐mediated RNAi for aphid control has received close attention in recent years. In this review, the mechanism of RNAi in insects and the so far explored effective RNAi target genes in aphids, their potential applications in the development of transgenic plants for aphid control and the major challenges in this regard are reviewed, and the future prospects of using plant‐mediated RNAi for aphid control are discussed. This review is intended to be a helpful insight into the generation of aphid‐resistant plants through plant‐mediated RNAi strategy. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry     

诱虫作物在害虫治理中的应用

诱虫作物主要从物理特性和化学特性两个方面形成比主栽作物更强的引诱力,使主栽作物得以保护。诱虫作物在生产中主要用来诱集害虫、给天敌提供避难和繁殖场所,其作用效果与诱虫作物的品种、播期和田间管理、害虫行为、对天敌的调控、与其他害虫防治方法的有机配合等有重要关系。采用引诱-排斥多策略相结合的方法,研究利用对害虫同时具有诱集和杀灭作用的植物作为诱虫作物,将大大增强诱虫作物在害虫治理中应用的可行性。     

青海省枸杞林病虫害及其天敌昆虫种类调查

本文于2009-2016年调查了青海省天然枸杞林和栽培枸杞林病虫害及其天敌昆虫种类和主要病虫害发生规律。在当地枸杞林有害虫34种,病害7种,天敌昆虫32种。对栽培红果枸杞生产造成较大影响的病害有:枸杞白粉病、根腐病、干热风害和霜冻害。34种枸杞害虫隶属于节肢动物2纲7目18科,栽培红果枸杞的主要害虫有棉蚜、白枸杞瘤瘿螨、枸杞木虱、枸杞绢蛾;天然枸杞林重要病虫有枸杞绢蛾、白枸杞瘤瘿螨和枸杞白粉病。黑果枸杞主要病虫仅有2种,枸杞瘤瘿螨和枸杞白粉病。枸杞干果(黑果枸杞和红果枸杞)的重要仓储害虫是印度谷斑螟。枸杞蚜虫类的主要天敌昆虫为瓢虫类和丽草蛉,枸杞瘿螨类的主要天敌昆虫是枸杞瘿螨姬小蜂,枸杞木虱的优势天敌为莱曼氏蚁。     

不同颜色色板对梨园昆虫的诱集效应

为筛选对梨园害虫诱集效果较好的粘虫板,选用黄色、红色、绿色、紫色、蓝色、灰色、白色和黑色8种颜色的粘虫板对梨园内昆虫进行诱集。结果显示,黄色粘虫板的诱集效果最好,诱集害虫种类8科10种,对中国梨木虱和小绿叶蝉的诱集效果较好;其次为绿色粘虫板,诱集昆虫种类7科7种,对中国梨木虱和小绿叶蝉也表现出较好的诱集效果。半翅目昆虫的趋色性较强,诱集数量最多,适合选择色板诱集防治。黄板和绿板对梨园天敌有一定影响,在梨园使用时应适时适量选择性使用。本研究为利用粘虫板在梨园进行害虫防治提供了理论依据。