不同铜源对生长猪生产性能的影响

本试验采用单因素试验设计,选取48头平均体重为39kg的生长猪（杜×大×长）,按照体重接近、公母各半的原则随机分为4个处理组,每个处理3个重复,每个重复4头猪。4个处理组分别为：基础日粮（对照组）,即处理组1：处理组2、3、4分别在基础日粮中添加150mg／kg碱式氯化铜、200mg／kg碱式氯化铜、200mg/kg五水硫酸铜。探讨碱式氯化铜对生长猪生产性能的影响,并确定适宜添加量。试验结果表明：在日粮中添加200mg／kg碱式氯化铜能够显著提高生长猪的平均日增重（P〈0．05）,降低平均日采食量（P〉0．05）,改善料重比（P〉0．05）。因此,碱式氯化铜能有效替代五水硫酸铜作为生长猪的促生长剂。     

杜仲提取物对猪生长性能及血液指标的影响

探讨杜仲提取物在猪生产中的作用,试验选用基本同质的42日龄杜×长×大三元杂交猪300头,平均初始质量为（9．96±0．05）kg,随机分成5个处理,每个处理6个重复,每重复10头猪。试验分3个阶段,第1阶段9．96—20kg,第2阶段20—60kg,第3阶段60-90kg。试验日粮分别在基础日粮中添加杜仲提取物0、1500、2000和2500mg／kg及黄霉素12mg／kg（阶段1）或8mg／kg（阶段2和阶段3）。试验结果表明,1500mg／kg杜仲提取物显著降低阶段1和阶段2日均腹泻评分（P〈0．05）,显著提高了阶段2猪群日均增质量（P〈0．05）,降低了阶段2和阶段3料重比（P〈0．05）。杜仲提取物（除2000mg／kg）和黄霉素组均能显著提高试验全期动物日增质量（P〈0．05）,而杜仲提取物与黄霉素间不存在显著差异,动物日均采食量存在增加趋势（0．05〈P〈0．10）。杜仲提取物能显著降低血清尿素氨水平（P〈0．05）,显著提高阶段2和阶段3血清球蛋白水平（P〈0．05）。这说明,杜仲提取物的添加能影响动物机体蛋白质代谢,提高猪体免疫能力,对猪生长性能产生影响,添加量以1500mg／kg最佳。     

Determination of hematologic and blood chemical reference values in fattening pigs of different ages

In swine medicine, the determination of hematology and blood chemistry parameters is of primary interest in connection with the detection of herd problems. For the evaluation of laboratory results the availability of reference values is a prerequisite. So far, no reference values of fattening pigs have been available in Switzerland. For this reason, in the present study reference values for hematology and blood chemistry were determined for two bodyweight categories, 40-60 kg (group 1) and 85-110 kg (group 2). Hematocrit, hemoglobin and RBC counts were lower in animals in group 1. The number of segmented neutrophils was markedly higher in group 1. Lymphocyte counts exceeded neutrophil values in both groups. Concentrations of total bilirubin, AST, CK and LDH partly reached very high levels due to hemolysis or contamination of the blood samples with muscle tissue.     

Effects of stocking density on growth performance,blood parameters and immunity of growing pigs

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different stocking densities on growth performance, blood parameters, intestinal morphology and intestinal immunity of growing pigs. A total of 288 male pigs (44.35 ± 0.50 kg) were randomly assigned to groups with stocking densities of 2.46, 1.23 and 0.82 m²/pig for a month. The results showed that there was no significant difference on growth performance among groups. Pigs in the stocking density of 0.82 m²/pig had the lowest backfat thickness and spleen weight index among groups (P < 0.05). With increasing stocking density, the serum concentrations of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), transglutaminase (TGG), alkaline phosphatase (AKP) and immunoglobulin A (IgA) were increased, and albumin (ALB), albumin-to-globulin ratio (ALB:GLO), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and immunoglobulin (IgM) were decreased (P < 0.05), and cortisol tended to increase and glucose tended to decrease (0.05 < P < 0.1). Compared with the stocking density of 2.46 m²/pig, the ileal villus height and jejunal villus width decreased in stocking densities of 1.23 and 0.82 m²/pig (P < 0.05). The duodenal villus height and ileal villus width in the stocking density of 0.82 m²/pig were the lowest among 3 groups (P < 0.05). The content of immunoglobulin A in duodenum, jejunum and ileum mucosa increased along with increasing density (P < 0.05). The contents of interleukin (IL)-2 in the spleen or liver and IL-10 in the spleen were higher in the stocking density of 0.82 m²/pig than in other 2 groups. These results showed that stocking density could affect the metabolism, intestinal morphology, and immunity of growing pigs and 1.23 m²/pig may be the suitable stocking density for the growing pigs in the present study.     

Effects of two different dietary fermentable carbohydrates on activity and heat production in group-housed growing pigs

The effects of two sources of dietary fiber (DF) on behavior and heat production (HP) in group-housed growing pigs were studied. Twenty clusters of 14 barrows (50 kg) were fed one of 10 diets. Diets differed mainly in type and content of fermentable DF (fDF) and in content of digestible starch. Five diets contained solvent-extracted coconut meal (SECM) and five diets contained soybean hulls (SBH) as the main fDF source. On an as-fed basis, pigs received 3.5, 13.2, 23.0, 32.7, or 42.4 g x kg(-0.75) x d(-1) of SECM or SBH. A total of 280 crossbred growing pigs were used, divided into clusters of 14 pigs each. Pigs were group-housed and fed at 2.5 times the assumed maintenance energy requirements. All clusters were fed similar amounts of NE, ileal-digestible protein and amino acids, vitamins, and minerals. Consequently, DMI differed among diets because NE content decreased with increasing DF content. After a 32-d preliminary period, HP was measured per cluster during a 7-d experimental period in environmentally controlled respiration chambers. Behavior of the pigs was recorded using time-lapse video recordings during two different days within the experimental period. Intake of digestible starch and fDF was different (P < 0.001) among diets, whereas intake of digestible CP was similar among diets. On average, pigs spent 153 min standing, 42 min sitting, 202 min lying on their chest, and 1,043 min lying on their flanks each day. Pigs fed SECM diets spent, on average, less time (P < 0.05) lying on their chest than pigs fed SBH diets. Total time spent on physical activity (i.e., standing plus sitting, 195 min/d) was not affected by diet. Total HP and resting HP were affected by diet and were on average lower (P < 0.01) for pigs fed SECM diets than for pigs fed SBH diets. Activity-related heat production (AHP) averaged 65 kJ x kg(-0.75) x d(-1) and was not affected by diet. There was a linear relationship (P < 0.001) between fDF intake and HP, but there was no relationship between fDF intake and AHP. During different parts of the day, fDF intake also affected HP. The saving effect of physical activity on the NE values of fDF from SECM and SBH were 0.56 and 0.84 kJ/g of fDF intake, respectively. Neither of these saving effects was significantly different from zero. We conclude that fDF from SECM and SBH did not affect energy expended on physical activity by growing pigs, and that the NE value of fDF from SECM and SBH was not affected by changes in physical activity.     

不同硒水平对生长育肥猪血液生化指标的影响

试验研究了宁夏常用饲料中不同硒水平对生长育肥猪血液生化指标的影响。结果表明 :(1 )谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 (GSH PX)活性随饲粮硒水平的增加 ,呈现下降 上升 下降的动态变化趋势。谷胱甘肽硫转移酶可反映缺硒的程度。 (2 )缺硒组仔猪血硒含量和全血中GSH PX均处于缺硒边缘状态 ,在临界值以下 ,不能满足仔猪的代谢需要。 (3)随饲粮硒水平的逐渐增加 ,猪瘟的抗体水平和淋巴细胞转化率明显升高 ,以饲粮中添加硒 0 45mg/kg时达到最高 ,仔猪发病率最低     

Effects of different fibre sources and fat addition on cholesterol and cholesterol-related lipids in blood serum, bile and body tissues of growing pigs

Knowledge is limited on the efficacy of hindgut-fermentable dietary fibre to reduce blood, bile and body tissue cholesterol levels. In three experiments with growing pigs the effects of different kinds and levels of bacterially fermentable fibre (BFS) on cholesterol metabolism were examined. Various diets calculated to have similar contents of metabolizable energy were supplied for complete fattening periods. In the first experiment, a stepwise increase from 12 to 20% BFS was performed by supplementing diets with fermentable fibre from sugar beet pulp (modelling hemicelluloses and pectin). Beet pulp, rye bran (modelling cellulose) and citrus pulp (pectin) were offered either independently or in a mixture in the second experiment. These diets were opposed to rations characterized in carbohydrate type by starch either mostly non-resistant (cassava) or partly resistant (maize) to small intestinal digestion. The third experiment was planned to explore the interactions of BFS from citrus pulp with fat either through additional coconut oil/palm kernel oil blend or full-fat soybeans. In all experiments the increase of the BFS content was associated with a constant (cellulose) or decreasing (hemicelluloses, pectin) dietary proportion of non-digestible fibre. In experiment 1 an inverse dose-response relationship between BFS content and cholesterol in blood serum and adipose tissue as well as bile acid concentration in bile was noted while muscle cholesterol did not respond. In experiment 2 the ingredients characterized by cellulose and hemicelluloses/pectin reduced cholesterol-related traits relative to the low-BFS-high-starch controls whereas, except in adipose tissue cholesterol content, the pectinous ingredient had the opposite effect. However, the changes in serum cholesterol mainly affected HDL and not LDL cholesterol. Adipose tissue cholesterol also was slightly lower with partly resistant starch compared to non-resistant starch in the diet. Experiment 3 showed that the use of citrus pulp increased serum cholesterol concentrations when levels were low in the corresponding low-BFS diets (low-fat and soy bean diets), but caused no further increase in the coconut-oil/palm kernel oil blend diet. From the present results it seems that fermentable hemicelluloses have a more favourable effect of decreasing metabolic cholesterol and related traits than hardly digestible fibre, fermentable cellulose or, particularly, pectin. Furthermore, some types of fibre expressed a certain potential to reduce cholesterol content of fat pork and pork products by up to 10% (experiment 1) and 25% (experiment 2).     

Effects on performance of growing pigs fed diets containing different levels of dried cashew pulp

The purpose was to investigate the use of dried cashew pulp (DrCP), the sun-dried residue after juice has been extracted from the cashew apple, as a feed ingredient in growing pig diets. The growth rate, feed intake, feed to gain ratio and cost of gain of grower pigs fed diets containing 0 (0DrCP), 100 (100DrCP), 150 (150DrCP) or 200 (200DrCP) g kg⁻¹ of dried cashew pulp was investigated in a feeding trial set up as a Completely randomized design with 4 treatments replicated 3 times and lasting 112 days. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) among treatments in the parameters measured. It was concluded that dried cashew pulp could be used in growing pig diets up to a level of 200 g kg⁻¹ without any deleterious effects. Future work will look at higher levels of DrCP inclusion in the diets of growing pigs.     

不同替代比例肠膜蛋白粉对猪有效能及营养物质消化率的影响

试验旨在通过套算法研究不同替代比例的肠膜蛋白粉对猪的有效能和营养物质表观消化率的影响。试验将24头平均体重(20.2±2.3) kg的健康去势公猪随机分为4组,每组6个重复。对照组饲喂玉米基础日粮,试验组分别是10%、20%和30%的肠膜蛋白粉替代基础日粮的试验日粮。试验期12 d,前7 d为预饲期,后5 d为粪尿收集期。结果显示,以干物质为基础,以10%、20%和30%肠膜蛋白粉替代基础日粮,试验得出的肠膜蛋白的表观代谢能分别为12.01、12.52 MJ/kg和12.10 MJ/kg(P<0.05);随着替代水平的升高,总能、有机物和中性洗涤纤维(P<0.05)的消化率降低,粗蛋白消化率先升高再降低。由此可见,生长猪对不同替代比例的各营养物质的表观消化率具有一定差异性,随着肠膜蛋白粉在基础日粮中替代比例的提高,肠膜蛋白粉的有效能值先升高再降低;当肠膜蛋白粉的比例是20%时,其原料的消化能和代谢能相对较高。     

Effects of standard anticoagulants and storage procedures on plasma glucose values in seals.

Standard methods for the preservation of vertebrate blood samples for glucose analysis include collecting and storing the blood in evacuated tubes containing sodium fluoride (glycolytic inhibitor) and potassium oxalate (anticoagulant). We found that blood collected from 5 seals by venipuncture and transferred into these tubes had a significantly (P less than 0.05) lower plasma glucose value than blood transferred into tubes containing heparin. In species in which RBC glucose concentration is significantly less than that in the plasma, fluoride and oxalate-induced hemolysis dilutes the plasma with cytoplasm and lowers the measured concentration of glucose in plasma. Therefore, although plasma glucose is used extensively in experimental and clinical analyses, standard techniques for handling the blood may create errors that could confuse comparisons between individuals or species.     

Effects of sarcoptic mange on lactating swine and growing pigs

The impact of Sarcoptic mange on sows and on performance of their offspring from birth to slaughter was determined. Sows naturally infested with Sarcoptic mange were paired, mated to the same boar, and assigned randomly to treated or control farrowing groups. Treated sows received ivermectin s.c. at 300 micrograms/kg body weight; control sows received the vehicle s.c. Sow performance was evaluated via sow feed consumption, litter size, litter birth weights, litter weaning weights and piglet death loss from birth to weaning. Seven replicates (farrowing groups), each with six sow pairs, were included in the trial. Offspring from treated and control sows, 35 head/group, were fed to slaughter weights. Untreated sows had litters that weighed 4.14 kg less than ivermectin-treated sow litters at 21 d (P less than .07). Treated sows consumed 1.95 kg less feed per weaned piglet and .13 kg less feed per kilogram of weaned piglet (P less than .05). Piglets from treated sows were 5.79 kg/head heavier at slaughter (P less than .05) and had a .05 kg/d superior average daily gain (P less than .05).     

不同药物添加剂对生长猪生产性能的影响

试验选用长大二元阉公猪 10 2头 ,分别随机分为 5组 ,对照组饲喂由牛至油按2 4mg/kg配置的日粮、其他各组分别在基础日粮中添加 10 %效美素 15 0mg/kg 15 %吉它霉素2 0 0mg/kg为试验 1组 ;添加 0 .2 5 %那西肽 10 0 0mg/kg 15 %吉它霉素 2 0 0mg/kg为试验 2组 ;添加 0 .2 5 %那西肽 10 0 0mg/kg为试验 3组 ;添加 15 %吉它霉素 4 80mg/kg为试验 4组。试验结果 :①使用抗生素的各组生产性能和经济效益均优于牛至油组。②试验 2组有最快的增重速度和较低的饲料成本 ;③试验 3组饲料成本最低 ,且日增重较高 ,这 2组的综合经济效益最好。④试验1组虽然有较高的日增重和饲料转化率 ,但因饲料单价高 ,造成饲料成本比较高。而试验 4组由于日采食量低 ,造成增重速度比其他抗生素组慢 ,出栏时间延长。     

猪不同生长阶段连续使用赖氨酸强化低蛋白日粮的效果研究

选取40头25kg左右的仔猪,随机分为2组,探讨在其25～50kg、50～80kg和80～100kg3 个生长阶段连续使用低蛋白日粮,并添加赖氨酸对其各阶段生长性能的影响。结果表明,将日粮粗蛋白含量降低2个百分点,补加适量的赖氨酸,其第一阶段和第二阶段的日增重均低于对照组,料重比均高于对照组。但差异不显著(P>0.05)。第三阶段的日增重与对照组接近,料重比略高于对照组,但差异仍不显著(P>0.05)。     

饲粮蛋白质水平日变化对育肥猪生长性能和血液生化指标的影响

为研究饲粮蛋白水平日变化对育肥猪生长性能和血液生化指标的影响,试验采用单因子试验设计,选择180头健康状况良好、平均体重为(35.31±0.96)kg的“杜×长×大”三元杂交商品猪,随机分为3个处理组,每组设6个重复,每个重复10头猪。对照组全天饲喂基础饲粮,试验1组早上饲喂低蛋白水平饲粮、晚上饲喂高蛋白水平饲粮,试验2组早上饲喂高蛋白水平饲粮、晚上饲喂低蛋白水平饲粮,试验期30d。结果表明:(1)与对照组相比,试验1组平均日增重降低5.71%(P>0.05),试验2组平均日增重提高1.43%(P>0.05)。与试验1组相比,试验2组平均日增重显著提高7.58%(P<0.05)。(2)与对照组相比,试验1组的血磷、血钙、尿素氮、总胆固醇、甘油三酯浓度及乳酸脱氢酶活性均有降低趋势(P>0.05),葡萄糖浓度和总蛋白含量均有提高趋势(P>0.05),白蛋白含量显著提高17.86%(P<0.05)。(3)与对照组相比,试验2组的葡萄糖、血磷、甘油三酯浓度、总蛋白含量及乳酸脱氢酶活性均有降低趋势(P>0.05),白蛋白含量、血钙、尿素氮和总胆固醇浓度均有提高趋势(P>0.05)。综上,早上饲喂高蛋白水平饲粮、晚上饲喂低蛋白水平饲粮可提高育肥猪的生长性能,并可对机体蛋白质代谢产生积极作用。     

Amino acid digestibilities in different samples of wheat shorts for growing pigs.

An experiment was carried out to investigate the variability in apparent ileal amino acid (AA) digestibilities in simulated samples of wheat shorts consisting of different proportions of wheat bran (WB), wheat shorts (WS), and wheat flour (WF), hereafter referred to as wheat fractions. The proportions of WS, WB, and WF and the NDF content (DM basis) of the wheat fractions were as follows: A, 70% WS, 30% WB, and 42.3% NDF; B, 85% WS, 15% WB, and 41.8% NDF; C, 100% WS and 41.3% NDF; D, 85% WS, 15% WF, and 35.2% NDF; and E, 70% WS, 30% WF, and 29.5% NDF. Six barrows, average initial BW of 37.2 kg, fitted with a simple T-cannula at the distal ileum, were fed one of six experimental diets according to a 6 x 6 Latin square design. Six diets were formulated to contain 17% CP (as-fed basis). Diets A, B, C, D, and E contained 17.53% soybean meal (SBM), which contributed 50% of the CP in these diets. The wheat fractions contributed the remaining 50% of the CP in these diets. Diet F contained 35.05% SBM, which was the sole source of dietary CP. Chromic oxide was used as the digestibility marker. During the first experimental period, the daily dietary allowance was provided at a rate of 5% (wt/wt) of the average BW. Thereafter, the daily dietary allowance was increased by 100 g at each successive period. Each experimental period comprised 12 d. Following a 7-d adaptation period, feces were collected for 48 h and ileal digesta for a total of 24 h. The apparent ileal digestibilities of AA in the wheat fractions were calculated using the difference method. The digestibilities were usually lowest in the wheat fractions containing WB and highest in those containing no WB. The average of the digestibilities of the indispensable AA was 63.5% for wheat fraction A, which contained 30% WB, and 71.9% for wheat fraction C, which did not contain WB. There were no differences (P > .05) in lysine digestibilities among the wheat fractions, which ranged from 54.7 to 64.1%. Of the indispensable AA, with the exception of arginine, lysine, and methionine, the apparent ileal digestibility values of AA were negatively correlated (P < .05) with the NDF content in the wheat fractions.     

"富锌宝"对生长猪生长性能及血液生化指标的影响

锌是所有动物必需的一种微量元素，存在于机体所有的组织和器官中，其中主要存在于骨骼、肌肉、肝脏和皮肤中。锌是40多种金属酶的组成成分，200多种酶的激活因子，参与碳酸酐酶、DNA聚合酶、胸腺嘧啶核苷激酶、碱性磷酸酶、胰腺羧基肽酶及乳酸脱氢酶等重要酶的合成，并与核酸及蛋白质的合成密切相关，因此它能影响细胞分裂、牛长和再生。锌对幼年动物的生长发育除了通过组成各种含锌酶以外，还能参与激素的合成及作用，此外，锌还是胰岛素的组成成分。因此，各种动物缺锌的共同特征是生长停滞，这主要是由于胸苷激酶活性降低，削弱了DNA合成与细胞分裂的能力。因此，锌实际参与生命的全过程，动物的生长、繁殖、食欲、免疫及激素激活都与锌有关。饲料中的锌大多数以结合态存在，必须从化合物中释放出来才能被利用。     

SSTR和IGFBP对生长猪生产性能的影响

选用 9周龄 1 9kg左右约·杜·长·宁四元杂种猪 60头 ,随机分为 3组 ,试验组I、试验组II和对照组各 2 0头。试验组I在 1 0、 1 3和 1 5周龄颈部皮下注射生长激素抑制激素受体 (SSTR)疫苗 ;试验组II在 1 0周龄颈部皮下注射SSTR +IGFBP (胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白 )疫苗 ,1 3及 1 5周龄注射SSTR疫苗 ;对照组注射相同剂量的生理盐水。结果表明 :SSTR组平均日增重较对照组提高 5 73% ,采食量提高 3 88%。SSTR +IGFBP组平均日增重较对照组提高 9 74% ,采食量提高 1 1 1 6%。