VB1和干燥处理对小麦幼胚愈伤组织培养的影响

以14个小麦品种为试验材料，研究不同浓度维生素B1和分化前的干燥处理对小麦幼胚愈伤组织诱导、分化过程的影响。结果表明，小麦幼胚愈伤组织的分化率在不同基因型之间差异显著，其中最高的为郑新992(71．9％)；在愈伤组织诱导、继代以及分化培养的Ms培养基中添加维生素B1(盐酸硫胺素)10mg／L有利于小麦幼胚胚性愈伤组织的发生，同时对促进小麦幼胚愈伤组织的分化也有显著影响；在转入分化培养基前对愈伤组织进行干燥处理(12h)可有效提高其分化频率。     

小麦幼胚愈伤组织诱导影响因素的研究

小麦幼胚愈伤组织是目前小麦遗传转化中最常用的转化受体系统。以小麦幼胚为外植体,对愈伤组织诱导中的不同基因型、基本培养基、激素、碳源进行了研究。结果表明,不同基因型材料、不同基本培养基的幼胚愈伤组织诱导存在明显差异,其中西农1376和小偃22两个基因型小麦的组培特性较好,MS培养基适于作为小麦幼胚愈伤组织诱导的基本培养基。在MSD培养基中加入1.0mg/LABA或0.2mg/L6-BA能明显改善愈伤组织的生长状态,并以ABA的效果更为显著。将MSD培养基中的蔗糖浓度从30g/L降为15g/L,同时加入15g/L山梨醇,可显著提高愈伤组织的质量。选择适宜的基因型和合理的培养基构成是改良小麦幼胚愈伤组织诱导效果的关键。     

冬小麦遗传再生体系及根癌农杆菌介导的转化研究

摘要:以冬小麦品种临优145的幼胚为外植体,消毒后用解剖刀挑取幼胚,盾片朝上接种于MS+2,4-D 2 mg/L+肌醇100 mg/L＋MES 400 mg/L＋CH 100 mg/L[7]＋40g/L麦芽糖＋8g/L琼脂的培养基中诱导愈伤组织, 每两周继代一次,将诱导出的淡黄色、颗粒状Ⅱ型胚性愈伤组织接种于分化培养基（MS+ZT 1 mg/L+IAA 1mg/L+ MES 400 mg/L＋CH 100 mg/L+麦芽糖40g/L+gelrite 2.6g/L,PH5.8）上培养2－3周,然后转接到再生培养基(1/10MS+NAA 0.5mg/L+KT 0.5mg/L+蔗糖30g/L+ gelrite 2.6g/L,PH5.8)中进行再生成苗。接种1229块幼胚,得到987块愈伤组织, Hyg抗性愈伤组织123块,抗性再生植株34株。在建立了再生体系的基础上,用根癌农杆菌介导法将GUS基因导入幼胚愈伤组织,抗性植株的PCR检测呈阳性。X－gluc染色表明, 少部分愈伤组织出现肉眼可见的蓝色晕斑,说明GUS基因已经在小麦幼胚愈伤组织中表达。     

水分胁迫对冬小麦愈伤组织的影响

利用抗旱性不同的32个冬小麦品种的成熟胚、幼穗和幼胚产生的愈伤组织作为供试材料,以聚乙二醇(PEG)诱导的渗透压模拟水分胁迫,测定了游离脯氨酸含量、相对含水量、组织活性及渗透势值。实验结果表明,在水分胁迫下,供试愈伤组织的游离脯氨酸含量增加,相对含水量、组织活性及渗透势值表现下降。聚类分析的结果表明,冬小麦在整株水平与细胞水平之间对于水分胁迫存在着一致性。     

燕麦愈伤组织诱导和分化再生影响因素的研究

以燕麦3个品种(系)幼胚、幼穗为材料,通过组织培养方法,研究了基因型、培养基、外植体对愈伤组织诱导、继代和分化再生的影响。结果表明,对愈伤组织的诱导,基因型和培养基起重要作用,对幼胚作用极显著,对幼穗作用显著;外植体不同也影响愈伤组织形成,随培养基成分改变而变化,且幼穗较幼胚更易培养;2,4-D浓度影响愈伤组织生长和胚性愈伤组织形成,3 mg/L 2,4-D有利于愈伤生长,促进胚性愈伤形成;草莜一号幼穗愈伤组织有很强的继代能力,继代培养330 d仍具有46.58%的分化率,该材料在组织培养和基因工程研究中具有很大潜力。     

小麦愈伤组织诱导及原生质体的分离与纯化

摘 要：以普通小麦的幼穗和幼胚为外植体进行愈伤组织诱导,研究了外植体及低温预处理等因素对小麦愈伤组织诱导的影响;并由小麦幼胚形成的愈伤组织进行了原生质体分离和纯化实验,研究了酶浓度及配比、酶解时间、蔗糖浓度等因素对原生质体分离和纯化效果的影响。结果表明：小麦幼穗离体培养时,以1.0-1.5cm长度的幼穗有利于愈伤组织的诱导;小麦幼穗和幼胚外植体采后低温储藏时不易超过3d,时间太长会影响愈伤组织诱导;2.0%纤维素酶＋0.5％果胶酶+0.6M甘露醇分离原生质体较好,最佳酶解时间为4-6h,原生质体产量和活力较高。     

农杆菌介导小麦成熟胚体系的优化

针对转基因小麦成熟胚转化体系转化效率低,从提高成熟胚愈伤组织质量入手,调节小麦的基因型、成熟胚的培养时间、菌液浓度、侵染时间以及愈伤组织大小几个因素,提高成熟胚转化体系的转化效率;通过农杆菌介导,将目的基因转入到受体小麦成熟胚诱导的愈伤中,利用gus检测的方法检验转化效率;继代360d、自然生长5mm大小的受体小麦品种扬麦10,在菌液浓度OD600为0.8,侵染40min下,gus基因表达率达50%左右,接近幼胚的gus基因表达率。通过对体系的几个因素的调节,提高了农杆菌介导成熟胚转化体系的效率。     

通过基因枪和农杆菌介导用BADH基因转化小麦

土壤盐碱是一种严重障碍作物生产的环境因子,甜菜碱醛脱氢酶BADH基因是一种重要的可赋予植物渗透调节抗性的基因。本研究用基因枪法及农杆菌介导法向小麦幼胚和成熟胚愈伤组织导入了BADH基因。用PDS-1000／HE基因枪轰击2933块幼胚愈伤组织,分化出了45株再生植株,分化率为1．53％。PCR分析表明,其中的5株为BADH基因转化植株。用PPT涂抹其叶片,进一步证实了PCR的结果。以小麦成熟胚愈伤组织为受体,用农杆菌介导转化1968块愈伤,仅再生出了5株绿苗,PCR检测结果均为阴性。但对其转化愈伤组织的PCR检测表明,外源基因已在受体细胞中实现了整合。以幼胚愈伤组织为受体,用农杆菌介导转化2933块愈伤,共再生出了21株绿苗。对其进行PCR检测,仅有5株为BADH基因转化植株。转化处理过的幼胚愈伤组织的绿苗再生率（0．72％）高于成熟胚愈伤（0．25％）。与对照相比,所有的转化植株均能够在0．5％NaCl（w／w）条件下正常生长,表明外源BADH基因已经整合并表达。     

小麦幼胚的脱分化状态及再生性能研究

通过对30个品种（系）的研究，确立了小麦幼胚最佳取材时期的种子形 态指标：在幼种子发育到嫩绿色，脊部由光亮转变为无光泽并具一层绒毛时，幼胚刚好发育到透明的后期和半透明前期。该时期仅有几个小时。探讨了不同基因型的幼胚的致密愈伤组织诱导状况及其继代保持和分化能力，并获得了良好的再生体系。使得致密愈伤组织诱导率达到91％，在14d时分化频率达到96．7％，70d时分化频率仍可达62％。并就温室材料和大田材料以及不同年份大田材料的致密愈伤组织的继代保持和分化能力进行了比较。     

农杆菌介导的"川农"系列小麦品种遗传转化效率研究初探

基因型是影响小麦农杆菌转化效率的关键因素.本研究采用携带双元表达载体PCAMBIA-1303的根癌农杆菌菌株AGL 1,对12个"川农"系列小麦品种的幼胚和愈伤进行了遗传转化.GUS瞬时表达的染色结果表明:"川农"系列小麦不同基因型间转化效率差异较大,愈伤组织普遍较幼胚的转化率高,其中幼胚转化效率较高的品种有川农21和川农22,分别为90%和85%;愈伤组织的转化效率普遍高于幼胚,川农22和川农25的愈伤转化率都达到了100%.这些材料可进一步用来转化有益目的基因.     

An assessment of somaclonal variation as a breeding tool for generating herbicide tolerant genotypes in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

The present work was initiated to assess tissue culture techniques as a means of generating and selecting herbicide tolerant genotypes of wheat through exploiting somaclonal variation. Callus was initiated from immature embryos of genetically defined varieties and subcultured onto selective media containing 5 μm, 10 μm and 50 μm concentrations of difenzoquat and atrazine. Plants were regenerated from all the selective media except that media containing the highest herbicide concentration. The progenies of the regenerated plants were tested as whole plants for their response to spray application of the herbicides. For difenzoquat, variation in response from extreme susceptibility to tolerance was observed. However, genetic characterization by progeny testing tolerant lines revealed that the induced variation was not heritable. No plants tolerant to atrazine were obtained. Overall, no clear evidence of heritable mutations was obtained. Alternative strategies to obtain herbicide tolerant genotypes using cell culture techniques are discussed. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Regeneration potential of CIMMYT durum wheat and triticale varieties from immature embryos

Twenty‐five durum wheat elite advanced lines and released varieties, and five triticale varieties were evaluated for their ability to produce embryogenic callus using three different media. For callus initiation and maintenance there were basal Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing double strains of macroelements and 2.5 mg/l 2,4D (DW1), basal MS medium containing 2.0 mg/l 2,4D (DW2), or basal MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/l 2,4 D and coconut milk (DW3). Plant regeneration was achieved on basal MS medium with indoleacetic acid and 6‐benzylaminopurine, and plants rooted on MS with 1‐naphthale‐neacetic acid. DW3 medium proved better than the other media tested for embryogenic callus initiation and maintenance. Regeneration rates varied widely with both genotype and initiation medium, with values ranging from no regeneration to 100% regeneration; the plantlets produced per embryo ranged from five to 20. Fourteen of the durum wheat genotypes showed 63–100% regeneration from DW3 callus formation medium, four lines from DW1 medium, and two lines from DW2. Four of the triticale varieties had regeneration of 48–100% from DW3 medium. After six subcultures, over a 6‐month period, genotypes lost their ability to regenerate plants. Only 10 lines retained some plant regeneration potential but regeneration was at reduced levels. Successful regeneration of durum wheat and triticale varieties will be used as an integral part of the transformation process.     

Studies on somaclonal variants for resistance to scab in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) through in vitro selection for tolerance to deoxynivalenol

This study was conducted to develop an efficient in vitro selection system for scab resistance by using in vitro screening for tolerance to deoxynivalenol (DON). Immature embryos of two wheat varieties, a scab-resistant variety Sumai 3 and a susceptible variety Mianyang 11, and their reciprocal F₁ hybrids were cultured on MS medium supplemented with 2,4-D 2 mg/l and 0.6 × 10^-4 M DON for callus induction. The responses of callus induction and plant regeneration to 0.6 × 10^-4 M DON differed significantly between resistant and susceptible varieties, according to observed scab resistance levels at the plant level in the field. The percentage of callus formation of resistant variety Sumai 3 on induction medium containing DON was higher than that of susceptible variety Mianyang 11. Regeneration of DON-tolerant calli on DON-containing differentiation medium differed significantly between Sumai 3 and Mianyang 11. Averaged across the DON-tolerant calli of two varieties and their reciprocals, regeneration of DON-tolerant calli was decreased 3-fold on DON-containing medium. By an inoculation test with conidiospores of Fusarium graminearum Schw, we obtained several resistant lines from progenies of regenerated plants from DON-tolerant calli. These somaclonal lines had lower disease scoring (reaction index, infected spikelets and disease incidence), shorter plants and better yield components than Sumai 3, a famous Chinese resistant variety. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

In vitro selection and plant regeneration of copper-tolerant plants from leaf explants of Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. 'Xanthi'

Copper tolerance of Nicotiana tabacum L. var. Xanthi in vitro was achieved through plant regeneration from leaf explants on Murashige and Skoog's (MS) medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/l BA, 0.1–0.25 mg/l IAA and 60  μ m Cu. Tolerant organogenic calli showed more vigorous growth in medium containing 60  μ m Cu than the non-tolerant calli. Standard growth parameters such as fresh and dry weight of organogenic callus, growth tolerance index (GTI), enzyme activity (peroxidase and catalase) and copper accumulation were used as indicators of copper tolerance. The activities of peroxidase and catalase as well as estimation of protein, total amino acid and chlorophyll were greater in tolerant calli than non-tolerant ones. The GTI in the 4 weeks after the beginning of treatments yielded significant differences among the tolerant and non-tolerant organogenic callus cultures. The accumulation of copper in the tolerant calli increased significantly with an increase in copper concentration in the medium. Shoot bud regeneration was achieved in both tolerant and non-tolerant organogenic calli on MS medium containing 0.5 mg/l BA and 0.1 mg/l IAA. The tolerant regenerated shoots were rooted on half-strength basal MS medium with 60  μ m Cu for selection of tolerant clones. This study may help in the selection and characterization of Cu-tolerant lines of N. tabacum cv. 'Xanthi' for building conservation strategies and also for phytoremediation programmes.     

培养基及琼脂浓度对小麦花药出愈率的影响

为了探讨不同小麦品种（系）的抗旱性,通过在N6和C17培养基中加入不同浓度的琼脂,选用抗旱性不同的5个冬小麦品种进行花药培养,调查花药出愈率。结果表明,供试的5个冬小麦品种在N6和C17培养基(6 g/L)下出愈率相当,随琼脂浓度的升高(6~18 g/L),小麦花药出愈率有降低的趋势,可以用C17培养基来间接判断小麦品种的抗旱能力。     

转SbPIP1基因小麦植株的获得及发芽期耐盐性鉴定

为了培育耐盐小麦新材料,利用基因枪转化法将海蓬子(Salicornia bigelovii Torr.)水通道蛋白(plasma membrane intrinsicprotein,SbPIP1)基因导入到小麦品种宁麦13和扬麦158中。对两个品种的各2500枚幼胚进行轰击,分别获得抗Basta再生植株237株和108株(筛选标记基因为Bar基因),经PCR鉴定阳性转基因植株分别为30株和7株。用130mg/L Basta除草剂对T1代幼苗进行喷施鉴定,发现T1代幼苗的Basta抗性出现了分离。遗传分析发现76.19%的株系表现为1对基因遗传的3:1分离,为单拷贝的基因导入。发芽期耐盐性分析发现81.22%的转基因株系的盐害指数低于受体宁麦13的盐害指数,耐盐性强于受体宁麦13。这些转基因材料将进一步用于小麦的耐盐分子育种研究。     

NAA或潮霉素对小麦成熟胚愈伤组织分化的影响

以5个栽培小麦品种诱导而来的成熟胚愈伤组织为外植体,研究了在分化培养基中加入NAA对小麦成熟胚愈伤组织分化的效果以及潮霉素浓度对不同阶段成熟胚愈伤组织分化的影响。研究结果表明,在对照的分化培养基中(含5mg/L激动素)加入0.1mg/L萘乙酸(NAA,1-naphthlcetic acid)形成的分化培养基,可显著提高4个供试小麦基因型的成熟胚愈伤组织的分化率,提高幅度达到12%～32%。不同的潮霉素浓度在"花培1号"愈伤组织的诱导阶段进行抗性筛选的结果表明,即使是在潮霉素浓度达到250mg/L时,仍有24%左右的愈伤组织存活率,这些存活的愈伤组织仍可能分化形成绿点甚至分化成苗,说明在"花培1号"愈伤组织的诱导阶段进行潮霉素抗性筛选是不适合的。5个不同小麦品种分化阶段进行潮霉素筛选具有明显的效果,但不同品种之间存在一定差异,其中:宁麦13的适宜潮霉素浓度为20mg/L,花培1号和扬麦158的适宜潮霉素浓度约为30mg/L,宁麦9和宁麦16的适宜潮霉素浓度在30～40mg/L左右。因此,我们认为,在分化阶段进行潮霉素抗性筛选是理想的筛选时期,在分化培养基中添加20～40mg/L浓度的潮霉素即可完全抑制小麦成熟胚愈伤组织的分化。本研究结果将有助于改进和完善普通小麦成熟胚遗传转化体系。     

春小麦成熟胚愈伤组织诱导及再生体系的优化

为优化小麦成熟胚再生体系,以CB037和中国春(CS) 2个春小麦品系的成熟胚为外植体,在培养基中添加不同浓度的TDZ (Thidiazuron, N-苯基-N’-1,2,3-噻二唑-5-脲)。结果显示,CB037和CS成熟胚胚性愈伤组织诱导率最适TDZ浓度为0.5 mg/L,在培养14 d时分别为90.43%和87.88%,均高于对照,达到极显著差异水平。CB037愈伤组织分化率和绿芽诱导率在0.5 mg/L TDZ时达到最高值,分别为48.94%和60.64%,与对照相比具有极显著性差异和显著性差异;CS愈伤组织分化率和绿芽诱导率的最适TDZ浓度为1.0 mg/L,与对照相比,二者均达到极显著性差异。TDZ最适响应浓度存在品种间差异,适量添加可提高成熟胚再生效率。本研究通过优化培养基成分提高成熟胚再生能力,为高频小麦遗传转化体系的建立提供了依据。     

不同二倍体和四倍体小麦成熟胚再生体系研究

为了研究不同基因型和培养条件对小麦成熟胚愈伤组织诱导和分化的影响,以硬粒小麦、墨西里卡、野生一粒麦Tu和野生一粒麦Tb为实验材料,对其成熟胚在不同激素配比下愈伤组织的诱导和植株分化进行研究。结果表明,不同基因型小麦成熟胚愈伤组织诱导、分化及再生均存在很大差异。其中硬粒小麦的成熟胚培养效果最佳,其愈伤组织在不同2,4-D浓度（1.0~4.0 mg/L）下诱导率均在93%以上。不同激素配比对成熟胚愈伤组织绿点率、再生率均有显著影响。硬粒小麦、墨西里卡、野生一粒麦Tb在激素配比为KT 1.5 mg/L+NAA 0.5 mg/L的分化培养基中培养效果最好,其绿点率分别为85.22%,61.67%,8.50%,成苗率分别为40.40%,32.06%,1.72%;而野生一粒麦Tu的最适分化培养基激素配比为KT 1.0 mg/L +NAA 1.0 mg/L,其绿点率和再生率分别为18.64%和8.47%。研究表明,基因型是影响二倍体和四倍体小麦成熟胚培养的主要因素,愈伤组织的诱导和植株的再生是相互独立的。