用自动盘式吸渗仪测定土壤导水率

盘式吸渗仪已成为测定田间土壤水力参数的重要工具之一,自动监测装置的应用将进一步提高试验的精确度并加快试验进程。该文介绍了一种试验装置,通过连接在储水管上下两端的传感器实时压差监测,以此确定入渗水量的变化过程,并通过一系列试验,对试验装置的可靠性进行了验证,将试验装置应用到实际测定土壤水力参数中。试验结果表明：自动监测装置通过测定储水管的压差,并通过相应关系代换为储水管水位变化来采集试验数据的方法是可靠的。通过与人工读数方法测定的结果对比表明,其精度可以达到试验要求;对于本试验土壤,用自动监测装置采集的数据来确定吸渗率的时间可以控制在30 s～4 min之间。     

利用圆盘入渗仪测定不同土地利用类型土壤吸渗率

探讨利用圆盘入渗仪测定不同利用类型土壤吸渗率的适用性,该文选用盘径分别为10和20 cm的圆盘入渗仪对3种利用土壤(菜地、草地和茶园)在0、-3、-6、-9 cm 4个压力水头下的吸渗过程进行测定。研究以Vandervaere法为参考方法,对Philip法、Haverkamp三维吸渗法、Haverkamp三维吸渗改进法的适用性进行比较分析。结果表明:吸渗率的不同计算公式所适应的吸渗过程时间尺度不同,且Haverkamp三维吸渗法所得吸渗率值与参考方法最接近。盘径对吸渗率测定差异的影响不显著。除0 cm压力水头外,不同利用类型土壤吸渗率差异显著,且不同压力水头下测得3种土壤吸渗率大小排序不同。当压力水头为-9和-6 cm时,菜地吸渗率(0.0104和0.0119 cm/s0.5)显著高于茶园(0.0017和0.0025 cm/s0.5)(P0.05);当压力水头为-3 cm时,茶园吸渗率(0.0370 cm/s0.5)显著高于菜地和草地(0.0147和0.0132 cm/s0.5)(P0.05)。该研究可为南方丘陵区土壤水力参数的测定提供理论依据。     

Time dependence of hydraulic parameters estimation from transient analysis of mini disc infiltrometer measurements

The transient analysis of mini disc infiltrometer (MDI) measurements is an established method for characterising near-surface hydraulic characteristics of soils. The reliability of hydraulic characteristics obtained from transient analysis depends on the (1) adequacy of model, (2) adequacy of data, (3) measurement time and (4) measurement footprint. The measurement time dependence recommendations are reported only for a few soil textures, initially wet samples and tension infiltrometer (TI) with a higher measurement footprint than the MDI. This study investigated the adequacy of infiltration data (using cumulative linearization [CL] and differentiated linearization [DL]) and measurement time influence on the hydraulic parameters determined from the transient analysis of MDI measurements for six soil textures. The objective of the study is to identify suitable MDI measurement durations for different soil textures for the initially dry state, considering both adequacy of data and time fractionation (measurement time influence). The data adequacy time obtained from the DL (T_DL) was found to be 0.8 times less than the value obtained from CL (T_CL). The marginal difference in T_DL and T_CL had a significant influence on the determination of infiltration equation coefficient C₁ and negligible influence on coefficient C₂. The time fractionation procedure adopted for identifying adequate MDI measurement time (T_m) was found to be comparable based on sorptivity (S₀) and hydraulic conductivity (K₀). The average T_m was also comparable with T_DL and T_CL with a strong positive correlation. The C₂ values obtained based on T_m, T_DL, and T_CL were in better agreement than the corresponding C₁ values. The adequate MDI measurement times identified by considering T_m, T_DL, and T_CL were texture dependent, ranging from 45 min for silt to 120 min for silt loam and silty clay loam. For loamy sand, it was 50 min; for sand, it was 70 min, followed by 60 min for loam.     

Determination of unsaturated soil hydraulic properties at different applied tensions and water qualities

Irrigation with low-quality water may change soil hydraulic properties due to excessive electrical conductivity (EC_w) and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR_w). Field experiments were conducted to determine the effects of water quality (EC_w of 0.5–20 dS m^?1 and SAR_w of 0.5–40 mol^0.5 l^?0.5) on the hydraulic properties of a sandy clay loam soil (containing ～421 g gravel kg^?1 soil) at applied tensions of 0–0.2 m. The mean unsaturated hydraulic conductivity [K(ψ)], sorptive number (α) and sorptivity coefficient (S) varied with change in EC_w and SAR_w as quadratic or power equations, whereas macroscopic capillary length, λ, varied as quadratic or logarithmic equations. The maximum value of K(ψ) was obtained with a EC_w/SAR_w of 10 dS m^?1/20 mol^0.5 l^?0.5 at tensions of 0.2 and 0.15 m, and with 10 dS m^?1/10 mol^0.5 l^?0.5 at other tensions. Changes in K(ψ) due to the application of EC_w and SAR_w decreased as applied tension increased. Analysis indicated that 13.7 and 86.3% of water flow corresponded to soil pore diameters <1.5 and >1.5 μm, respectively, confirming that macropores are dominant in the studied soil. The findings indicated that use of saline waters with an EC of <10 dS m^?1 can improve soil hydraulic properties in such soils. Irrigation waters with SAR_w < 20 mol^0.5 l^?0.5 may not adversely affect hydraulic attributes at early time; although higher SAR_w may negatively affect them.     

入渗水水质对土壤导水特性影响的试验研究

为探究不同入渗水水质对土壤导水特性的影响,采用圆盘负压入渗法进行试验研究,选取两种水质(蒸馏水和自来水)对黄壤和红壤进行4个压力水头(0,-3,-6,-9cm)下的圆盘入渗试验。结果表明,随着入渗水电导率的增大,土壤入渗率、吸渗率及导水率均随之增大,且红壤在不同电导率的入渗水作用下土壤吸渗率的变化差异显著(P0.05)。在低水头压力下,两种水质入渗条件下测得的土壤导水率差异显著(P0.05);在高水头压力下,两种水质入渗下测得土壤导水率差异不显著,表明入渗水水质对土壤导水率的影响主要发生在低压力水头下即在细孔隙下的导水特性上。两种土壤的大孔隙与中等孔隙对水流贡献率随入渗水电导率的增大而增大,而小孔隙对水流贡献率随入渗水电导率的增大而减小,入渗水水质对红壤土不同级别孔隙水流贡献率的影响显著(P0.05)。研究分析相关参数的变化有利于探讨野外试验时入渗水水质对试验结果的影响,对于正确认识农田水文过程、开发利用劣质水资源、提高农业灌溉灌水质量和灌水效率等具有重要意义。     

Contribution of technic materials to the mobile fraction of metals in urban soils in Marrakech (Morocco)

Background, Aim and Scope  In urban areas, soils are often dramatically altered by anthropogenic activity and these modifications distinguish these soils (Anthrosols, Technosols) from those in natural systems. In urban environments, they receive considerable pollution from industry, traffic and refuse. Since contaminated soil particles can be easily inhaled or ingested, there is a potential transfer of toxic pollutants to humans. Risk assessment is essentially based on the determination of the total or mobile contents of pollutants in soils using chemical extractions. This approach could be improved by taking into consideration the bioavailable fractions of these toxic elements as measured by biotests. The coarse soil fraction usually neglected in analyses can nevertheless have an effect on the concentration of metals in the soil solution. This coarse fraction is made up of the natural materials and of technic materials constituting anthropogenic soils (plastic, paper, fabric, wood, bones, metallic elements and building materials). These materials have variable capacities to release or adsorb trace elements. Samples representative of different technic fraction components of Marrakech urban soils permit one to quantify their contribution to the enrichment of the soluble metal concentrations. Works are carried out to achieve partial extractions of metals from the three fractions (less than 2 mm, coarse natural and coarse technic) of selected urban soils in order to determine their contribution to the metal contamination of soils. Materials and Methods  Selected soils were collected from 9 sites according to a gradient of increasing anthropogenic influence from suburban to urban zones. Soils were air-dried, homogenized, and sieved (2 mm). The coarse fraction was sorted to separate the different technic materials and natural materials. Water extractions were run, on the natural, coarse fraction, on the complete technic fraction of the 9 soils and on average samples made of technic materials sorted out of 58 topsoils sampled from different sites in the city of Marrakech. Results  Results show that the percentage of the technic fraction increases while approaching the historic city center. It represented about 14% in the most anthropogenically disturbed soils. Along this gradient, soils changed progressively from Anthrosols to Technosols according to the WRB classification of urban and industrial soils. Analyses of metal contents showed that the fine fraction (<2 mm) mainly contributed to the metallic contamination of the water soluble fraction. The natural coarse fraction had the highest contribution to the copper release and was responsible for the release of all water-extractable copper in some soils. Concerning the technic fraction, it has a significant contribution essentially in the most anthropogenically disturbed soils as characterized by an elevated percentage of anthropogenic elements. The water extractable metal contents of average samples of these anthropogenic elements shows that elevated metal concentrations were released by bones, wood, plastic and fabric/paper. Discussion  This study concerns soils in urban areas, which are strongly impacted by human activities. Part of the soils can be classified as Anthrosols, profoundly impacted through the addition of organic materials from household wastes, irrigation, or cultivation. Other soils strongly impacted by human activities are Technosols dominated or strongly influenced by man-made materials. Technosols appear mostly in urban and industrial areas and are more likely to be contaminated than Anthrosols. The composition and heterogeneity of urban soils lead to modifications of the mobility and availability of pollutants depending on successive land-uses and on the composition of technic materials. The fine fraction offers a high transferring surface capacity, leading to a high mobilization of metals. The technic fraction contributes significantly to the metal release in the Technosols. This property can be explained by a reversible adsorption of metals on the organic matter. Conclusions  Results confirm that anthropogenic activity causes a wide spatial diversity of soil quality in the urban and suburban area. It introduces large amounts of technic materials in soils that could have an impact on the metal availability. It therefore acts on the metal bioavailability in the urban Technosols. Recommendations and Perspectives  These results show that it is necessary, in addition to the characterization of the fine particles, to take into account the contribution of the coarse fraction of the Technosols in the evaluation of risks of transfer of metals to the food chain.     

有机碳质量分数对森林土壤水分入渗过程的影响及其模拟

为了探讨三峡库区不同森林植物群落土壤有机碳质量分数与土壤水分入渗的关系,将森林土壤有机碳质量分数设定为独立变量,引入土壤有机碳质量分数对Horton土壤水分入渗模型进行修正。结果表明:1)不同森林植被群落类型土壤有机碳质量分数不同,表现为阔叶混交林>针阔混交林>针叶混交林>乔灌混交林;2)初渗速率、初渗速率和稳渗速率的差分别与土壤下层土壤有机碳质量分数呈线性相关关系。研究还发现,Horton模型经引入土壤有机碳指标后,新模型的入渗速率与入渗量模拟值与实测值相关系数明显提高,模拟结果更逼近实测值。研究结果为同类地区森林土壤水分入渗过程预测与模拟提供了一种新方法。     

紫色水稻土轻组有机质的季节动态研究

以位于重庆市北碚区西南大学试验农场(30°26′N,106°26′E)的紫色水稻土为研究对象,利用重液(NaI,密度1.8 g·cm-3)对土壤中轻组组分进行提取,对土壤中轻组有机质在整个油菜生长季的季节变化情况进行分析与讨论。结果表明:表层(0~30 cm)土壤轻组物质(LF)的含量为2.95%~5.51%,平均值为4.38%;土壤轻组有机碳含量(LFOC)和轻组氮含量(LFN)的变化范围分别为1.44~3.72 g·kg-1和0.08~0.17 g·kg-1,其平均值分别为2.79 g·kg-1和0.14 g·kg-1。LFOC具有明显的季节变化(P<0.05),其含量在油菜生长中期最高,其次是生长后期,而在生长初期最低;LFN的季节变化趋势与LFOC一致,但季节差异性不显著(P>0.05)。轻组有机碳分配比例(LFOC/SOC)的变化范围为9.21%~24.47%,具有明显的季节变化(P<0.05),其变化趋势与LFOC的季节变化一致;而轻组氮的分配比例(LFN/TN)变化范围为4.55%~12.58%,无明显的季节变化。轻组C/N比值季节变化范围为18.52~25.04,平均值为20.66,全土C/N比值的变化范围为9.04~14.36,平均值为11.66,说明轻组有机质的生物可利用性较土壤总有机质高。相关分析表明,轻组有机碳、氮含量分别与根系生物量、根系碳含量、根系氮含量呈极显著(P<0.01)或显著(P<0.05)正相关;回归分析表明,土壤轻组有机碳、氮含量变化的40%~60%可由根系生物量、根系碳氮含量决定,说明根系是调控紫色水稻土轻组有机碳、氮季节变化的主要生态因子。     

Effect of subcritical hydrophobicity in a sandy soil on water infiltration and mobile water content

Recent research shows that most soils are more or less water repellent. Already subcritical water repellency may cause incomplete soil wetting and preferential flow. Both processes potentially reduce the residence time of water and solutes in the vadose zone, resulting in an enhanced risk of groundwater contamination. The objective of the present paper is, therefore, to evaluate the impact of reduced soil wettability on the soil water infiltration rate and to investigate the tendency towards preferential flow with the analysis of the immobile water content in the infiltration zone. In november 2002, a field experiment was done in a coniferous forest, 30 km N of Hannover, Germany. Soil hydrophobicity was quantified by measuring the contact angles. The hydraulic conductivity of the podsolic sandy soil was measured depth‐dependent with a double‐ring tension infiltrometer in three soil horizons. To quantify possible preferential‐flow effects, a LiBr‐Tracer was added to the infiltrating water to evaluate the mobile water‐content fraction after infiltration. Additionally, infiltration rates of water were compared with infiltration rates of ethanol which were determined after water infiltration at the same locations. Results show that the actual water repellency of field‐moist soil was mainly subcritical (contact angle <90°). Water infiltration rates were reduced due to subcritical repellency by a factor of 3–170 compared with ethanol infiltration rates (exclusion of wetting effects). This spatially variable infiltration behavior was not clearly reflected neither by the small‐scale contact‐angle measurements nor by the analysis of the average immobile soil water content in the infiltration zone. We conclude that this specific infiltration behavior of water caused by small‐scale wettability effects may temporarily reduce the local connectivity of water‐flow pathways.     

铵、钾同时存在时, 土壤对铵的优先吸附

The water stability of aggregates in various size classes separated from 18 samples of red soils under different managements, and the mechanisms responsible for the formation of water-stable soil aggregates were studied. The results showed that the water stability of soil aggregates declined with increasing size, especially for the low organic matter soils. Organic matter plays a key role in the formation of water-stable soil aggregates. The larger the soil aggregate size, the greater the impact of organic matter on the water stability of soil aggregates. Removal of organic matter markedly disintegrated the large water-stable aggregates (> 2.0 mm) and increased the small ones (< 0.25-0.5mm) to some extent, whereas removal of free iron(aluminium) oxides considerably destroyed aggregates of all sizes, especially the < 0.25-0.5 mm classes. The contents of organic matter in water-stable aggregates increased with aggregate sizes. It is concluded from this study that small water-stable aggregates (< 0.25-0.5 mm) were chiefly cemented by Fe and Al oxides whilst the large ones (> 2.0 mm) were mainly glued up by organic matter. Both free oxides and organic matter contribute to the formation and water stability of aggregates in red soils.     

Using fuzzy clustering algorithms to describe the distribution of trace elements in arable calcareous soils in northwest Iran

Accumulation of trace elements in arable soils is an important global hazard worldwide. In this research, the available content of Zn, Fe, B, Co, Cu, Mn, Mo and other soil parameters (pH, organic carbon content, carbonates and electrical conductivity) were analysed in northwest Iran. Concentration levels of trace elements were relatively low in areas with high pH values and low organic matter content, and only the Mo value exceeded the reference threshold. Based on the correlation among the elements, two datasets were produced. The first consists of Fe and Mn data, while the second contains Zn, B, Co, Cu and Mo data. Two fuzzy clustering approaches, Fuzzy C-means (FCM) and Gustafson–Kessel (GK), were applied for clustering both datasets. Multiple accumulation of trace elements was investigated from the clustering results and then visualized in spatial regionalization maps. The fuzzy clustering evaluating indices showed that the GK method was more appropriate than FCM for clustering datasets. The results revealed that the first and second datasets were divided into seven and six clusters, respectively. Fuzzy clustering analyses combined with geostatistical methods were used to map the spatial variability of each cluster. This method enabled the monitoring of multiple metal accumulation in large agricultural soils.     

Soil water repellency and infiltration in coarse-textured soils of burned and unburned sagebrush ecosystems

Millions of dollars are spent each year in the United States to mitigate the effects of wildfires and reduce the risk of flash floods and debris flows. Research from forested, chaparral, and rangeland communities indicate that severe wildfires can cause significant increases in soil water repellency resulting in increased runoff and erosion. Few data are available to document the effects of fire on the spatial and temporal variability in soil water repellency and potential impacts on infiltration and runoff on sagebrush-dominated landscapes. Soil water repellency, infiltration and runoff were assessed after two wildfires and one prescribed fire in three steep, sagebrush-dominated watersheds with coarse-textured soils. Water repellency was generally greater on unburned hillslopes and annual variability in water repellency had a greater impact on infiltration capacity than fire effects. The most significant impact of fire was canopy and ground cover removal on coppice microsites. Infiltration rates decreased on coppice microsites after fire even though soil water repellency was reduced. Fire-induced reduction in infiltration resulted from the combined effect of canopy and ground cover removal and the presence of naturally strong water repellent soils. Removal of ground cover likely increased the spatial connectivity of runoff areas from strongly water repellent soils. The results indicate that for coarse-textured sagebrush landscapes with high pre-fire soil water repellency, post-fire increases in runoff are more influenced by fire removal of ground and canopy cover than fire effects on soil water repellency and that the degree of these impacts may be significantly influenced by short-term fluctuations in water repellent soil conditions.     

农田土壤重组有机碳平衡的研究

Considerable evidence that the soil organic matter （OM） level in agricultural soils will gradually over time reach an equilibrium state under certain bioclimatic conditions and for certain cropping systems has been accumulating. Although models or long-term experiments have been used, this research used physical fractionation procedure to attain an soil OM equilibrium value. To obtain soil OM equilibrium values in the heavy fraction, typical soils from three long-term field experiments at Fengqiu and Yingtan State Key Agro-Ecological Experimental Stations in China were studied using a simple density fractionation procedure and employing the Langmuir equation. Results for the fluvo-aquic soil with organic fertilizer treatments indicated that the soil OM equilibrium value in the heavy fraction was twofold more than that in the inorganic treatments; however, for the paddy soil developed on red soil the OM equilibrium value in the heavy fraction for both treatments was almost identical. It suggested that for fiuvo-aquic soils the increased potential of OM for the heavy fraction in the long run was larger for the organic than the inorganic fertilizer applications, whereas for paddy soils developed on red soils under the same conditions the present OM content in the heavy fraction was at or close to this equilibrium level for all treatments, and increased potential was very limited.     

免耕播种机开沟圆盘水射流淬火工艺数值模拟及验证

针对免耕播种机开沟圆盘整体淬火后硬度不足且易翘曲变形的问题,该文提出一种水冲击射流淬火方法,利用DEFORM软件对开沟圆盘淬火过程中的硬度和翘曲变形量进行数值模拟,分析了射流阵列参数(喷嘴间距、喷嘴直径和射流速度)对淬火结果的影响,并对工艺参数的优选数值进行了试验验证,二者显示了较好的一致性。结果表明:喷嘴间距是关键工艺参数,当喷嘴间距取4~5 mm时,开沟圆盘可以整体淬透,硬度达到45~49 HRC。开沟圆盘的变形量与喷嘴间距呈抛物线关系,当喷嘴间距取5~6 mm时,变形量达到最大值1.80×10-2~3.30×10-2 mm,淬透后变形量较小。随射流速度的增大,开沟圆盘硬度及变形量均增加,当射流速度为1~6 m/s时,增幅较大,当射流速度6 m/s时,增幅趋缓。在喷嘴直径为4~12 mm范围内,开沟圆盘硬度及变形量均随喷嘴直径加大而增加。优化后的工艺参数为:喷嘴间距为4~5 mm,喷嘴直径为6~8 mm,射流速度为3~6 m/s;此时,开沟圆盘硬度可达45~49 HRC,变形量为1.28×10-2~2.49×10-2 mm。     

轻度盐碱地玉米专用肥缓效氮不同添加比例的研究

针对山西省晋北区域盐碱耕地玉米生产中存在肥料施用针对性不强的问题,本试验利用已有的山西省晋北区域盐碱地玉米缓释专用肥配方,探索适合该区域玉米生产的缓效氮和速效氮适当配比,并在春玉米生产中验证其肥效。试验设不施氮肥(CK)、100%速效氮、25%缓效氮、33%缓效氮、50%缓效氮、67%缓效氮、75%缓效氮和100%缓效氮8个处理,分别测定各处理玉米产量、各生育时期干物质量、植株吸氮量、氮素转运及利用以及收获后对土壤硝态氮积累量的影响。结果表明,随着缓效氮添加比例的增加,玉米各生育时期分析指标均呈现先增加后减小的波动性变化,其中添加33%缓效氮处理为最大波峰处。添加缓效氮33%较100%速效氮处理能够有效增加玉米产量、地上部干物质积累量和吸氮量,提高玉米对氮素的利用,获得最高产量(14 897.46 kg·hm-2),比100%速效氮处理增产42.23%;同时添加33%缓效氮处理产量构成因素优于其他处理,和100%速效氮处理相比,穗长、穗粒数、穗直径和百粒重分别提高55.34%、39.30%、53.57%和52.57%,平均秃尖缩短0.38 cm;玉米成熟期地上部干物质积累量和吸氮量最大,分别为26 787.53 kg·hm-2和239.72 kg·hm-2;该处理的氮肥利用率、氮肥偏生产力及氮肥农学效率均最大,分别为39.79%、66.20 kg·kg-1和47.03 kg·kg-1。添加33%缓效氮处理玉米叶氮转运率和茎氮转运率分别为76.08%和49.39%,氮转移率为67.76%、氮收获指数为77.40%,显著高于100%速效氮处理。添加缓效氮有效改善了各土层土壤硝态氮的积累量,其中缓效氮添加比例为33%处理各土层硝态氮积累量均匀,深层土壤淋溶最小。可见,在山西晋北区域盐碱耕地春玉米生产中,在已有配方中选择添加33%缓效氮能达到玉米增产增效、保护环境的效果,在该地区玉米生产中应用前景广阔。     

微咸水灌溉对斥水土壤水盐运移的影响

土壤斥水性影响着作物的产量,为了研究微咸水灌溉对斥水土壤水盐运移的影响,进行了室内土柱微咸水入渗试验。对比了不同矿化度和斥水程度对两种土质水盐运移的影响,探讨了微咸水入渗后土壤斥水性的变化特征。结果表明,不斥水土壤的入渗能力随矿化度的增加而增加。亲水和斥水土壤的入渗率均可采用Kostiakov公式简单模拟。斥水土壤入渗能力在矿化度为1?g/L时达到最大,超过1?g/L后则随矿化度的增大而减小。微咸水入渗的累积入渗量与湿润锋推进距离呈良好的线性关系,斥水性土壤中的相同剖面水盐的含量比不斥水的减小。微咸水入渗后土壤产生了一定的斥水性。该研究表明微咸水灌溉对盐渍化土壤的水盐分布和斥水性均有一定程度的影响。     

Carbon dynamics determined by natural C abundance in microcosm experiments with soils from long-term maize and rye monocultures

Understanding carbon dynamics in soil is the key to managing soil organic matter. Our objective was to quantify the carbon dynamics in microcosm experiments with soils from long-term rye and maize monocultures using natural ¹³C abundance. Microcosms with undisturbed soil columns from the surface soil (0-25 cm) and subsoil (25-50 cm) of plots cultivated with rye (C₃-plant) since 1878 and maize (C₄-plant) since 1961 with and without NPK fertilization from the long-term experiment ‘Ewiger Roggen’ in Halle, Germany, were incubated for 230 days at 8 °C and irrigated with 2 mm 10⁻² M CaCl₂ per day. Younger, C₄-derived and older, C₃-derived percentages of soil organic carbon (SOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), microbial biomass (C_mic) and CO₂ from heterothropic respiration were determined by natural ¹³C abundance. The percentage of maize-derived carbon was highest in CO₂ (42-79%), followed by C_mic (23-46%), DOC (5-30%) and SOC (5-14%) in the surface soils and subsoils of the maize plots. The percentage of maize-derived C was higher for the NPK plot than for the unfertilized plot and higher for the surface soils than for the subsoils. Specific production rates of DOC, CO₂-C and C_mic from the maize-derived SOC were 0.06-0.08% for DOC, 1.6-2.6% for CO₂-C and 1.9-2.7% for C_mic, respectively, and specific production rates from rye-derived SOC of the continuous maize plot were 0.03-0.05% for DOC, 0.1-0.2% for CO₂-C and 0.3-0.5% for C_mic. NPK fertilization did not affect the specific production rates. Strong correlations were found between C₄-derived C_mic and C₄-derived SOC, DOC and CO₂-C (r≥0.90), whereas the relationship between C₃-derived C_mic and C₃-derived SOC, DOC and CO₂-C was not as pronounced (r≤0.67). The results stress the different importance of former (older than 40 years) and recent (younger than 40 years) litter C inputs for the formation of different C pools in the soil.     

受土壤类型和金属负荷量影响的重金属形态分布

Two series of soil subsamples, by spiking copper(Cu),lead(Pb),zinc(Zn)and cadmium(Cd)in an orthogonal design,were prepared using red soil and brown soil,respectively.The results indicated that heavy metal fractions in these soil subsamples depended not only on soil types,but also on metal loading quantity as well as on interactions among metals in soil.Lead and Cu in red soil appeared mostly in weakly specifically adsorbed(WSA),Fe and Mn oxides bound(OX),and residual(RES)fractions.Zine cxisted in all fractions except organic bound one,and Cd was major in water soluble plus exchangeable(SE)one.Different from the results of red soil,Pb and Cu was present in brown soil in all fractions except organic one,but over 75% of Zn and 90% of Cd existed only in SE fraction.Meanwhile,SE fraction for any metal in red soil was lower than that in brown soil and WSA and OX fractions were higher.It is in agreernent with low cation exchange capacity and large amounts of metal oxides included in red soil.Metal fractions in soil,especially for water soluble plus exchangeable one ,were obviously influenced by other coexisting metals.The SE fraction of heavy metals increased with increasing loading amounts of metals in red soil but not obviously in brown soil,which suggest that metal availability be easily affected by their total amounts spiked in red soil.In addition,more metals in red soil were extracted with 0.20 mol L^-1 NH4Cl（pH5.40）than that with 1.0 mol L^-1 Mg(NO3)2(pH7.0),but the reverse happened in brown soil,implicating significantly different mechanisms of metal desorption from red soil and brown soil.     

The forms of cobalt in some Scottish soils as determined by extraction and isotopic exchange

The results of fractionation and correlation studies provided evidence that cobalt in soils is associated predominantly with the soil oxide fraction, particularly the manganese oxides. Only a small proportion of the total cobalt present in soils was extracted by acetic acid, EDTA, pyrophosphate or hydroxylamine. Cobalt extracted with these reagents was considered to be derived principally from easily reducible manganese oxides, although the origin of the cobalt extracted by acetic acid in particular was not well defined. The bulk of the cobalt present in soils appeared to be occluded by more highly crystalline oxide materials or was present in the structures of primary and secondary minerals. Labile cobalt in soil was assessed by extraction with acetic acid and EDTA and by determination of isotopically exchangeable cobalt. The amounts of cobalt extracted by both EDTA and acetic acid were highly dependent on the length of extraction period and on the temperature of extraction. Neither of these reagents appeared likely to give good estimates of the quantity or intensity factors of soil cobalt supply to plants as defined by the isotopic exchange determinations.     

The role of sediment-feeding oligochaeteTubifex on the availability of trace metals in sediment pore waters as determined by diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT)

Background  Available fractions of metal concentrations in sediment pore water are difficult to measure without disturbing the sediment core. The available fraction is an important parameter in understanding the risks for benthic organisms. Not much is known about the influence of the presence of benthic organisms to the available fraction. Objectives  The aim of this study was to discuss the dynamics of metal behaviour in natural sediments and the influence of the presence ofTubifex on sediment chemistry using DGT. Methods. DGT-probes were added to six beakers to cover a depth profile of 0 to 13 cm. The six beakers contained three different sediments. For each sediment, one beaker had 1 g ofTubifex added, the other beaker contained noTubifex. After two weeks of exposure, the probes were withdrawn and strips were analysed for their content of cadmium, copper and zinc. Results and discussion  Available concentrations were higher in the upper layer (0–1 cm) of the sediment core, where conditions are generally more oxic. The presence ofTubifex worms led to a decrease of the available concentrations in the upper layer, due to the competition of the worms with the DGT for the available metal fraction. On the other hand, the presence of the worms led, via bioturbation, to an increased oxygen penetration depth in the sediment, and, as a consequence, to an increase of the available fraction in the next-higher sediment layer. Conclusions  In sediment cores without organisms, very steep gradients of the available metal concentration in pore water have been found. The change from a high to low amount of available fraction corresponds to the change from oxidised conditions in the surficial sediment layer to reduced conditions in the lower sediment layers. The tunnelling behaviour ofTubifex worms leads to a penetration of oxygen to deeper sediment layers, and to an increase of the available metal fraction in the pore water.Tubifex competes with DGT for the available fraction, resulting in lower metal amounts accumulated in the DGT probe. Competition is the prevailing effect in the top 1 cm layer of all sediments. In the second 1 cm layer, competition, in most cases, is not strong enough to compensate the increase in metal availability due to the broadening of the oxidised zone. Recommendations  The effects of sediment organisms on the deepening of the oxidised layer and on the availability of metals in pore water need further investigations and quantification. DGT is recommended as an instrument for measuring available metal concentrations in these studies.