澳大利亚东部地区一些酸性硫酸盐土壤磷的特征

Forty-five acid sulfate topsoil samples (depth < 0.5 m) from 15 soil cores were collected from 11 locations along the New South Wales coast, Australia. There was an overall trend for the concentration of the HC1-extractable P to increase along with increasing amounts of organic C and the HCl-extractable trivalent metals in the topsoils of some less-disturbed acid sulfate soils (pH < 4.5). This suggests that inorganic P in these soils probably accumulated via biological cycling and was retained by complexation with trivalent metals or their oxides and hydroxides. While there was no clear correlation between pH and the water-extractable P, the concentration of the water-extractable P tended to increase with increasing amounts of the HCl-extractable P. This disagrees with some established models which suggest that the concentration of solution P in acid soils is independent of total P and decreases with increasing acidity. The high concentration of sulfate present in acid sulfate soils appeared to affect the chemical behavior of Pin these soil systems. Comparison was made between a less disturbed wetland acid sulfate soil and a more intensively disturbed sugarcane acid sulfate soil. The results show that reclamation of wetland acid sulfate soils for sugarcane production caused a significant decrease in the HCl-extractable P in the topsoil layer as a result of the reduced bio-cycling of phosphorus following sugarcane farming. Simulation experiment shows that addition of hydrated lime had no effects on the immobilization of retained P in an acid sulfate soil sample within a pH range 3.54.6. When the pH was raised to above 4.6, soluble P in the soil extracts had a tendency to increase with increasing pH until the 15th extraction (pH 5.13). This, in combination with the poor pH-soluble P relationship observed from the less-disturbed acid sulfate soils, suggests that soluble P was not clearly pH-dependent in acid sulfate soils with pH < 4.5.     

稻作对酸性硫酸盐土酸分布及迁移的影响

【目的】酸性硫酸盐土(ASS)酸含量极高,Fe、 Al、 Mn、 As等有毒金属移动性强。许多开发利用方式不仅影响其成土母质黄铁矿的氧化程度并可能带来生态风险,稻作利用被认为是生态风险较低的方式。本研究开展水田和荒地两种利用条件下ASS中酸含量调查研究,探讨稻作利用方式对ASS酸含量的影响。【方法】于2013年8月,在广东省台山市发育于珠江三角洲滨海ASS的水稻田和严重酸化的长期撂荒地采集土壤样品,从土表向下0—300 cm范围内采用宽45 mm的土钻每20 cm采集1个样品,每个剖面共采集15个样品。比较两种利用方式下ASS各土层土壤pH值、 水溶性酸、 交换性酸、 吸持性酸含量,探讨稻作利用方式对ASS酸分布及运移的影响。【结果】珠江三角洲平原ASS的酸含量极高,在0—80 cm深度范围内,总存在酸含量随着土层深度加深而提高,土层深度每下降20 cm,总存在酸含量就平均提高61.62%; 80 cm以下土层总存在酸含量随着土层深度下降逐渐降低,其中80—180 cm深度范围内的降幅较大,土层深度每下降20 cm,总存在酸含量就平均降低61.62%; 当土层深度下降至220 cm时,pH值上升到6.0,酸含量非常低。稻作利用方式显著影响ASS的酸含量及其在土壤剖面的迁移情况。与荒地比较,稻田0—80 cm土层的总存在酸含量显著降低,其中水溶性酸、 交换性酸和吸持性酸含量平均降幅分别为77.01%、 36.75%、 27.74%,水溶性酸和交换性酸的差异达到显著水平,吸持性酸仅在0—20 cm 和60—80 cm土层的差异达到显著水平; 100—120 cm深度范围内稻田的总存在酸含量显著高于荒地,其中水溶性酸、 交换性酸和吸持性酸含量的增幅分别为128.19%、 54.87%、 154.96%,120—240 cm土层中,稻田的交换性酸和吸持性酸含量稍高于荒地,但差异不显著; 240—300 cm土层中,稻田的酸含量与荒地基本相同。总体上,稻作方式改变了ASS中酸在土壤剖面的分布,其中0—80 cm土层中酸含量显著降低,而100—120 cm土层的酸含量显著提高,并以吸持性酸为主要形式固定累积下来。稻田在0—80 cm深度范围内的水溶性硫含量显著低于荒地; 而稻田100—120 cm土层的水溶性硫含量则显著高于荒地,其他土层的差异不显著。水溶性硫与水溶性酸、 交换性酸和吸持性酸均显著正相关,表明稻作利用方式可能通过影响硫酸盐矿物的转化过程而改变ASS的酸分布及迁移。【结论】稻作利用方式显著降低上层土壤酸含量,并加强了酸淋洗下移作用,使100—120 cm土层中的酸含量大幅提高,并以黄钾铁矾等羟基硫酸盐次生矿物暂时吸持固定下来。因此,稻作利用方式有效降低ASS酸含量水平,降低ASS对实地作物的危害作用,但因其强淋溶作用可能加大了对地下水体污染的风险。     

某极度酸化的酸性硫酸盐土壤中可溶性和交换性酸的特征

An extremely acidified acid sulfate soil(ASS) was investigated to characterise its soluble and exchangeable acidity,The results showed that soluble acidity of a sample dtermined by titration with a KOH soulution was much significantly greater than that indicated by pH measured using a pH meter,paricularly for the extremely acidic soil samples,This is because the total soluble acidity of the extremely acidic soil samples was mainly composed of various soluble Al and Fe species,possibly in forms of Al sulfate complexes(e.g.,AlSO4^ ) and feerous Fe(Fe^2 )_,It is therefore suggested not to use pH alone as an indicator of soluble acidity in ASS,particularly for extremely acidic ASS,It is also likely that AlSO4^ actively participated in cation exchange reactions.It appears that the possible involvement of this Al sulfate cation in the cation adsorption has significant effect on increasing the amount of acidity being adsorbed by the soils.     

Small Scale Heterogeneity of Soil Chemical Properties: Effects on Spring Water Chemistry

Previous soil and spring water analyses in small catchments revealed low pH values in the spring water during high discharge events. This paper analyses the potential which small scale heterogeneity of soil acidity may have to explain decreasing spring water pH as a result of high discharge. Soil aggregates were collected from a C‐horizon of a Spodosol in the Fichtelgebirge. Exchangeable cations and soil solution were examined on both samples from the surfaces and the cores of aggregates which were obtained by a mechanical separation procedure. The Reuss‐Johnson soil chemical equilibrium model was used to predict soil and spring water pH values as a function of acidic input and soil air CO₂ concentration in equilibrium with both aggregate fractions. Ranges of acidic input from 160—570 μeq L⁻¹ and soil air CO₂ concentrations from 0.1 to 3 Vol. % were considered. The model predicted spring water pH values from 5.0 to 5.3 for the acidic aggregate surface samples (base saturation = 12.5%) and from 6.8 to 7.2 for the aggregate core samples (base saturation = 32.1%). The results suggest that small scale acidity gradients may expand the range of predictable spring water pH values. However, very low pH values (<5) still need additional explanation.     

Mineral composition of grain sorghum plant samples

Abstract

Several hybrid corns and grain sorghums were grown in adjacent plots and given identical treatments in so far as possible for three consecutive years. Mineral composition of plant tissues taken at several growth stages were compared. Values were found to be quite similar in seedling whole‐plant samples, but major differences were demonstrated in vegetative, bloom, and fruiting stage leaf samples. There is a need for specific grain sorghum nutrient sufficiency values.     

不同改良材料对红壤酸度的改良作用及玉米生长的影响

通过盆栽试验分析了4种改良材料(生物炭、炭基肥、猪粪、石灰)及其用量对红壤pH、交换性酸、土壤养分以及玉米生长的影响。共设置10个处理:不添加改良材料的对照(CK),添加1%和3%生物炭(B1、B3),1%和3%炭基肥(BF1、BF3),猪粪替代化学氮肥20%和40%(M20、M40),0.02%和0.04%石灰(L0.02、L0.04),M20+L0.02(M20L0.02)。结果表明,与CK相比,BF3、生物炭、有机肥和石灰处理均能维持红壤pH,而BF1处理显著降低了土壤pH,降幅为0.19个单位;B3、BF1、M40和L0.04处理均显著降低了土壤交换性酸含量。BF1和BF3处理较CK土壤碱解氮含量分别增加了83和305 mg/kg;M40处理土壤有效磷含量显著增加4.1 mg/kg,而M20处理无显著差异;B1、B3和BF3处理较CK土壤速效钾含量分别增加46、138和171 mg/kg。与CK相比,BF3%处理地上部生物量显著降低37%;各改良措施间以B3处理最高,显著高于BF3、M20、L0.02、L0.04和M20L0.02处理。与CK相比,BF3处理显著增加玉米吸氮量,增幅为32%,而其它处理无显著变化。研究表明,4种改良材料均可以改善红壤酸度;综合作物生长和养分平衡,以生物炭作为红壤酸度改良材料,可适当减少钾肥投入,炭基肥则可减少化学氮、钾肥投入,以猪粪为材料则可减少化学磷肥投入。     

Nutrient Element Contents and Cation Exchange Capacity in Fine Fractions of Southeastern Nigerian Soils in Relation to Their Stability

Abstract

Soils collected from 15 locations from SE Nigeria at the 0‐ to 20‐cm depth were studied for the nutrient elements of fine fractions and their role in the stability of the soils. The objective was to understand the role of these elements in the stability of the aggregates. The fine fractions were clay and silt, and elements measured in the fine fractions were exchangeable sodium (Na⁺), potassium (K⁺), calcium (Ca²⁺), magnesium (Mg²⁺), exchangeable acidity (EA), cation exchange capacity (CEC), and available phosphorus (P). The aggregate stability was measured at the microlevel with clay dispersible indices and water‐stable aggregate (WSA) <0.25 mm, and at macrolevel with other WSA indices and mean‐weight diameter (MWD). Soils varied from loamy sand to sandy clay. There were more exchangeable cations, CEC, EA, and available P in clay than in the silt fraction. Whereas EA values ranged from 2.8 to 10.4 cmol kg^?1, they were between 1.6 and 9.2 cmol kg^?1 in silt. The CEC in the clay fraction was from 7.4 to 70 cmol kg^?1 and between 4.0 and 32.8 cmol kg^?1 in the silt fraction. The WDC were from 50 to 310 g kg^?1 while the average dispersion ratio (DR) was generally higher than the corresponding clay‐dispersion ratio (CDR), and the MWD ranged from 0.45 to 2.68 mm. Soils with WSA skewed mostly to higher WSA (>2–1.00 mm) had a higher MWD. Exchangeable Ca²⁺ in clay correlated significantly with CDR and WSA sizes 1.0–0.5 mm and 0.5–0.25 mm (r=0.45,* 0.51,* and 0.60*), respectively, but negatively correlated with clay flocculation index (CFI) (r=?0.45*). Also, available P in clay correlated respectively with CDR and CFI (r=0.45*, ?0.45*), whereas K⁺ in silt correlated significantly with WDSi (r=0.64*), CFI (r=0.62*), and CDR (r=?0.65*). Principal component analysis revealed that elemental contents in the silt fraction can play very significant roles in the microaggregate stability.     

长期施用猪粪对红壤酸度的改良效应

土壤酸化严重限制了我国南方红壤区土壤的农业利用。本研究应用江西鹰潭红壤生态实验站长期猪粪养分淋失试验,分析了不同施肥处理（对照处理：N 0 kg/hm2;低量有机肥：N 150 kg/hm2;高量有机肥：N 600 kg/hm2;高量有机肥+石灰处理：有机肥N 600 kg/hm2 ＋石灰3 000 kg/(hm2·3a)）长期施用对红壤酸度的改良效应。研究结果表明,9年高量有机肥施用中土壤pH值平均每年上升0.085个单位,而低量有机肥施用对土壤pH没有显著影响。有机肥长期施用增加了土壤盐基离子浓度,其中Ca、Mg增加幅度较大,使得长期施肥后土壤盐基以Ca为主,其次是Mg,而K、Na比例较低。长期有机肥施用有效降低了红壤旱地表层土壤交换性酸含量,尤其是对交换性铝含量的降低程度较大,且随施肥量的增加而增大,在施肥4年后可基本消除铝毒。高量施肥基础上的石灰添加进一步提高了土壤pH值,加快了土壤酸度改良。红壤旱地猪粪施用显著提高了玉米产量,达到酸度改良效果的最低猪粪用量为Ca 162 kg/hm2。在施肥初期添加一次石灰,将土壤pH值迅速提高,然后通过有机肥对pH的稳定作用保持和逐步提高土壤pH,可在最短时间、用最少投入消除土壤酸害。     

Extractable Acidity by a Centrifuge Method

Abstract

Titratable or extractable acidity is a measure of the acidity released by a soil to a buffered extraction solution. The United States Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) Soil Survey Laboratory (SSL) routinely measures extractable acidity on soils that are carbonate free. In this study, a centrifuge method for measuring acidity extracted by barium chloride triethanolamine (BaCl₂‐TEA), pH 8.2, is described. Compared with the SSL vacuum extraction method, the proposed method provides better reproducibility for highly acidic soils, typically organic or andic materials. Key variables resolved while developing this method were extraction time and sample mass. Soil chemistry can significantly affect the pH of the extraction solution. It was concluded that checking postextraction pH is an effective way to identify samples that should be rerun by using a smaller sample size.     

Case Study of the Effects of Irrigation and Nitrogen Fertilization on Active and Reserve Soil Acidity

Excessive soil acidity and low soil pH may liberate plant toxic levels of manganese and aluminum from soil minerals, and interfere with nitrogen and phosphorus availability. Active soil acidity is measured as soil pH and reacts quickly in the soil-plant system. Potential or reserve acidity is inactive in the soil, and acts as a source of replenishment for active acidity. Studies to determine the effect of ammoniacal-nitrogen fertilizer treatments and irrigation methods on plant growth and development of cotton, and changes in soil properties were conducted. Nitrogen treatments ranged from 0 to 168.0 kg N/ha in 33.6-kg N/ha increments. Soil samples from each N-treatment from both irrigation blocks were analyzed for active and potential acidity. Irrigation water high in Na⁺, Ca²⁺, and HCO^3? tended to raise soil pH. Under dry land conditions ammonical N-fertilizer lowered soil pH. Reserve acidity was larger under dry land conditions than under furrow irrigation. No significant differences in reserve soil acidity were observed under furrow irrigation, or under dry land conditions. Calcium, Na⁺, and HCO^3? content of the irrigation water were driving forces to reduce both active and potential soil acidity. Fertilization with ammoniacal-nitrogen sources was the driving force in increasing active and potential soil acidity.     

Liming in relation to soil acidity and p fertilizer efficiency

Abstract

An acid brown podzolic (pH 4.0) soil of wide distribution in Ireland was limed with Ca(OH)₂ to pH values of 5.2 and 7.4. With each increment of lime significant increases in growth and F uptake by Italian ryegrass occurred, the increases being greatest with the first increment. Increasing soil pH resulted in decreased extractable aluminum and iron as well as exchangeable hydrogen. Available P as measured by various extractants increased with increasing soil pH.

The relative performance of three P fertilizers, superphosphate, phospal and basic slag was affected by liming. Basic slag was more effective than superphosphate at pH 4.0, was as effective at pH 5.2 and was less effective at pH 7.4. Phospal was poorest at each pH level. While growth and P uptake increased with increasing P levels the relative responses to the three fertilizers decreased with increasing soil pH.     

Optimizing the Nutritional Status of a Typic Kandiustult of Kerala,India, Using Sorption Study

Abstract

Nutrient sorption studies were carried out as a part of a mega project on “Yield maximization in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) through systematic approach in fertilizer use” to find out the sorption characteristics of major, secondary, and micronutrients [i.e., phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sulfur (S), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and boron (B)] in a typic kandiustult of Kerala, India. The sorption curve fitted by using this study along with the results of preliminary soil analysis and critical level of these nutrients were used to optimize the nutritional status of this soil. Sorption study revealed that P, K, S, and B were limiting and others were sufficient for this soil. The quantities of the limiting nutrients required to optimize the soil nutritional status were estimated from the sorption curve as P, K, S, and B at 136 µg mL^?1, 0.338 meq 100 mL^?1, 20 µg mL^?1, and 6.025 µg mL^?1, respectively.     

Cation exchange capacity and base saturation of imperfectly drained surface coastal plain soils

Abstract

Testing three imperfectly drained forest soils (Alfisols and Ultisol) by nine methods showed that cation exchange capacities were highly pH dependent. Adding lime increased CEC values obtained by buffered and unbuffered methods but decreased CEC values when total bases were added to total acidity or salt replaceable acidity. No method tested completely explained the change in CEC caused by liming. Fractionation of the whole soil CEC Indicated an appreciable masked charge caused by an apparent complexing of amorphous metal oxides with clay or organic matter. In both buffered and unbuffered solutions, calcium saturation usually gave higher CEC values than monovalent ion saturation.     

生物炭和氮肥配施对咖啡种植土壤性质和氨氧化微生物的影响

为了探讨土壤酸化、氨氧化细菌(AOB)和氨氧化古菌(AOA)对生物炭和氮肥配施的响应,以连续10余年种植咖啡的土壤为研究对象,设置不同生物炭用量和氮肥配施的土壤培养试验。结果表明:生物炭配施氮肥缓解土壤pH下降,土壤交换性Al3+含量降低,总有机碳含量显著增加;AOB相对丰度高于57%,是主要氨氧化微生物类群;生物炭配施氮肥后AOB和AOA的总数、多样性和丰富度均显著提高,以占烘干土重10%生物炭和氮肥配施效果最好。生物炭可以降低土壤酸度、丰富土壤氨氧化微生物多样性和群落结构,在实际生产中可优先考虑生物炭和氮肥配施模式。     

DRY MATTER PRODUCTION AND LEAF ELEMENTAL CONCENTRATIONS OF RAMBUTAN GROWN ON AN ACID ULTISOL

Little is known about the adaptability of rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) to highly acidic soils rich in aluminum (Al). A 2-yr field study was conducted to determine the effects of various levels of soil Al on dry matter production, plant growth, and nutrient concentration in the leaves of four cultivars of rambutan. Cultivars and the cultivar x year interaction were not statistically significant for most variables measured in the study. Total, leaf, petiole, stem and root dry weights significantly increased at soil Al concentrations ranging from 0.67 cmol kg^?1 to 11.0 cmol kg^?1. At this range of soil Al, the concentrations of Al and manganese (Mn) in leaf tissue declined sharply. The results of this study demonstrate that rambutan is highly tolerant to acid soils and that tolerance may involve an Al- and Mn- exclusion mechanism.     

Alleviation of Soil Acidity and Aluminium Phytotoxicity in Acid Soils by Using Alkaline-Stabilised Biosolids

A pot experiment was carried out to study alleviation of soil acidity and Al toxicity by applying an alkaline-stabilised sewage sludge product (biosolids) to an acid clay sandy loam (pH 5.7) and a strongly acid sandy loam (pH 4.5). Barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Forrester) was used as a test crop and was grown in the sewage sludge-amended (33.5 t sludge DM ha-1) and unamended soils. The results showed that the alkaline biosloids increased soil pH from 5.7 to 6.9 for the clay sandy loam and from 4.5 to 6.0 for the sandy loam. The sludge product decreased KCl-extractable Al from 0.1 to 0.0 cmol kg-1 for the former soil and from 4.0 to 0.1 cmol kg-1 for the latter soil. As a result, barley plants grew much better and grain yield increased greatly in the amended treatments compared with the unamended controls. These observations indicate that alkaline-stabilised biosolids can be used as a liming material for remedying Al phytotoxicity in strongly acid soils by increasing soil pH and lowering Al bioavailability.