开封市城市土壤磁化率空间分布及对重金属污染的指示意义

建立基于土壤磁化率的重金属污染等级标准可为土壤重金属污染评价提供更为简便的磁学方法。采集开封市城市土壤表层样品99个,测定As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn含量以及低频磁化率(χLF)和高频磁化率(χHF)。采用普通Kriging插值法探讨χLF的空间分布,污染负荷指数(PLI)评价土壤重金属污染程度,并在PLI与χLF相关分析的基础上建立了基于χLF的土壤重金属污染等级标准。结果表明,开封市城市土壤各样点7种重金属的平均PLI为2.53,呈中度污染,Cd是最主要的污染因子。土壤χLF平均值为125.7×10-8m3kg-1,总体上由东南向西北递减,高值区出现在东南部、老城区北部和陇海铁路沿线附近。各样点土壤重金属PLI与其χLF的回归方程为PLI=0.011χLF+0.320(r=0.663),呈极显著正相关(p0.01)。用土壤χLF可以评价开封市城市土壤重金属污染程度:当土壤χLF≤62×10-8m3kg-1时,为无污染;当62×10-8χLF≤153×10-8m3kg-1时,为轻度污染;当153×10-8χLF≤244×10-8m3kg-1时,为中度污染;当χLF244×10-8m3kg-1时,为强度污染。     

陕西泾惠渠灌区土壤重金属空间分布特征及来源

土壤重金属空间变异性是监测和评价农田生态系统环境质量的前提。该文基于104个表层土壤样品的重金属实测含量,运用多元统计和地统计相结合的方法,对陕西泾惠渠灌区土壤重金属含量的分布特征和来源进行了分析。结果表明,土壤中Hg、As、Cd、Cr、Pb、Cu、Zn、Ni 8种重金属平均质量分数分别为0.091、15.40、0.25、75.50、27.20、28.10、81.10、36.60 mg/kg,均超出土壤背景值(参考1986年报道的陕西省关中平原主要农业土壤中重金属含量),但低于国家土壤环境质量二级标准(GB15618-1995)。地统计分析表明,Hg、Ni、As基底效应介于25%~75%之间,属于中等空间相关;而Zn、Pb、Cd、Cu、Cr基底效应均大于75%,属于空间弱相关。多元统计分析表明,泾惠渠灌区土壤中Cd、Pb、Zn、Cu、As、Cr和Ni的累积主要源于农业生产活动、交通运输等人为活动,而Hg的累积则主要受工业排废的影响。目前,该灌区土壤环境质量良好,但土壤重金属有累积的倾向,应引起重视。     

运城市村级农业土壤重金属的空间分布与原因分析

通过检测运城市南薛村农业土壤8种重金属(Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd、Pb、Ni、As、Hg)含量,分析研究区内重金属空间分布特征和原因。与国家土壤环境标准的二级标准相比,Hg和Ni的超标率分别为16.50%和12.62%,Cd、Pb、As均未超标。按单项污染指数进行评价,主要污染物是Hg,污染指数为1.58,处于轻度污染级别,其余重金属的单项污染指数均小于1,处在安全域内。按内梅罗综合污染指数评价,61.65%的农业土壤重金属污染程度处于安全水平,18.45%的土壤处在警戒线上,15.53%的土壤为中度污染和严重污染,只有个别土壤属轻污染。Zn、Cr、Ni和As的块金效应介于25%~75%之间,同时受农药、化肥和母质因素的影响;Cu、Cd、Pb和Hg的块金效应大于75%,分别受粪肥、污水、汽车尾气和居民生活的影响。8种重金属含量空间分布差异显著,主要原因是不同地块间的生产方式不同,该研究对于试验区农业资源的合理配置、农业生产的科学管理和农产品的安全生产具有重要的指导意义。     

基于GIS的山东寿光蔬菜产地土壤重金属空间分布特征

以山东省寿光市蔬菜种植基地为研究区,通过数理统计与地统计学空间分析的方法,研究了寿光市表层土壤中的重金属质量分数及其空间分布特征,并在地理信息系统支持下绘制土壤重金属的空间分布图。结果表明：寿光市表层土壤中重金属质量分数平均值低于食用农产品产地环境质量标准（HJ332-2006）。除Zn、Pb和As 3种元素外,其他5种重金属元素（Cu、Cd、Cr、Hg、Nr）呈现出正偏态的分布特征,所有重金属元素分布峰的顶点均超出正态分布的最高点。空间分析结果表明,8种重金属元素在寿光市表层土壤中的质量分数呈中等程度的空间相关性。土壤中各重金属的分布呈现出中部、南部、东南部质量分数较高,北部、东北部与西南部质量分数较低的空间分布特征。寿光表层土壤中的重金属质量分数受到自然因素与人为因素的双重影响。     

新疆准东矿区土壤与降尘重金属空间分布及关联性分析

土壤重金属与大气降尘重金属之间的关联性可以反映重金属污染的来源、土壤-大气系统中重金属的传输、迁移和扩散特征。为了研究矿区表层土壤的污染状况及与降尘重金属质量分数间的关联性,该研究以新疆维吾尔自治区准东矿区为研究靶区,利用2014年采集的51个表层土壤和大气降尘样品的室内实测重金属质量分数数据,并基于此分析了样品中6种重金属(As、Cu、Cr、Hg、Pb、Zn)的空间分布特征、地积累指数以及潜在生态风险;利用Pearson相关性分析矩阵和灰色关联法对表层土壤与大气降尘中重金属浓度的相关性和关联度进行探讨。结果表明:1)准东矿区表层土壤重金属的分布状况存在着明显的空间差异,其中Hg的污染程度最严重,处于强-极强度污染,其潜在生态危害指数达到了较高生态风险;Zn和Cu基本处于无污染状态,属于轻微生态风险;2)大气降尘重金属空间分布存在着明显差异,降尘中的Zn处于极强度污染,Hg处于无污染状态;3)Pearson相关分析与灰色关联分析表明,准东地区表层土壤与大气降尘中6种重金属的相关系数大小顺序与关联度排序结果一致,其中Hg和As元素具有较强的一致性,且具有相同的来源,说明大气降尘对表层土壤中重金属的质量分数有一定影响。但因不同重金属元素沉降特性不同,导致各元素之间的关联度有所差异。     

Growth,survival, and heavy metal (Cd and Ni) uptake of spinach (Spinacia oleracea) and fenugreek (Trigonella corniculata) in a biochar‐amended sewage‐irrigated contaminated soil

Irrigation of arable land with contaminated sewage waters leads to the accumulation of trace metals in soils with subsequent phyto‐/zootoxic consequences. In this study, biochar derived from cotton sticks was used to amend an agricultural silt‐loam soil that had been previously irrigated with trace metal contaminated sewage waters. Metal accumulation and toxicity to spinach (Spinacia oleracea) and fenugreek (Trigonella corniculata) was investigated by measuring concentrations of Cd and Ni in plant tissues and various photosynthetic and biochemical activities of plants. Positive impacts of biochar on both spinach and fenugreek were observed in terms of biomass production that increased from 29% to 36% in case of spinach, while for fenugreek this increase was 32% to 36%. In the control treatment there was an increase in malondialdihyde, soluble sugar, and ascorbic acid contents, indicating heavy metal stress. Biochar applications increased soluble proteins and amino acids in plants and reduced the uptake of Cd from 5.42 mg kg^?1 at control to 3.45 mg kg^?1 at 5% biochar amended soil and Ni (13.8 mg kg^?1 to 7.3 mg kg^?1 at 5% biochar) by the spinach plants. In fenugreek, the Cd was reduced from 7.72 mg kg^?1 to 3.88 mg kg^?1 and reduction in Ni was from 15.45 mg kg^?1 to 9.46 mg kg^?1 at 5% biochar treated soil, reducing the possibility of transfer up the food chain. This study demonstrates that the use of biochar made from cotton‐sticks, as an amendment to arable soils that have received contaminated irrigation water, could improve plant growth and decrease Cd and Ni uptake to crops, alleviating some of the negative impacts of using sewage waters on arable land.     

Effect of waste water and fly ash application on physiological determinants,yield, and heavy metal contents of yellow mustard (B. campestris cv. P. Gold)

A pot experiment was conducted to study the comparative effect of waste water (WW) and ground water (GW) alone and along with different nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) combinations (N₀P₀K₀, N₄₀P₁₅K₁₅, N₆₀P₃₀K₃₀, N₈₀P₄₅K₄₅) together with different levels of fly ash (FA) (FA₀, FA₁₀, FA₂₀), to obtain a suitable combination of fertilizers, FA and water based on the growth, physiology, yield, and heavy metal contents of Brassica campestris cv. Pusa Gold. Results revealed that WW irrigation proved beneficial over GW. All the parameters increased in both levels of FA₁₀ and FA₂₀ along with three doses of NPK but FA at 20 t ha^?1 proved better. The effect was more efficacious with both wastes together which makes NPK optimum at N₆₀P₃₀K₃₀ instead of N₈₀P₄₅K₄₅ treatment combinations and thereby lowered input of fertilizers. Therefore, utilization of these wastes may be recommended for the purpose of irrigation, soil amendment, and as a source of nutrients in augmenting the mustard yield.