Effect of cadmium toxicity on micronutrient concentration,uptake and partitioning in seven rice cultivars

Heavy metal uptake, translocation and partitioning differ greatly among plant cultivars and plant parts. A pot experiment was conducted to determine the effect of cadmium (Cd) levels (0, 45 and 90 mg kg^?1 soil) on dry matter yield, and concentration, uptake and translocation of Cd, Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu in seven rice cultivars. Application of 45 mg Cd kg^?1 soil decreased root and shoot dry weight. On average, shoot and root Cd concentrations and uptake increased in all cultivars, but micronutrients uptake decreased following the application of 45 mg Cd kg^?1. No significant differences were observed between 45 and 90 mg kg^?1 Cd levels. On average, Cd treatments resulted in a decrease in Zn, Fe and Mn concentrations in shoots and Zn, Cu and Mn concentrations in roots. Differences were observed in Cd and micronutrient concentrations and uptake among rice cultivars. Translocation factor, defined as the shoot/root concentration ratio indicated that Cu and Fe contents in roots were higher than in shoots. The Mn concentration was much higher in shoots. Zinc concentrations were almost similar in the two organs of rice at 0 and 45 mg Cd kg^?1. A higher Cd level, however, led to a decrease in the Zn concentration in shoots.     

Shoot cadmium concentration of soil‐grown plants as related to their root properties

Cadmium (Cd) is toxic to plants, animals, and humans. However, different plant species growing on the same soil may have very different shoot Cd concentrations depending on properties such as size of the root system, Cd net influx, shoot‐growth rate, Cd translocation from root to shoot, and the ability to affect Cd availability in the soil. To investigate possible reasons for different shoot Cd concentrations maize, sunflower, flax, and spinach were grown on an acid sandy soil (pH<$>_{{\rm{(CaCl}}_{\rm{2}} {\rm)}<$> 4.5, and C_org 2.8%) in a growth chamber with Cd additions as Cd(NO₃)₂ of none, 14, and 40 μmol (kg soil)^–1 resulting in Cd soil‐solution concentrations of 0.04, 0.68, and 2.5 μM. Only the high Cd addition caused a significant growth reduction of flax and spinach. The shoot Cd concentration was up to 30 times higher in spinach than in maize; the other species were intermediate. Of the plant properties studied only the variation of the Cd net influx explained the differences in shoot Cd concentrations. This was due to a decreased (maize, sunflower) or increased (flax) Cd concentration in soil solution or more effective uptake kinetics (spinach).     

Differences in growth and yield in response to cadmium toxicity in cotton genotypes

A greenhouse hydroponic experiment was conducted to study the effects of cadmium (Cd; 0, 0.1, 1.0, 10 μM in nutrient solution) on yield and yield components as well as Cd concentration and accumulation in three cotton genotypes (Simian 3, Zhongmian 16, Zhongmian 16–2). The results showed that Cd concentration in different organs increased with increasing Cd levels in the nutrient solution in the following order: root > petiole > xylem > fruiting branch, leaf > phloem in vegetative organs and seed coat, seed nut > boll shell > fiber in reproductive organs. There were significant genotypic differences in functional leaf and petiole Cd concentrations at 1 and 10 μM Cd treatments, with the cultivar Simian 3 showing higher Cd concentrations and greater reductions in lint yield than the other two genotypes.     

Phenotypic variations of wheat cultivars from the North China Plain in response to cadmium stress and associated single nucleotide polymorphisms identified by a genome-wide association study

Understanding the genetic mechanisms for cadmium(Cd) uptake and translocation in common wheat(Triticum aestivum) is of significance in food Cd contamination control. In this study, a diverse panel of 132 wheat cultivars was collected from the North China Plain. The cultivars were evaluated in terms of their phenotypic variations in response to Cd stress and subjected to a genome-wide association study(GWAS) to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) associated with the phenotypic variatio...     

Assessment of aluminum sensitivity of maize cultivars using roots of intact plants and excised root tips

Maize cultivars (Zea mays L.) were evaluated for their aluminum (Al) sensitivity using intact plants and excised root tips exposed to 25 μM Al in nutrient solution of low ionic strength and pH 4.3. Aluminum supply increased callose formation and Al concentrations in root tips of intact plants as well as in excised root tips. Using intact plants, differences in Al sensitivity among cultivars could be characterized by Al‐induced callose formation, Al‐induced inhibition of root elongation, as well as Al contents in root tips as parameters. Significant correlations between Al‐induced callose formation and Al contents in root tips (r² = 0.64**) and inhibition of root elongation (r² = 0.80***) were found. Excised root tips did not show a significant Al‐induced inhibition of root elongation. While average Al‐induced callose formation was similar for root tips of intact plants and excised root tips, mean Al contents in excised root tips were up to 1.5‐fold higher than in root tips of intact plants after 24 h of Al treatment. Aluminum‐induced callose formation as found in excised root tips did neither correspond to Al‐induced callose formation nor to inhibition of root elongation of intact plants. The addition of 10 mM glucose to the incubation medium led to a significant increase in the elongation of excised root tips and a 2‐3‐fold increase in Al‐induced callose formation. Staining with triphenyl‐tetrazolium‐chloride (TTC) revealed increased viability of these root segments. However, these effects of glucose supply did not improve the characterization of the cultivars for Al resistance. The results presented suggest that Al exclusion mechanisms expressed in root tips of intact plants might be non‐operational in excised root tips. Therefore, the characterization of maize germplasm for Al resistance using excised root tips appears not to be reliable.     

Silicon influences cadmium translocation by altering subcellular distribution and chemical forms of cadmium in peanut roots

Effects of silicon (Si) on subcellular distribution and chemical forms of Cd in two contrasting peanut cultivars, Qishan 208 (low seed Cd cultivar) and Haihua 1 (high seed Cd cultivar), were investigated by a hydroponics experiment at low Cd level (0.2 μM CdCl₂). Two cultivars differ in Cd translocation, subcellular distribution and chemical forms. In comparison to Qishan 208, Haihua 1 shows higher translocation factors (TFs); this may be resulted from higher Cd in the soluble fraction, and a larger proportion of inorganic Cd (extracted by 80% ethanol) and water-soluble Cd (extracted by d-H₂O) in roots. Pretreatment with Si decreased Cd in the cell wall, and enhanced Cd in the soluble fraction for both cultivars. However, effects of Si on chemical forms and TFs are cultivar dependent. Si enhances Cd translocation and the d-H₂O extractable Cd in Haihua 1. Positive correlations were observed between TF and Cd in the soluble fraction (r = 0.71, P < 0.05), and between TF and d-H₂O extractable Cd in root (r = 0.89, P < 0.001). Therefore, larger proportion of d-H₂O extractable Cd may be responsible for high TF in Si pretreated plants of Haihua 1.     

Effect of cadmium on the chemical composition of xylem exudate from oilseed rape plants (Brassica napus L.)

Abstract

Phytoremediation is a good technique for removing cadmium (Cd) from farmland soils. To remove Cd from these soils effectively, it is necessary for Cd ions to be transported to the shoot organs for later harvest. However, the mechanism of Cd translocation to shoot organs via xylem vessels has not yet been elucidated. We selected oilseed rape plants (Brassica napus L.) and established a method to collect xylem exudates from these plants. After 3 days of Cd treatment (10 µmol L^?1 and 30 µmol L^?1) the Cd concentrations in the xylem exudates were approximately 6.5 µmol L^?1 and 16 µmol L^?1, respectively. The detection of Cd in the xylem exudate indicated that Cd was moving to shoot organs via xylem vessels. The effect of these Cd treatments on the amino acid, organic acid and protein composition of xylem exudates from oilseed rape plants was investigated. The level of amino acids and organic acids detected was enough to bind Cd transported via the xylem. Sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis revealed that proteins with molecular weights of 36 kDa and 45 kDa clearly increased in the exudates with Cd treatment. The possibility that these compounds are binding Cd in the xylem exudates was discussed.     

Variation in seed longevity of rice cultivars belonging to different isozyme groups

The storage potential of seeds harvested at different stages of maturity was studied in ten cultivars of Oryza sativa, representing six known isozyme groups, and in two cultivars of O. glaberrima. Mass maturity (the end of the seed-filling period) was attained between 14.2 and 20.2 days after anthesis (DAA). A comparison of the estimates of p ₅₀ (time in storage for viability to decline to 50%) of seeds harvested at 21, 28 and 35 DAA and stored at 35°C with 15% moisture content showed that maximum longevity was attained between 28 and 35 DAA in most cultivars. Cultivars belonging to isozyme group II survived longer than other cultivars with estimates of p ₅₀ nearly doubled. On the other hand, the floating rices of Group IV had shorter longevity. Within group VI, the upland cultivar survived longer than the lowland cultivar. Both O. glaberrima cultivars survived reasonably well, showing that African rice cultivars also differ in longevity.     

14C-吡虫啉在苗期油菜中的吸收、转运与分布特性

为深入了解吡虫啉在植物体内的行为规律,本研究以14C-吡虫啉为研究对象,采用种衣剂拌种法,设低药种比(4.8和5.4 g ? kg-1)以及高药种比(6.0和7.2 g·kg-1)处理,利用同位素示踪技术及现代仪器分析技术,探讨了吡虫啉在苗期甘蓝型油菜中的动态吸收变化和转运分布规律.结果表明,药种比6.0 g·kg-1...     

大豆和小麦对土壤中镉的吸收与富集研究

在温室条件下,采用盆栽方法研究了大豆和小麦在全镉含量为0.211~2.011 mg/kg的土壤中生长状况以及对镉的吸收与富集特征。结果表明,试验所设土壤镉含量对两种作物的株高和单盆籽粒数没有影响。随土壤镉含量的增加,两者单盆产量呈先增加后降低的趋势。大豆籽粒在土壤全镉含量为0.211~0.811 mg/kg时,小麦籽粒在土壤全镉含量为1.411~2.011 mg/kg时更容易积累镉。添加镉能明显增加两种作物植株各部分镉含量。外源添加镉对大豆的转移系数影响不明显,但能增加小麦的转移系数。两种作物的富集系数基本表现为根>茎叶>籽粒。在土壤全镉含量低于0.511 mg/kg时,大豆根和茎的富集系数接近或大于1.0,对镉的吸收较强。在土壤全镉含量高于0.811 mg/kg时,小麦茎叶的富集系数接近或大于1.0,对镉的吸收较强。小麦根的富集系数均高于大豆,且大于1.0,前者具有更高的镉富集能力。     

粮食作物锌的吸收运转分配和改善子粒锌含量的理论与技术途径

基于前人取得的主要成果，系统分析了从土壤锌有效性到锌在子粒部位的积累主要过程及其控制点，从三方面：1）植株对锌的吸收过程；2）锌在地上部各营养器官间的运转分配过程；3）锌从营养器官向子粒部位的运转过程，总结并提出今后应利用作物锌高效性的种质资源特点，通过传统育种与生物技术方法选育出锌高效积累型品种和合理配套的栽培技术等农艺措施，提高作物子粒锌的含量。     

Transport of cadmium from soil to grain in cereal crops: A review

Due to rapid urbanization and industrialization, many soils for crop production are contaminated by cadmium(Cd), a heavy metal highly toxic to many organisms. Cereal crops such as rice, wheat, maize, and barley are the primary dietary source of Cd for humans, and reducing Cd transfer from soil to their grains is therefore an important issue for food safety. During the last decade, great progress has been made in elucidating the molecular mechanisms of Cd transport, particularly in rice. Inter-and intraspecific variations in Cd accumulation have been observed in cereal crops. Transporters for Cd have been identified in rice and other cereal crops using genotypic differences in Cd accumulation and mutant approaches. These transporters belong to different transporter families and are involved in the uptake, vacuolar sequestration, root-to-shoot translocation, and distribution of Cd. Attempts have been made to reduce Cd accumulation in grains by manipulating these transporters through overexpression or knockout of the transporter genes, as well as through marker-assisted selection breeding based on genotypic differences in Cd accumulation in the grains. In this review, we describe recent progress on molecular mechanisms of Cd accumulation in cereal crops and compare different molecular strategies for minimizing Cd accumulation in grains.     

镉积累差异水稻品种生长发育对清除NO的响应

[目的]研究一氧化氮(NO)对镉(Cd)胁迫下水稻苗期生理生化及氮代谢响应的调节作用,探讨通过清除NO提高水稻耐Cd能力的措施.[方法]以Cd高积累(TN1)和Cd低积累(春江06)品种为材料,进行了Cd胁迫(40 nmol/L)水培试验.以Cd胁迫营养液为对照,在对照基础上设置添加硝普钠(Cd+SNP)、添加NO清除...     

An effective planting model to decrease cadmium accumulation in rice grains and plants: Intercropping rice with wetland plants

Cadmium (Cd) pollution affects plant growth and poses a serious threat to food safety and human health.Cadmium-contaminated rice is assumed to be the main source of Cd exposure to humans,with grave health risks.Phytoremediation is an efficient,cost-effective,and eco-friendly approach to minimize Cd accumulation in rice.However,research on the effect of rice intercropping with wetland plants that exhibit great capacity for phytoremediation in decreasing Cd concentrations in paddies is limited.A p...     

不同类型水稻镉富集与转运能力的差异分析

选取84个水稻品种在镉（Cd）中轻度污染农田上进行原位小区试验,通过统计分析水稻Cd富集系数及转运系数,探索具有相似产量与Cd富集能力的水稻品种各器官Cd的富集及Cd在土壤-水稻系统中转移特征,比较不同类型水稻Cd富集与转运的差异。结果表明：水稻糙米Cd富集系数范围为0.10~0.78,小区产量范围为8.20~11.50 kg（以小区面积3.5 m×3.5 m计）,不同水稻品种产量与糙米Cd富集能力不存在显著相关性。以产量和糙米Cd富集系数为指标将所有水稻品种进行聚类分为高产高Cd（组1）、低产高Cd（组2）、高产低Cd（组3）和低产低Cd（组4）四组。水稻各器官Cd富集规律均为根系>茎>叶>糙米,Cd由根系向上传递过程中,含量越来越低。不同产量和富集能力的水稻类型的差异,主要在于茎和叶的富集与转移。高产或高Cd品种有较强的将Cd从根转运到茎和从茎、叶转运到米的能力。低Cd水稻无论产量高低,对各器官的Cd转运能力无显著影响。筛选、培育适合在中轻度污染区种植的高产低Cd水稻品种是可行的。在种植过程中控制茎的吸收与转运将对保障粮食安全生产具有重要意义。     

Effects of Exogenous Nitric Oxide and 24-Epibrassinolide on the Physiological Characteristics of Peanut Seedlings Under Cadmium Stress

Cadmium(Cd) is highly toxic to plants, animals, and humans. Limited information is available on the role of nitric oxide(NO)and/or 24-epibrassinolide(EBR) in response of plants to Cd stress. In this study, a hydroponic experiment was performed to investigate the effects of NO and/or EBR on peanut plants subjected to Cd stress(200 μmol L~(-1)) with sodium nitroprusside(SNP, an exogenous NO donor)(250 μmol L~(-1)) and/or EBR(0.1 μmol L~(-1)) addition. The results showed that Cd exposure inhibited plant growth, and this stress was alleviated by exogenous NO or EBR, and especially the combination of the two. Treatment with Cd inhibited the growth of peanut seedlings, decreased chlorophyll content, and significantly increased the Cd concentration in plants. Furthermore, the concentration of reactive oxygen species(ROS) markedly increased in peanut seedlings under Cd stress, resulting in the accumulation of malondialdehyde(MDA) and proline in leaves and roots. Under Cd stress, applications of SNP, EBR, and especially the two in combination significantly reduced the translocation of Cd from roots to leaves, increased the chlorophyll content, decreased the concentrations of ROS, MDA, and proline, and significantly enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD), peroxidase(POD), and catalase(CAT) in peanut seedlings. Exogenous NO and/or EBR also stimulated the activities of nitrate reductase(NR)and nitric oxide synthase(NOS) and increased the contents of antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid(AsA) and reduced glutathione(GSH). Furthermore, exogenous NO and/or EBR enhanced Cd accumulation in the cell wall and thus decreased Cd distribution in the organelles in the roots. The concentrations of calcium(Ca), iron(Fe), magnesium(Mg), and zinc(Zn) were also regulated by exogenous NO or EBR, and especially by the two in combination. These results indicated that SNP and EBR, alone and particularly in combination, can mitigate the negative effects of Cd stress in peanut plants.     

Effect of cultivar and cadmium rate upon the nutrient content of soybean plants

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of soybean (Glycine max L.) cultivar, Cd rate, and cultivar x Cd rate interaction upon nutrient concentrations in the plant. Cultivars rated as T (tolerant) or S (susceptible) to Cd were included in the study. A factorial combination of 10 cultivars and 4 levels of Cd were randomized in 4 replications of a completely randomized design. Additions of CdCl₂ dissolved in distilled water were made to weighed quantities of dry soil. The soil was a Flanagan silt loam (Aquic Argiudoll). Four weeks after planting, plants were harvested, air dried and dry ashed. Chemical determinations of Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu, K, Ca, Mg and P in plants were made by emission spectroscopy.

Nutrient concentrations were affected by cultivar and rate of Cd and generally, nutrient concentrations decreased as rate of Cd increased. The Cd linear x cultivar interaction significantly affected plant concentration of each element except P indicating that the linear effect of Cd was not consistent among all cultivars. A comparison of “susceptible”; cultivars with “tolerant”; cultivars showed significant differences in nutrient concentration of each element except K. Plant K concentration was significantly associated with a Cd linear x T (tolerant) vs. S (susceptible) interaction indicating that the linear trend due to Cd rate differed between cultivars rated S or T to Cd.     

水稻突变体对镉的吸收及其亚细胞分布和化学形态特点

Wild-type （Zhonghua 11） and mutant rice （Oryza sativa L.） plants were used to investigate the effect of cadmium （Cd） application on biomass production, to characterize the influx of Cd from roots to shoots, and to determine the form, content, and subcellular distribution of Cd in the roots, leaf sheaths, and leaves of the rice plants. Seedlings were cultivated in a nutrient solution and were treated with 0.5 mmol L^-1 of Cd^2＋ for 14 d. The sensitivity of rice plants to Cd toxicity was tested by studying the changes in biomass production and by observing the onset of toxicity symptoms in the plants. Both the wild-type and mutant rice plants developed symptoms of Cd stress. In addition, Cd application significantly （P ≤ 0.01） decreased dry matter production of roots, leaf sheaths, and leaves of both types, especially the mutant. The Cd content in roots of the mutant was significantly （P ≤0.05） higher than that of the wild-type rice. However, there was no significant difference in the Cd content of roots, leaf sheaths, and leaves between the wild-type and mutant rice. Most of the Cd was bound to the cell wall of the roots, leaf sheaths, and leaves, and the mutant had greater Cd content in cell organelles than the wild type. The uneven subcellular distribution could be responsible for the Cd sensitivity of the mutant rice. Furthermore, different chemical forms of Cd were found to occur in the roots, leaf sheaths, and leaves of both types of rice plants. Ethanol-, water-, and NaCl-extractable Cd had greater toxicity than the other forms of Cd and induced stunted growth and chlorosis in the plants. The high Cd content of the toxic forms of Cd in the cell organelles could seriously damage the cells and the metabolic processes in mutant rice plants.