Changes in sugars,acids, and volatiles during ripening of koubo [Cereus peruvianus (L.) Miller] fruits

The columnar cactus Cereus peruvianus (L.) Miller, Cactaceae (koubo), is grown commercially in Israel. The unripe fruits are green, and the color changes to violet and then to red when the fruit is fully ripe. The content of soluble sugars was found to increase 5-fold during ripening. Glucose and fructose were the main sugars accumulated in the fruit pulp, and each increased from 0.5 to 5.5 g/100 g fresh weight during ripening. The polysaccharides content decreased during ripening from 1.4 to 0.4 g/100 g fresh weight. The titratable acidity decreased and the pH increased during ripening. The major organic acid found in the fruit was malic acid, which decreased from 0.75 g/100 g fresh weight at the mature green stage to 0.355 g/100 g fresh weight in ripe fruits. Citric, succinic, and oxalic acids were found in concentrations lower than 0.07 g/100 g fresh weight. Prominent accumulation of aroma volatiles occurred toward the end of the ripening process. The main volatile found in the ripe fruit was linalool, reaching concentrations of 1.5-3.5 microg/g fresh weight.     

氯吡脲对贵长猕猴桃果实氨基酸和香气成分的影响

为探讨未浸果和浸果处理(氯吡脲10 mg·L^-1)对贵长猕猴桃果实产量品质、氨基酸和香气成分的影响,本试验测定了采收期果实产量参数和可食期营养品质,并采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)和固相微萃取-色谱-质谱联用法(SPME-GC-MS)分别分析了可食期果实氨基酸和香气成分。结果表明,10 mg·L^-1氯吡脲浸果处理可有效促进贵长猕猴桃果实产量形成及干物质和可溶性固形物含量增加,显著降低果实果形指数和硬度以及维生素C、可滴定酸和可溶性蛋白含量(P<0.05),影响果实的外观和耐贮性。此外,10 mg·L^-1氯吡脲浸果极显著增加果实脯氨酸和甜味氨基酸含量(P<0.01),而果实总氨基酸、鲜味氨基酸、苦味氨基酸和芳香族氨基酸含量显著降低(P<0.05)。 贵长猕猴桃果实香气成分主要为酯类、醇类、醛类、烯烃和烷烃,共70种成分。其中,未浸果果实香气成分主要为丁酸乙酯、丁酸甲酯、苯甲酸甲酯和苯甲酸乙酯等,浸果果实主要为丁酸乙酯、苯甲酸甲酯、丁酸甲酯和(E)-2-己烯醛等。10 mg·L^-1氯吡脲浸果增加了醛类、醇类、烯烃和烷烃在果实香气成分中的占比,提高了香气的多样性。本研究为贵长猕猴桃的深加工提供了理论依据。     

Ripening attributes of new passion fruit line featuring seasonal non-climacteric behavior

The passion fruit hybrid cultivar 'Passion Dream' (PD) produces two cycles of fruiting per year, in the summer and winter. Self-hybridization of PD created various lines, including 'Ripens during Summer' (RS), which lacks the ability to abscise during winter, suggesting a seasonal nonclimacteric behavior. The two lines were characterized by several quality traits: PD produced high ethylene levels in both seasons; RS produced significantly less ethylene during summer and almost none during winter. The ratio of total soluble solids to titratable acidity (TSS/TA), and aroma volatiles production, as determined by solid-phase microextraction/gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (SPME/GC-MS) techniques, and taste indices were highest in PD summer fruits and lowest in RS winter fruits. Peel color in PD was affected by environmental and storage temperatures, whereas RS fruits always showed a strong purple color. The present findings suggest that ethylene production levels in passion fruit greatly influence various ripening processes, including acid degradation, increased TSS/TA ratio, accumulation of aroma volatiles, and tastiness.     

Effects of Potassium Application on Flavor Compounds of Cherry Tomato Fruits

ABSTRACT

A pot experiment was conducted to determine the effects of potassium (K) application on volatile compounds, taste compounds, and firmness of fresh tomato fruits. Each pot was filled with 8 kg of clean sand. The experiment consisted of six K application rates with 0, 1.25, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, and 20.0 mmol K L^?1 in the nutrient solution. Volatile compounds, soluble sugars, soluble solids, titratable acidity, and firmness of fresh tomato fruits were measured. The results show that the concentrations of 3-methylbutanal, 1-penten-3-one, hexanal, cis-3-hexenal, 2-methyl-4-pentenal, trans-2-hexenal, 2E-4E-hexadienal, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, phenylacetaldehyde, phenylethanol, soluble sugars, and soluble solids tended to increase at first and then decrease between 0 to 10.0 mmol K L^?1. K application rate obtaining the highest values of the concentrations ranged from 1.4 to 3.0 mmol K L^?1, with the exception of cis-3-hexenal (1.1 mmol K L^?1), phenylacetaldehyde (4.5 mmol K L^?1), and phenylethanol (4.8 mmol K L^?1). By contrast, increasing K supply increased the concentration of titratable acidity, decreased the ratios of soluble sugars to titratable acidity and soluble solids to titratable acidity. Close correlations were observed between the concentrations of various volatile compounds, soluble sugars, and soluble solids. Based on contributions of these compounds to tomato flavor, we assume that moderate K supply (1.4–3.0 mmol K L^?1) improves tomato flavor, whereas tomato fruits with either no K or high K fertilization have poor flavor due to having undesirable levels of flavor compounds.     

Effects of abscisic acid and calcium on tomato fruit aroma volatiles

Aroma volatiles are derived from precursors, such as amino acids, fatty acids and carotenoids in tomato fruit. Volatiles enhance the main flavor components in the fruit, particularly sugars. Abscisic acid (ABA) is derived from the carotenoid pathway and there may be an indirect connection to this pathway. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the influence of ABA on tomato fruit volatiles. This study identified five flavor volatile compounds that were consistently present in “Mt. Fresh Plus” tomato fruit tissue. They were 2-methyl furan, (E)-2-hexeanl, 1-hexanol, hexenal, and 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one. ABA treatments did not have an effect on volatile concentrations in “Mt. Fresh Plus” tomato fruit. Majority of the volatiles identified did not differ between the ABA treated plants and the ABA control plants. However, ABA treatments did significantly decrease (E)-2-hexenal. These results indicated that ABA treatments did not have a major effect on the aroma volatile profile of the fruit.     

Edible coatings influence fruit ripening, quality, and aroma biosynthesis in mango fruit

The effects of different edible coatings on mango fruit ripening and ripe fruit quality parameters including color, firmness, soluble solids concentrations, total acidity, ascorbic acid, total carotenoids, fatty acids, and aroma volatiles were investigated. Hard mature green mango (Mangifera indica L. cv. Kensigton Pride) fruits were coated with aqueous mango carnauba (1:1 v/v), Semperfresh (0.6%), Aloe vera gel (1:1, v/v), or A. vera gel (100%). Untreated fruit served as the control. Following the coating, fruits were allowed to dry at room temperature and packed in soft-board trays to ripen at 21+/-1 degrees C and 55.2+/-11.1% relative humidity until the eating soft stage. Mango carnauba was effective in retarding fruit ripening, retaining fruit firmness, and improving fruit quality attributes including levels of fatty acids and aroma volatiles. Semperfresh and A. vera gel (1:1 or 100%) slightly delayed fruit ripening but reduced fruit aroma volatile development. A. vera gel coating did not exceed the commercial mango carnauba and Semperfresh in retarding fruit ripening and improving aroma volatile biosynthesis.     

猪粪和秸秆替代部分化肥提高番茄营养品质及挥发性风味物质种类和数量

  【目的】  研究猪粪和秸秆替代部分化肥对番茄果实营养品质和挥发性风味物质的影响,为番茄优质栽培提供参考。  【方法】  在等氮磷钾条件下,将猪粪 (M)、秸秆 (S) 单独或配合替代化肥中1/4和1/2的氮素。在日光温室进行9年定位试验后,于2018年取番茄果实样品,分析不同施肥处理对果实营养品质、果实中挥发性物质种类和含量的影响。  【结果】  单独施用猪粪或者秸秆替化肥的处理不同程度地降低了番茄果实中果糖、葡萄糖和番茄红素含量,但是对果实中硝酸盐、Vc和可滴定酸含量没有显著影响;秸秆和猪粪配合替代1/2的化肥氮,不会降低果实的营养品质,而且可改善果实的风味。配合猪粪处理的果实中水果香味和花香味的挥发性物质的种类和含量增加,如2-异丁基噻唑、β-紫罗兰酮、3-甲基-丁醇和3-甲基-丁醛、6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮;部分风味物质3-甲基-丁醇、6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮、3-甲基-丁醛、2-异丁基噻唑、β-紫罗兰酮和E-2-己烯醛含量随着猪粪替代比例的提高呈逐渐增加趋势。  【结论】  在长期等氮磷钾施肥条件下,猪粪和秸秆配合替代1/2的化肥氮素,不会降低番茄的营养品质,还可提高番茄风味品质。猪粪有助于具有水果香味和花香味的挥发性物质在果实内的积累,如2-异丁基噻唑、β-紫罗兰酮、3-甲基丁醇和3-甲基丁醛、6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮,且积累量以化肥、猪粪和秸秆配施效果最佳。在30余种挥发性物质中,有12种挥发性物质受不同处理的影响超过预期平均贡献,以E, E-6,10,14-三甲基-5,9,13-十五碳三烯-2-酮和2-甲基-4-戊烯醛最为显著。     

施氮水平对富士苹果果实钙形态及品质的影响

[目的]钙是影响苹果果实品质最重要的元素之一,施氮量影响树体对钙的吸收.探究不同施氮量对果实品质、钙形态以及二者之间的关系的影响,以期为通过科学施肥改善苹果果实品质提供参考.[方法]本研究选择5年生盆栽富士(基砧为组培山定子,中间砧为SH38)为试材,共设6个施氮水平:0(N0)、50(N50)、100(N100)、2...     

“风味2号”甜瓜果实成熟过程中的品质变化

以60Coγ射线育出甜瓜新品种"风味2号"为材料,研究其果实发育和品质形成的动态变化。结果表明,从授粉后第5天开始果实快速膨大,第30天时鲜重达最大。从授粉后第29天开始,果肉可溶性糖含量迅速增加,其后保持稳定,至第34天显著降低。可滴定酸含量随果实的发育逐渐增加,糖酸比的高峰出现在授粉后第30-34天。气相色谱表明,"风味2号"果实中主要可溶性糖为果糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖,有机酸为苹果酸和柠檬酸,其中柠檬酸是主要有机酸。气相色谱-质谱联用分析显示:果实有35种挥发性物质,其中酯类占35.24%,酸类占19.21%,醇类为14.28%,醛类为11.71%。     

施有机肥及套袋对鸭梨果实风味品质的影响

为探讨施有机肥和套袋对鸭梨果实风味品质的影响,采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术（GC-MS）及高效液相色谱技术（HPLC）,研究了生长期施有机肥和套袋对鸭梨果实挥发性成分、 糖类和有机酸组分等风味物质的组成和含量的影响。结果表明, 供试鸭梨共检测到挥发性物质3类30种,其中酯类26种、 烯类3种、 醇类1种。施有机肥和套袋改变了鸭梨果实的特征香气成分的种类和含量。施用有机肥使套袋和不套袋鸭梨香气物质种类分别增加8种和6种,香气物质总量分别增加182.89%和127.16%。套袋使施有机肥和复合肥鸭梨的香气物质种类分别减少了8种和10种,香气物质总量分别减少66.32%和72.98%。不同处理鸭梨共检测到4种糖、 7种有机酸组分,其中糖组分主要为果糖,其次为蔗糖、 山梨醇、 葡萄糖; 有机酸组分主要为苹果酸,其次为乙酸、 柠檬酸、 莽草酸、 奎宁酸、 酒石酸、 琥珀酸。施用有机肥使鸭梨糖总量和酸总量升高,套袋使鸭梨糖总量和有机酸总量降低。施有机肥使鸭梨果实香气物质种类和含量增加,糖类和有机酸含量升高,而套袋使鸭梨果实香气物质种类和含量减少,糖类和有机酸含量降低。     

Characterization of monkey orange (Strychnos spinosa Lam.), a potential new crop for arid regions

The green monkey orange (Strychnos spinosa Lam., Loganiaceae), a tree indigenous to tropical and subtropical Africa, produces juicy, sweet-sour, yellow fruits containing numerous hard brown seeds. The species has recently been introduced into Israel as a potential new commercial crop. However, little is known about its agronomical performance, fruit development and ripening, or postharvest physiology. The current study shows that during ripening in storage, the peel color changes from green to yellow, accompanied by a climacteric burst of ethylene and carbon dioxide emission. Total soluble solids slightly increased during storage, whereas total titratable acidity and pH did not change significantly. The major sugars that accumulated during ripening in storage were sucrose, glucose, and fructose, and the main acids, citric and malic acids. The main volatiles present in the peel of ripe fruits were phenylpropanoids, trans-isoeugenol being the major compound.     

Effects of nitrogen application on flavor compounds of cherry tomato fruits

A pot experiment was conducted to determine the effects of N application on volatile compounds, taste compounds, and firmness of fresh tomato fruits. Each pot was filled with 8 kg of clean sand. The experiment consisted of six nitrogen (N)‐application rates with 0, 2.25, 4.50, 9.00, 18.00, and 36.00 mmol N L^–1 in the nutrient solution. Volatile compounds, soluble sugars, soluble solids, titratable acidity, and firmness of fresh tomato fruits were measured. The results show that increasing N application increased the concentrations of 1‐penten‐3‐one, hexanal, cis‐3‐hexenal, 2‐methyl‐4‐pentenal, trans‐2‐hexenal, 6‐methyl‐5‐hepten‐2‐one, titratable acidity, soluble sugars, and soluble solids. By contrast, increasing N supply decreased the concentration of phenylacetaldehyde and first increased and then decreased the concentrations of 2E–4E‐hexadienal and the firmness of fresh tomato fruits. Close relationships between the concentration of various volatile compounds, titratable acidity, soluble sugars, and soluble solids were found. However, concentrations of these flavor compounds were very poorly correlated with fruit firmness. Based on contributions of these compounds to tomato flavor, we assume that moderate high N supply improves tomato flavor, whereas excessive N supply can deteriorate it.     

Biosynthesis of strawberry aroma compounds through amino acid metabolism

The fate of amino acids in relation to aroma biogenesis was studied in strawberries using the in vitro growth approach. This fruit presented differences in the level of metabolization for different amino acids. Incubations of strawberries with L-isoleucine gave rise to an increase of fourteen compounds in this fruit aroma, either not detected previously or constituents of strawberry aroma. However, L-valine incubations did not provide a significant change in this fruit aroma. Strawberry feeding with L-isoleucine resulted in a 7-fold increase in the sum of 2-methylbutanoate esters, and a double production of 2-methylbutyl esters compared to those of control fruits. Around 94% of the ester increase corresponded to 2-methylbutanoates, with ethyl 2-methylbutanoate being the most representative compound (92%). On the other hand, among the 2-methylbutyl esters, comprising around 6% of total aroma volatiles increase, 2-methylbutyl acetate was the major compound (95%) arising from L-isoleucine strawberry feeding. The role of enzymatic activities within the amino acid metabolic pathway in strawberry fruits is discussed.     

磷、钾营养对柑桔果实产量、品质和贮藏性的影响

采用田间试验以柑为材料研究了连续4年施用磷、钾肥后对柑桔果实的产量、品质和贮藏性的影响。结果表明,施用磷、钾肥,尤其磷、钾肥配施可显著提高柑桔果实的单果重和产量,以及采收时果实的可溶性固形物含量、可溶性糖含量、还原糖含量、糖/酸比和维生素C(Vc)含量,降低可滴定酸含量;并且可以有效地降低柑桔果实在贮藏过程中的失重率和烂果率,减缓糖分、酸度和Vc含量的下降。磷钾营养对于提高柑桔果实的耐贮性和维持贮藏过程中果实的风味和营养品质有一定的作用。     

Nutrient solution concentration on pepper grown in a soilless closed system: yield,fruit quality,water and nutrient efficiency

Abstract

The aim of the experiment was to verify how the adoption of a reduced strength nutrient solution in a soilless closed system could influence the production and quality of pepper and improve the use efficiency of water and minerals. Two nutrient solutions characterized by the same ion ratio but macronutrient concentration equal to 100% or 60% were adopted. The total yield did not differ between the treatments; however the lower concentration of nutrients determined a significant reduction of incidence of unmarketable fruits (blossom-end rot) and thus a higher marketable production (+15%). Within the fruit quality characteristics the dry matter content and the titratable acidity were significantly higher adopting the full strength nutrient solution. Important differences were found when the agronomic water use efficiency was considered: the weight of marketable pepper produced per m³ of water input was about 32% higher using the reduced concentration treatment according to the lower volume of water released in the environment due to the lower renewal of recirculated nutrient solution. A similar pattern was observed for the use efficiency of the main nutrients. With reduced strength nutrient solution the amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium released per ton of marketable tomatoes were respectively 83%, 80% and 81% lower than the control. The use of a reduced strength nutrient solution in soilless closed system for pepper cultivation did not influence the total yield and improved the use efficiency of water and minerals. Moreover, the environmental impact of the system was drastically reduced.     

Effects of ozone treatment on postharvest strawberry quality

The effect of ozone treatment on the postharvest quality of strawberry was evaluated. Strawberry fruits (Fragaria x ananassa Duch. cv. Camarosa) were stored at 2 degrees C in an atmosphere containing ozone (0.35 ppm). After 3 days at 2 degrees C, fruits were moved to 20 degrees C to mimic retail conditions (shelf life). The changes in several quality parameters such as fungal decay, color, sugar and acids distribution, and aroma were evaluated during the strawberries' shelf life. Ozone treatment was ineffective in preventing fungal decay in strawberries after 4 days at 20 degrees C. Significant differences in sugars and ascorbic acid content were found in ozone-treated strawberries. At the end of cold storage, the vitamin C content of ozonated strawberries was 3 times that of control fruits. A detrimental effect of ozone treatment on strawberry aroma was observed, with a 40% reduced emission of volatile esters in ozonated fruits.     

施钾对有些茄科作物产量和品质的影响

Over a period of two years,field experiments were conducted on wto silty loam soils grown with four solanaceous vegetable crops of geggplant(var.serpentinum Bailey),tomato(var.commune Bailey),sweet pepper(var.grossum Bailey) and chilli (var.lengum Bailey),respectively,Each experiment included four treatments with from low to high doses,0-450 kg ha^-1 for eggplant ,tomato and sweet pepper,and 0-270 kg ha^-1 for chilli,of K fertilizers in the from of sulfate of potash(SOP) applied together with N and P fertilizers. One CK treatment without K,N and P fertilzers applied and one treatment of K fertilizer in the form of muriate of potash(MOP) applied at the high level(450kg ha^-1) together with N and P fertilizers were included in the experiments of eggplant,in order to compare the effects of SOP and MOP,The fruit yields of the tested crops increased significantly with the increasing rate of K application.The crops supplied with K fertilizers yielded more stably as the CV% of their yields decreased with the rate of K application,The K fertilizers yielded more stably as the CV% of their yields decreased with the rate of K application,The dry matter and vitamin C contents in fruits of tomato,sweet pepper and chilli,and the sugar content and the titratable acidity level of tomato fruits were increased,and the S/A ratio( ratio of sugar content to titratable acidity) of tomato fruits were decreased by K fertilization,indicating that K fertilization could improve the fruit quality of the solanaceous vegetable crops.However,the high rate of Kfertilizer might lower the dry matter and vitamin C contents of tomato fruits and sewwt pepper fruits.SOP was more effective than MOP in increasing the yield and quality of eggplant fruits at the high fertilization rate;therefore,the choice of applying SOP may be better for high levels of K fertilization.     

硅酸钠处理对杏品质和风味物质的影响（英）

硅酸盐作为一种安全有效的物质,已被广泛用于果蔬等采后病害的控制,为了研究其处理对园艺产品品质的影响,该文以兰州“大接杏”（Armeniaca vulgaris Lam. cv. Lanzhou Dajie）为试验对象,在室温（22±2℃）下使用硅酸钠（10 mmol/L）化学诱抗处理,探讨硅酸盐对杏果实品质,特别是挥发性风味物质的影响。结果表明,硅酸钠处理可延缓果实硬度的下降和腐烂率的升高,在贮藏结束后,其分别是对照组的1.95倍和58%。并能够减少贮藏过程中可滴定酸、可溶性固形物及Vc含量的下降,但对果实总糖含量的影响不显著。采用固相微萃取（SPME）结合气相色谱质谱联用（GC-MS）的方法分离鉴定了“大接杏”果实的香气成分,共分离鉴定出超过100多种挥发性成分。硅酸钠处理样挥发性物质的释放总量低于对照。同时,处理后的杏果还表现出醛类物质、萜类物质和β-紫罗兰酮的释放增大和酯类物质的释放减少的现象。与对照相比,该处理能够更好地保持杏果实良好的品质,是一种可行的杏果保鲜处理方法。     

INFLUENCE OF NITROGEN FERTILIZATION ON NICKEL ACCUMULATION AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF COFFEE PLANTS DURING FRUIT DEVELOPMENT

Nutritional and physiological significance of micronutrients in coffee plants, especially with regard to nickel (Ni) is still unknown. The dynamics of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and Ni accumulation in coffee fruits, as well as their relationships with total soluble protein, amino acids, reducing sugars, and starch content during coffee fruit development (green, ripe, and dry fruits), were investigated. Coffee trees received three N fertilizer rates (0, 150, and 300 kg of N ha^?1) as ammonium sulfate split into three applications per year. Nitrogen fertilization increased reducing sugars and starch concentrations in ripe fruits. In contrast, green fruits showed the highest amino acid and Ni concentrations. Fruit Ni concentration decreased in both green and ripe fruits as N rates increased; thus, indicating the possibility of either a N-associated dilution effect on Ni concentration or that Ni uptake by roots and/or transport to developing fruit was limiting. Plant nutritional status and fruit development stage influenced the coffee grain chemical composition. Furthermore, the variation in reducing sugars and starch content was more closely linked to the stage of fruit development than to N supply. A supposed relationship among the decreased of caffeine, starch, amino acids, and proteins with Ni content during green fruit development suggests a fundamental role for Ni in coffee fruit ripening. The interaction between N and Ni metabolism during fruit ripening might influence the chemical parameters involved in the coffee grain quality. This is the first report documenting changes in Ni concentrations of coffee fruit as a function of N fertilization rates and the development stage, but further research is needed to better understand the significance of N-Ni interaction in developing coffee fruit.     

Irrigation with diluted seawater improves the nutritional value of cherry tomatoes

The aim of this study was to assess whether the nutritional value of cherry tomato can be improved by irrigating plants with diluted seawater (12%; EC = 10 mS/cm in comparison with a control at EC = 4 mS/cm). Berries of cherry tomato cv. Naomi were analyzed at the red-ripe stage for the contents of NADPH and NADP+ as well as for the amounts of the main antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid, lipoic acid, tocopherols, and phenolic acids. As compared to the controls, the fruits of salt-treated plants showed a higher titratable acidity and a higher concentration of reducing sugars. The fruits picked from tomato plants irrigated with diluted seawater produced berries characterized by a higher nutritional value. Following salinity, berries showed higher amounts of vitamin C, vitamin E, dihydrolipoic acid, and chlorogenic acid. It was hypothesized that protocatechuic, vanillic, caffeic, and ferulic acids were utilized to counteract the damaging effects of salinity-induced oxidative stress, allowing tomato fruits to maintain a high reduced status even following salinization.