光温敏核不育系Y58S群体育性转换临界温度的提纯研究

本研究选用光温敏核不育系Y58S生产用良种为材料,通过光温敏、温敏核不育水稻的繁殖和鉴定装置进行人工控温低温筛选。研究表明,群体中单株间育性转换的临界温度存在明显分离,随着筛选温度的降低和胁迫时间的延长,群体中仍保持稳定不育的单株减少,而育性恢复正常的单株急剧上升,说明群体中单株间对低温胁迫的耐受能力也存在差异。通过人工低温胁迫筛选可以有效地降低光温敏核不育系育性转换的临界温度和提高育性稳定性。     

水稻光温敏雄性核不育系的系谱分析

近年来, 我国两系杂交水稻快速发展, 截止2010年底, 共有427个两系组合通过审定。两系杂交水稻已经奠定了在我国水稻生产中的重要地位, 而光温敏核不育系是两系杂交水稻的基础。本文从实用性角度研究了1994年以来通过审定和获得新品种保护权的两系组合所涉及的130个光温敏核不育系, 分析了光温敏核不育系的基本来源和其中126个不育系的系谱。以原始光温敏核不育系为起点演绎了不育系之间的衍生关系, 介绍了大面积应用及获得新品种保护权的73个不育系的系谱, 归纳了新光温敏核不育系的育成途径。讨论了不育系育性转换的光温反应类型与其核不育基因来源的关系。提出利用光温敏核不育系开展分子生物学研究过程中, 有必要通过系谱分析不育系之间的衍生关系, 对不育系材料进行有针对性的选择。强调了促进光温敏核不育资源的开放与共享, 对加快实用性光温敏核不育系的选育, 积极应对两系杂交稻制种环境的变化具有重要的意义。     

浅谈光温敏核不育系选育策略

针对光温敏核不育系选育上存在的问题和难点，考虑其实用性，提出了光温敏核不育系选育策略。     

水稻的感光性、感温性与光温诱导雄性不育性之间的相关研究

以农垦58S等10个光温敏不育系为材料,研究了感光性、感温性与光温诱导雄性不育的相关关系。试验表明：光温敏核不育系同时存在光敏不育性与温敏不育性,它们之间呈显著的负相关;感光性与光敏不育性表现极显著正相关,与温敏不育性表现显著负相关;感温性与光敏不育性及与温敏不育性均无相关关系;不育期内同穗颖花间花粉育     

自然生态法鉴定水稻光温敏核不育系雄性不育起点温度的研究

本试验是将8个新水稻光温敏核不育系置于湖南怀化进行分期播种,让其在自然条件下充分表现,以选育出雄性不育起点温度低、育性稳定、综合农艺性状好、易于繁殖制种的水稻光温敏核不育系.结果表明:糯S、粳38S、C40S、9771S、德早S、H155S、怀4S雄性不育起点温度在23.5℃左右,而德es雄性不育起点温度在23.5℃～24℃之间.文章对水稻光温敏核不育系鉴定方法进行了探讨.     

光敏、温敏核不育水稻核不育基因等位性及基因对数的研究

以光敏核不育系农垦58S及其衍生的光敏核不育系7001S、温敏核不育系W6154S、增矮64S，以及温敏核不育系安农S－1及其衍生的温敏核不育系810S、安湘S、香125S为材料进行相互杂交，在长日高温条件下观察F1的育性，根据其可育性和不育性确定核不育基因的等位性。结果表明：7001S、W6154S、培矮64S与核不育基因供体农垦58S之间有等位点的核不育基因；但温敏核不育系W6154S与培矮64S之间，不具等位点的温敏核不育基因。该结果说明光敏核不育系农垦58S至少存在一对光敏核不育基因和两对温敏核不育基因，而且各对温敏核不育基因可独立遗传，在夏季高温条件下其不育性得到充分表达。安农S－1与其衍生的不育系之间以及衍生的不育系与不育系之间都具有等位点的温敏核不育基因。农垦58S及衍生的核不育系与安农S－1及衍生的核不育系之间没有等位点的核不育基因。     

高温胁迫导致水稻光温敏核不育系开颖与雌蕊受精障碍的研究进展

水稻光温敏核不育系开颖与雌蕊受精障碍是高温胁迫导致其制种产量降低的主要原因,阐明其机理并探究提高水稻光温敏核不育系耐热性的途径,对于减轻其高温伤害具有重要意义。本文综述了高温胁迫对水稻光温敏核不育系开颖、雌蕊受精以及影响抽穗的生理机制研究进展;并综述了激素与渗透调节和抗氧化系统的内在关系及其对高温胁迫下水稻光温敏核不育系开颖与雌蕊受精障碍的调控作用,展望了进一步探究高温胁迫导致水稻光温敏核不育系开颖与雌蕊受精障碍机理的研究方向,为提高两系杂交稻制种产量和指导水稻抗高温育种和栽培提供一定的理论依据。     

光敏核不育水稻在热带稻区的育性转换特性与利用研究

选用来自全国不同育种单位的各种类型光温敏核不育水稻材料，在海南省进行周年播种，对育性转换进行观测。试验表明，育性转换不同光温反应类型的品系在海南的育性转换存在很大差异，而同类不育系则表现了相同的转换趋势，其中育性转换可育上限温度高的高一低高型不育系在海南有明显的育性转换。由此，作者提出，低一低型和低一高型不育系在海南可以作为不育系用于水稻杂处优势利用，低一低型不育系可以考虑在海南繁殖，在海南冬繁时     

水稻光温敏核雄性不育系选育研究

作者通过总结从事水稻光温敏核雄性不育系选育实践，就光温敏核性不育基因来源，育性转换监界温度，世代选择方法以及实用型光温敏核雄性不育系应具备的几个重要农艺性状选择指标等方面阐述了自己的研究体会。     

影响温敏核不育水稻育性转换的低温敏感度QTL定位

光温敏核不育水稻的育性光温敏感度对两系杂交水稻的繁殖与制种有重要影响。为了定位影响温敏核不育水稻育性转换的低温敏感度QTL,以冷繁结实率存在明显差异的2个温敏核不育水稻N38S和N727S为亲本构建的F_2群体为作图群体,利用人工气候箱的低温处理和SSR标记技术,结合Mapmaker 3.0及WinQTLCart 2.5软件分析,检测低温敏感度QTL位点。结果显示,共检测到3个低温敏感度QTL,其中QTL1位于水稻第1染色体的PSM12与RM583之间,QTL2和QTL3分别位于第4染色体的PSM194与RM273之间和RM273与PSM103之间,它们加性效应均为负值,对育性转换的贡献率分别为7%,16%,3%。基于分子标记的位置信息可知,3个QTL位点与已定位的光温敏核不育水稻育性相关基因不等位。综上,QTL1、QTL2和QTL3可能是新基因位点,N727S携带的等位基因起到提高繁种产量的作用,在利用分子标记辅助选择时,应选择N727S的标记类型。这3个低温敏感度QTLs的定位可能对于温敏核不育水稻进行易于转育繁种的分子标记辅助选择具有重要意义。     

低温敏核不育系与光温敏核不育系杂交后代育性遗传的初步研究

go543S是低温诱导花粉不育的隐性核不育水稻,农垦58S是长日高温诱导花粉不育的隐性核不育水稻。为了研究诱导花粉不育条件相反的隐性不育基因之间的关系,用低温敏核不育水稻go543S与光温敏核不育水稻农垦58S以及由农垦58S衍生的光温敏核不育系7001S、培矮64S、长选3S配制4个杂种F₁,结果表明在自然长日高温、短日低温和不同人工光、温处理条件下杂交F₁的花粉均为不育,自交结实率为0,没有像go543S或农垦58S的育性转换期。分别用go543S、农垦58S作父本与杂种F₁回交,回交组合中像父本具有育性转换期的不育株的比例约50%,与杂种F₁一样的终生不育株约50%,符合隐性基因回交1∶1的分离比。     

Modified complementation test of male sterility mutants in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.): preliminary study to convert male sterility system from GMS to CMS

The male sterility system in hybrid seed production can eliminate the cost of emasculation and ensure seed hybridity through avoidance of self pollination. GMS and CMS are two types of male sterility system that currently employed in pepper breeding. Conversion from GMS to CMS will increase the male sterility proportion of female parent from 50 to 100%. In this study, segregation analysis of four male sterile mutants consisting of one CMS mutant (CA1) and three GMS mutants (GA1, GA3 and GA4) showed that each had single recessive gene inheritance. A modified complementation test was performed by replacing male sterile mutants with their maintainer line as male parent. The nuclear restorer gene for CMS was independent of all nuclear restorer genes for GMS and all nuclear restorer genes for GMS were independent each other. Further observation on CMS and GMS male sterility loci revealed that GA1 and GA3 had mutated in both nuclear restorer genes for CMS and GMS, while CA1 and GA4 each carried mutation in single male sterility system of nuclear restorer gene for CMS and GMS, respectively. Conversion from GMS to CMS in the case of lines carried mutations in both sterility systems required only S-type cytoplasm donor, while lines carried mutation in single nuclear restorer gene for GMS required not only S-type cytoplasm but also rf allele donors. The important finding is the broader function of maintainer line in certain male sterility system that can be used as a maintainer or restorer line for other male sterility systems. We also confirmed that line CC1 is the general restorer for both CMS and GMS systems.     

Applications of Genie Male Sterility in Plant Breeding

The possible applications of genie male sterility (GMS) in plant breeding arc reviewed and discussed. The basic contribution of GMS is that it provides a means of genetic emasculation which can be applied for the massive production of hybrids. There are two main fields of application: (1) the production of hybrid varieties and (2) inter- and intraspecific hybridization and back-crossing programmes for the introduction of genetic variation into crop varieties. Several schemes have been proposed for using GMS in hybrid breeding in different crops. These are discussed under four headings: genetic methods, cy-togenetic methods, temporary restoration of fertility and manual pollination. The application of GMS in hybridization intended for the introduction of alien genes is discussed as well as factors affecting the pollination of genie male steriles.     

Genetic investigation and cytological comparison of two genic male sterile lines 9012A and MSL in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Brassica napus</Emphasis> L.

Genic male sterility (GMS) is one of the effective pollination control systems in hybrid rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) breeding. The recessive GMS lines 9012A and Lembke (MSL) have made a great contribution to the utilization of heterosis in rapeseed. Cytological observation and genetic investigation were employed to reveal anther abortion characters and genetic relationship of 9012A and MSL. Cytological and transmission electron microscopy observation revealed that anther abortion of 9012A and MSL initiated at the microsporocyte stage, both lines showed premature or retarded degradation of tapetum. Some anthers in 9012A developed to the microspore stage since their tapetal cells changed to the secretory type. However, MSL anthers did not progress to the tetrad stage, since the tapetum did not change to the secretory type. Genetic investigation revealed that MSL and 9012A had the same temporary maintainer system, while their cytoplasm types were different. The cytoplasm of MSL was similar to Cam while 9012A was similar to Nap type. The results laid a solid foundation for utilization of the two male sterile lines in rapeseed hybrid breeding.     

甘蓝型油菜隐性上位互作核不育系统不育系材料选育中常见的育性分离及基因型判断

隐性上位互作核不育授粉控制系统是甘蓝型油菜杂种优势利用安全、高效的授粉控制系统,因其育性稳定、恢复源广等优点,在油菜杂交育种中越来越受到重视。根据隐性上位互作核不育系的遗传机理,结合多年从事隐性上位互作核不育三系选育的育种实践,梳理出在甘蓝型油菜隐性上位互作核不育系材料选育中,自交或杂交下一代常见的不育株分离比例,并依据遗传机理推断其基因型,从而为育种工作者明晰育种思路和育种方法,提高育种效率。     

水稻广亲和性的鉴定与研究

选用9个待测广亲和系，并以4个标准测验品种和7个光（温）敏核不育系为亲和性测验种，按NCII交配设计配制99个组合。根据亲本的籼稻分类地位和F1杂种结实率对待测广亲和系的广亲和性进行了鉴定与研究。标准测验品种检验表明，培矮64、CPSLO-17、02428具有广亲和性，轮回422、培C311、CY8543具有一定的广亲和性，皖恢9号、早轮     

Breeding a genie and cytoplasmic double-MS line of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)

All rapeseed lines with Polima male sterility (MS) that are applied in hybrid cultivars have the problem that their sterility varies with temperature. To overcome this problem, two double-MS lines with genie (GMS) as well as cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) genes were synthesized through seven generations of breeding, based on a systematic study of changes in fertility of the genie and cytoplasmic male sterility lines. The fertility of the new sterility lines was determined by observation of the floral organs and by pollen staining. The results showed that, in the double-MS lines, half the plants maintained the features of the Polima CMS line, while the other half behaved like the GMS line. The GMS genes were correctly expressed in the Pol cytoplasm, but there was little interaction between the GMS and CMS genetic systems.     

Effects of supplementary pollination on cropping success and fruit quality in pistachio

The effects of pollen supplementation in pistachio orchards using an electrostatic pollination device were investigated in a 3‐year study (1996‐98) in San Joaquin Valley, California, USA. Both yield and fruit quality (per cent split fruit) were tested in several experiments. Applying smaller amounts of pollen (1.5 g per tree in early application only in 1996 or 0.5 g in two applications in 1997) resulted in higher yields than with open pollination or supplementary pollination using larger amounts of pollen (1.5 g per tree in four applications in 1996 or 1.0 g in two applications in 1997). Applying 1.0 g pollen in two applications in 1998 resulted in decreased yields compared with open pollination or non‐electrostatic pollination. Pollen germinability on the stigma was greatest for open pollination suggesting that overloading the stigmas with pollen in supplementary pollination may not only reduce yield but also increase competition between pollen grains. The per cent split fruit significantly increased only once in 1996. When pollination is a limiting factor, electrostatic pollination of pistachio can increase yield and may even increase fruit quality. However, when pollination is not a limiting factor, electrostatic pollination may even reduce yield.     

胞质雄性不育和核雄性不育辣椒内源激素含量的变化

采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定和比较分析了CMS和GMS辣椒不育系(株)和相应保持系(可育株)花蕾和叶片中的内源IAA,Z ZR,GA3,ABA含量及比值的变化。结果表明,CMS雄性不育系和保持系花蕾中IAA,Z ZR,GA3和ABA含量的变化趋势与GMS不育株和可育株间变化趋势基本相同,即不育系(株)IAA,Z ZR,GA3和ABA含量低于保持系(可育株);叶片中Z ZR,GA3和ABA含量变化趋势GMS和CMS也基本一致,即不育系(株)中的含量高于保持系(可育株);花蕾中IAA/ABA,(Z ZR)/ABA,GA3/ABA激素比例的变化GMS与CMS也相同,即不育系(株)比值小于保持系(可育株)。说明虽然GMS和CMS辣椒控制雄性不育的基因不同,但在调节雄性不育时激素的变化规律大多相同,辣椒雄性不育在生理生化机理上可能存在一些相同的特点。     

应用基因型与播期互作效应分析水稻光温敏核不育系对光周期和温度的育性敏感性

应用AMMI模型、线性回归模型和系统聚类分析方法分析了9个水稻光温敏核不育系和2个对照不育系(培矮64,浙农大11S),在9个播期环境下花粉和种子育性的变化动态。从AMMI两维图可直观看到基因型与播期的交互模式,根据最大互作效应主成分轴IPCA1值和花粉育性平均值将不育系分成3个集团。第1集团是培矮64(1),浙大21S（10）和浙大22S（11）,具有较低花粉育性平均值和较高IPCA1值,表明它们对温度变化比较敏感,且有较大的负向互作效应。第2集团是浙农大11S（2）、浙大4S（3）、浙大7S（6）、浙大8S（7）和浙大9S（8）,其花粉育种平均值和互作值相对较低,变动在0.013-0.276间,暗示花粉育性对播期敏感度低。第3集团是浙大6S（5）和浙大10S（9）,花粉育性平均值高,互作效应大,该2个不育系尚有分离,且花粉育性对播期反映敏感度高。对光敏型和温敏型不育系而言,基因型IPCA值大小主要反映它们对光周期和温度敏感性强弱。花粉和种子育性在基因型、播期及其互作效应上都存在极显著差异。本文还提出利用育性相对稳定性的定量指标D_i界定光温敏核不育的育性稳定性,分析表明,Di值与育种实践结果较为接近。基于AMMI模型的基因型主效应和互作效应分析可以明确划分不育系的不育期、育性转换期和可育期,并将水稻光敏型温敏型不育系区分开,因而该模型可为不育系应用于种子生产提供信息和依据。