赤水河主要经济鱼类重金属含量及风险评价

为了解赤水河鱼体重金属富集现状及其潜在的生态风险和食品安全,测定了赤水河茅台江段和赤水江段的黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)、蛇鮈(Saurogobio dabryi)和大口鲇(Silurus meriordinalis)肌肉和肝脏中的重金属含量。分别使用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Fe、Cr和Mn的含量,原子荧光光度法测定As和Hg的含量。结果表明:大口鲇肌肉中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Fe、Cr和Hg的含量高于黄颡鱼和蛇鮈,3种鱼类肝脏中的重金属含量均高于肌肉。所有鱼体肌肉中的重金属含量均低于国家标准,但大口鲇肌肉中Pb和Cd的含量高于欧盟委员会标准。危害指数分析表明:赤水河野生鱼类食用的人体健康风险较小。重金属单因子污染指数的结果表明赤水河鱼体Pb和Cd的污染程度较高,赤水河存在潜在的重金属污染风险。     

Assessment of Levels and Potential Health Risk of Heavy Metals in Water and Selected Fish Species from the Benue-Niger River Confluence,Lokoja, Nigeria

The concentrations of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and iron (Fe) in water and selected fish species (Oreochromis nilzinc (oticus and Clarias gariepinus) from Benue-Niger River Confluence, Nigeria were investigated. The water and fish sample digests were quantified using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The study aimed to assess any possible human health risk associated with water and fish consumption from the selected geographical area. The concentration of the metals in the surface water ranged from 0.007 to 0.039, 0.106 to 0.240, 0.092 to 0.0164, 0.682 to 0.878, 0.058 to 0.309, and 0.136 to 1.645 mg/L for Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, and Zn, respectively, while the concentrations of the metals, Cd, Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn, and Fe in these fish species ranged from 0.034 to 0.679, 0.500 to 1.75, 0.152 to 0.351, 0.36 to 1.01, 5.32 to 7.41, and 4.25 to 9.17 mg/kg, respectively. Cd, Cr, and Pb levels in fish were higher than the provisional tolerable weekly intake of 7, 1.5, and 25 μg/kg bw, respectively, according to the World Health Organization. Dry season values of the metals in water samples were higher, and sharptooth catfish had higher amounts of the metals. The hazard quotient (HQ) for Cd indicated a possible potential health concern with fish consumption from this area.     

陕西大宗鱼类养殖水域环境现状及质量状况评价

摘 要 2008、2009年,对陕西大宗淡水鱼类养殖水域12项水质参数（pH、TN、TP、CODMn、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Hg、石油类、挥发酚和非离子氨）进行了监测,采用单因子比较法和污染指数法进行了评价。结果表明：陕西大宗淡水鱼类养殖水域不同程度地受到pH、非离子氨、TN、TP、CODMn、Cu、Zn、Hg和Pb等9项指标的污染。主要污染物为非离子氨、TP、TN和CODMn,两年中这4项污染物超标范围均占监测水域的70%以上,在所监测指标中负荷比占到89.5%和80.8%;非离子氨是最主要的污染物,两年中其单项污染指数I（20.2、5.80）和负荷比Q（57.37%、27.70%）均居首位,其次是TN（I：4.69、5.28;Q：13.3%、25.2%）、TP（I：4.05、4.13;Q：11.5%、19.7%）。Hg、Cu、Zn、Pb的超标范围较小;石油类、挥发性酚和Cd在所监测水域均未超标。2009年陕西大宗淡水鱼类养殖水域污染程度比2008年有所减缓,但所监测参数分别在两年间的差异均不显著（P＞0.05）。慎防非离子氨中毒,开展总磷、总氮污染的治理应该是陕西大宗淡水鱼类养殖中首要解决的环境问题。     

Fish-farming water quality and environmental concerns in Argentina: a regional approach

In spite of the steady increase in fish farming in Argentina, studies on water quality are scarce. Eight fish farms from two different regions in the northeast and east of Argentina were studied to explore source and effluent water quality. Ammonium (NH₄ ⁺), nitrate (NO₃ ⁻), and nitrite (NO₂ ⁻) levels were measured. High nitrate concentrations in water source were observed in the eastern region farms. An increase in NH₄ ⁺, NO₃ ⁻, and NO₂ ⁻ in effluent water was determined in most of the sampled farms. Heavy metals (i.e., cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, manganese, nickel, and zinc) and arsenic concentrations were analyzed. Heavy metal concentrations were below the detection limit in the northern region. However, As was detected in the water source of five farms and was over the recommended limit (100 μgl⁻¹) for aquaculture in one. An increase in Mn and Zn concentrations in effluent water was observed in two farms. The lack of treatment of the effluent water in these farms leads to an increase of nutrients and heavy metal concentrations in the surrounding areas. Environmental effects of fish-farming practices in Argentina are discussed.     

Effect of arsenic (As) and lead (Pb) on glycogen content and on the activities of selected enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism in freshwater catfish,Heteropneustes fossilis

Heavy metals show a wide range of effect on fishes, out of which arsenic (As) and lead (Pb) are among the leading heavy metal toxicants. These heavy metals are known to alter different biochemical parameters, including glycogen level, in different tissues of fishes. Glycogen level in fish serves as the main source of energy; hence, in this study, the acute toxicity test of As and Pb and their effect on the glycogen content and the enzymes involved therein (glycogen phosphorylase, glycogen synthase, hexokinase, phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase) were studied in the liver and muscle tissues of Heteropneustes fossilis. The 96 h LC50 values of As2O3 and PbCl2 on H. fossilis were found to be 35.09 ppm and 66.20 ppm, respectively. On acute exposure to 96 h LC50 values of As2O3 and PbCl2, the glycogen concentration showed a gradual decrease in both liver and muscle tissues of H. fossilis. However, on chronic exposure (LC50/20th ppm), the glycogen content in liver and muscle of H. fossilis was depleted till 20 days; whereas after 30 days, the glycogen level was recovered in both the tissues. The activities of glycogen metabolic enzymes (glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase) and few selected glycolytic enzymes (hexokinase, phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase) were also altered in H. fossilis when exposed to acute and chronic concentration of As2O3 and PbCl2. Our present results showed that As and Pb induced toxicity stress on the catfish, H. fossilis, which might have caused to alter the carbohydrate metabolism in the fish.     

Histopathological alterations in Senegal sole, Solea Senegalensis, from a polluted Huelva estuary (SW, Spain)

As a component of a large research project to evaluate the effects of contaminants on fish health in the field, histopathological studies have been conducted to help establish causal relationship between pollutants (heavy metals and aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons—PAHs) and histopathological responses in Senegal sole, Solea senegalensis, from an estuary of SW Spain. Heavy metals (As, Zn, Cd, Pb, Cu and Fe) and 16 PAHs (proprietary USEPA) concentrations in water, sediment and tissues (liver and gills) and histopathological alterations in S. senegalensis from three sampling sites of Ria de Huelva estuary during 2004–2006 years have been analysed. The histopathological studies revealed seasonal and spatial differences in the lesion grade of alterations observing the highest lesion grades in fish from Odiel River and autumn season. No significant differences were observed in the alterations prevalence between sampling sites, but significant differences were observed between seasons observing the highest prevalence in autumn season. However, calculated IPAT demonstrated a low–moderate impact of pollutants on health fish. Correlations between histopathological alterations and pollutants analysed were observed being heavy metals the group that presented a major number of correlations with alterations in several organs of S. senegalensis. In evaluating the general health of fish, the use of histopathological studies in recommended for making more reliable assessment of biochemical responses in fish exposed to a variety of environmental stressors. Statistical analysis using semiquantitative data on pathological lesions can help to establish correlation between cause (stressor) and effect (biomarker).     

Cypermethrin induced stress and changes in growth of freshwater fish Oreochromis niloticus

Bioassays were conducted with technical grade and commercial formulation of cypermethrin using freshwater fish Oreochromis niloticus as the test fish. The technical grade cypermethrin contained 92% active ingredient (a.i.) and the commercial formulation was an emulsified concentrate (EC) containing 10% a.i. (10% EC). Based on the actual concentration in water (2 h), the commercial formulation was found to be more acutely toxic to O. niloticus (96-h LC50 = 4.85 μg/L) than the technical grade cypermethrin (96-h LC50 = 9.74 μg/L). Exposure to sub-lethal concentrations (1.25, 2.5 μg/L) of commercial cypermethrin for 96 h produced stress on the fish, which was evident from the reduction of hepatic glycogen, reduction in the activities of alkaline phosphatase, acetylcholinesterase and catalase in liver and elevation of plasma glucose level and activities of hepatic acid phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase. Exposure to these concentrations of cypermethrin for 14–28 days produced anaemia in fish. Long-term exposure (90 days) of the fish to these concentrations reduced the growth and deposition of protein and lipid in the body of fish as compared to control. It is concluded from this study that even minute concentration (1.25 μg/L) of cypermethrin (10% EC) in water can produce stress on fish. Long term exposure to such concentration of cypermethrin may also affect growth of the fish.     

Effect of cage culture environment on farmed fish in terms of metal accumulation

Metal pressure under farm conditions was examined on the gill and muscle tissues of farmed Sparus aurata and compared with their wild counterparts (Sparus aurata, Trachurus trachurus, Mullus barbatus). Al, Mn, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn accumulation amounts in gill tissue of farmed fish were 28.821, 37.620, 0.136, 0.300, 3.730, 2.441, 3.222, 2.474 and 127.494 mg/kg respectively. Among them, Cd, Cr, Cu and Pb concentrations in gill tissue of farmed fish were higher than that in wild fishes. Metal depositions in muscle tissue of farmed fish were far below that in the gill tissue. The accumulated Al (6.700 mg/kg) in the muscle tissue of farmed fish was higher than in wild ones. The results showed that metal accumulation levels (especially Cd, Cr, Cu and Pb) in the gill tissue of farmed fish indicate metal pressure under captive conditions. Furthermore, the calculated hazard index (HI) and total hazard index (THI) of the considered elements in the edible part of farmed fish were below the level considered safe, which elucidates that farmed fish do not pose any threat to the human consumer in terms of metal toxicity.     

长江朱杨江段几种鱼类体内重金属铅、镉和铬含量的研究

2010年7-10月和2011年4月在长江干流朱杨江段采集8种鱼样本,其中瓦氏黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus vach-elli)、鲤鱼(Cyprinus carpio)、鲇(Silus asotus)、圆筒吻鮈(Rhinogobio cylindricus)、大眼鳜(Siniperca kneri)和鲫鱼(Cyprinus auratus)等6种鱼的3龄样本4～8尾,铜鱼1～4龄样本32尾,圆口铜鱼1～3龄样本38尾。对各样本体内铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、铬(Cr)的含量进行了检测。结果显示,所有鱼体样本体内均检测到存在这3种重金属离子。其中3龄组鱼体内Pb的平均含量为(1.885～2.731)μg/g,Cd的平均含量为(0.107～0.236)μg/g,Cr的平均含量为(0.514～0.918)μg/g。8种鱼类体内所含Pb和Cd均超过我国食品安全标准,而Cr含量均未超标。对铜鱼和圆口铜鱼不同年龄组间的Pb、Cd和Cr含量进行了比较。Pb在铜鱼3龄组体内的含量与2龄组差异不显著(P>0.05),但显著高于1龄组(P<0.05);2龄组和1龄组之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。Pb在圆口铜鱼3龄组的含量显著高于2龄和1龄组(P<0.05),但2龄和1龄组之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。Cd和Cr在两种鱼各自不同年龄组间差异均不显著(P>0.05)。回归分析显示,Pb在铜鱼和圆口铜鱼体内的含量与体长或体重均存在着极显著正相关关系(P<0.01),Cd的含量与体长或体重之间仅在圆口铜鱼中存在显著正相关关系(P<0.05);而在这两种鱼中Cr的含量与体长或体重之间的相关性均不显著(P>0.05)。结果显示,长江朱杨江段该8种鱼体均受到重金属Pb和Cd污染;Pb在铜鱼和圆口铜鱼体内的含量表现出了随年龄增长而增加的生物积累作用,Cd仅在圆口铜鱼中表现出了与年龄相关的生物累积作用。     

南海北部海域经济鱼类的重金属含量与分布研究

研究了南海北部海域经济鱼类的重金属Ｃｕ、Ｐｂ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｄ、Ｃｒ和Ｎｉ等的含量与分布。结果表明，重金属在鱼体不同器官组织中的分布是不均衡的，肌肉中的重金属含量最低；底层鱼类的重金属含量相对较高；肉食性鱼类的Ｃｄ含量较高，但其余５种金属含量与鱼类食性的关系不明显；近海鱼类的重金属含量与河口咸淡水鱼类的重金属含量之间无显著差异；经济鱼类受重金属污染的影响不明显，其食用价值尚未受影响。     

Cadmium detoxification effect of Chinese parsley Coriandrum sativum in liver and kidney of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss

Although fish feed supplemented with Chinese parsley (CP), Coriandrum sativum, does not affect the health of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, it has the remarkable effect of reducing the uptake of Cd (12–17% compared with controls without CP). Here, we measured the change in the amount of metallothionein (MT) in the liver and kidney using gel permeation chromatography-high-performance liquid chromatography (TSK GEL SW 3000 column). The increase in MT content over time in the Cd-fed groups corresponded to the change in Cd accumulation. Gel permeation was performed with soluble fractions from the fish liver and kidney, and changes in the Cd, Cu, and Zn concentrations over time for each fraction, and the relationship between the form of Cd that accumulated in tissues and its toxicity were measured. A nontoxic MT fraction of 7,000 Da and a high-molecular-weight fraction of approximately 60,000 Da were isolated from the soluble fractions. The induction of nontoxic MT–Cd was higher in the CP-supplemented groups than in the control groups. The synergetic actions of several compounds in CP may contribute to bind MT, thereby preventing accumulation of harmful heavy metals and essential metals in fish.     

辽东湾近岸表层海水重金属污染分析与评价

根据2013年春季、夏季和秋季对辽东湾近岸表层海水重金属的调查数据,分析了该调查区域海水重金属浓度的季节变化,并运用内梅罗(Nemerow)指数法和综合质量指数法对该海域海水重金属污染状况进行了综合评价.结果显示,辽东湾调查海域表层海水中重金属浓度夏季最高,仅Pb超过第一类海水水质标准,且Pb的站位超标率为66.67％.按照美国国家海洋与大气管理局(National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,NOAA)推荐的海水中重金属生物慢性安全浓度下限,仅Cu在个别站位的浓度高于NOAA推荐的生物慢性安全浓度下限,其余所有元素的浓度均未超出,不会对生物体产生显著影响.内梅罗指数法和综合质量指数法评价结果显示,辽东湾调查海域属于清洁-轻污染等级,水环境分级属于尚清洁-允许级别,重金属污染较重的区域主要有3个,分别是绥中近岸海域、辽东湾北部河口区、复州湾和金州湾近岸海域.     

废弃砷矿区周边生态系统的重金属分布特征及污染评价

研究废弃砷矿影响下水库及周边生态系统中重金属分布特征和生物污染状况,可为土壤和水生态修复及治理提供参考数据。2019年夏季采集了粤北某水库的动物、植物和水样,测定了砷(As)、镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)、铬(Cr)、汞(Hg)共5种重金属含量,采用单因子污染指数法和均方根综合指数法进行污染评价。结果显示,水中重金属含量沿矿口到水库一线下降明显,As含量最高,为0.0980～1.0010 mg/L;农作物中,重金属综合污染指数由高到低依次为:As>Cr>Pb>Hg=Cd,As污染程度从大到小依次为:白菜(中度污染)>花生(中度污染)>番薯(中度污染)>南瓜(轻度污染);乡土植物中,凤尾蕨对As富集效果明显,平均含量达1286.4234 mg/kg;5种重金属在水生生物中综合污染指数由高到低依次为:As>Pb>Cd>Cr>Hg,3种水生生物重金属综合污染指数由高到低为:河蚌(轻度污染)>太阳鱼(轻度污染)>鲤(轻度污染)。研究表明,受粤北地区重金属高背景值和砷矿的影响,水库生态系统已存在轻微的生态风险,植物和动物处于轻度污...     

上海地区池塘沉积物中氮、磷、有机碳及重金属风险评价

为综合评估上海地区池塘沉积物环境质量状况,2016-2019年对上海地区36个养殖场池塘采集沉积物样品360个,检测和分析沉积物中总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）、总有机碳（TOC）及重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr、Hg和As含量。研究结果表明,池塘0~10 cm层和10~20 cm层沉积物中TN、TP、TOC及各重金属均值分布无显著差异（P>0.05）,0~20 cm层沉积物（干重）中TN、TP和TOC平均含量分别为（873.37±352.45）mg/kg、（685.66±199.66）mg/kg和（6.62±3.05）mg/g,三者相关性显著。综合污染指数法和有机指数法评价结果表明,池塘沉积物中氮和有机物质的累积量较低,磷累积量相对较高,均低于其他地区高产池塘。池塘沉积物中Cr、Cd、Cu和Hg样品超标率分别为6.42%、3.21%、4.13%和1.38%,Zn、Pb和As无超标现象。地质累积指数、潜在生态危害指数法和一致性沉积物质量基准评价结果表明,上海地区池塘沉积物中重金属整体上处于清洁等级、低潜在生态危害状态,预测不会引发生物毒性效应。     

Ca~(2+)对鱼类EOG的影响及其解毒作用的探讨

研究四种浓度Ca~(2+)溶液对罗非鱼嗅电图(electro-olfactogram,简称EOG)的影响,探讨Ca~(2+)对重金属中毒鱼的解毒效应,并讨论其可能机制。结果表明,①Ca~(2+)对罗非鱼EOG具双重效应;②Ca~(2+)能使重金属中毒鱼的EOG幅值增高,反映其具有一定的解毒作用,效果顺序为Hg~(2+)>Cu~(2+)>Zn~(2+)>Cd~(2+);③Ca~(2+)对Cu~(2+)+Zn~(2+)混合液也具一定解毒作用。     

微山湖水域重金属分布特征及水质评价

2010年4月对山东微山湖6种重金属分布特征进行研究,结果表明,Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Ni、Cd平均含量分别为0.035 9、0.148 0、0.112 0、0.038 0、0.040 0、0.003 7 mg/L;总体表现为运河区>河口区>养殖区。相关分析表明,6种重金属含量具有较强的相关性。逐步回归分析发现,不同重金属受总悬浮物、有机悬浮物、无机悬浮物的影响程度存在较大差异。对微山湖重金属污染现状进行分析表明,Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni、Cd、Cr平均超标倍数分别为2.59、1.35、0.61、0.07、0.02、0倍;超标率分别为100%、60%、70%、20%、20%、0;微山湖重金属污染达到重度污染水平,Cu、Pb为主要的污染元素。     

湄洲湾牡蛎体重金属和石油烃的含量及评价

本文利用1998年4月和8月据湄湾环境调查资料,分析了牡蛎体重金属和石油烃的含量及分布。结果表明:湄洲湾福建炼油厂码头(上西)附近海域,牡蛎体重金属和石油烃的含量明显高于湾内其他养殖区。Cu、Cd、Zn 和石油烃的含量分布呈湾西岸水域>湾东岸水域>湾口水域。牡蛎体Cu污染指数的范围和平均值分别为0.17-0.88和0.30,属微污染到轻污染水平。Pb、Cd、Zn污染指数的范围和平均值分别为0.008-0.09、0.06-0.24、0.03-0.13和0.05、0.13、0.08,总体上属清洁水平。     

Element concentrations in meals from krill and amphipods, — Possible alternative protein sources in complete diets for farmed fish

In the marine environment, organisms from lower trophic levels seem as a good alternative to the traditional meal and oil sources. In the present study, meals were produced from Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba), Arctic krill (Thysanoessa inermis) and the Arctic amphipod Themisto libellula. Diets were then prepared for Atlantic salmon and Atlantic cod where up to 100% of the fish meal protein was replaced by protein from these organisms. Concentrations of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg) and lead (Pb) were determined by ICP-MS in the various krill and amphipod meals, complete diets and muscle samples from fish fed these diets. The element concentrations were related to growth and general fish health as well as present EU legislations on feed ingredients and complete diets. The cod showed no difference in growth during the trial, while salmon fed diets where 40% of the fish meal protein was replaced with Arctic krill or amphipod meal shoved improved SGR during the first period of feeding (first 100 days). No adverse effects on growth rate or fish health were observed in any fish species or treatment. Nevertheless, high levels of Cu were found in the meal from Antarctic krill (46 mg kg^− 1 dry matter (dm)) resulting in a dietary level of Cu exceeding the upper limit for complete feedingstuff set by EU. Furthermore, the Cd level found in the meal from amphipod (12 mg kg^− 1 dm) was 6 times higher than EU's upper limit. This indicates limitations for the use of certain zooplanktons as alternative protein sources in feed for farmed fish, unless future processing methods yield lower levels of these unwanted elements.     

Mineral composition of some commercial fish feeds available in Europe

The concentrations of 14 mineral elements (Na, K, Ca, P, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Co, Cr, Ni, Cd and Pb), together with pH, moisture, ash and NaCl content, were determined in 38 feeds commonly available in Europe for trout (starter, fingerling, grower, brood), salmon (starter, fingerling, grower), eel (grower), and larval fishes.Large differences in the mineral composition, particularly the trace elements Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Co and Pb, exist within and between the different feed categories tested. The results obtained are discussed in the context of available information on the dietary mineral requirements of these fish species.     

长春市市售9种鱼类中重金属含量分析及健康风险评价

为了解长春市居民日常消费的9种鱼类的重金属污染水平并评估其健康风险,利用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱仪(ICP-OES)法对长春市出售的鲫(Carassius carassius)、鲤(Cyprinus carpio)和草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)等9种鱼类中的Pb、Cd、Cr、Zn和Cu 5种重金属进行了检测。采用单因子污染指数法(Pi)、综合污染指数法(MPI)和目标危险系数法(THQ)对其污染程度及食用健康风险进行评价。Pi指数表明:Cu、Cd、Cr在各种鱼类中均未出现超标现象,而9种鱼类肌肉中Pb均呈现不同程度的污染,乌鳢(Channa argus)、鲶(Loricariidae)和黄颡鱼(Pseudobagrus fulvidraco)肌肉中的Pb呈重污染水平。MPI结果显示:不同食性鱼类重金属富集程度有差异,肉食性和杂食性鱼类重金属污染水平高于草食性鱼类。鱼类的单一和复合重金属健康风险指数均小于1,长春市市售鱼类食用安全性较好,对人群健康风险不明显。