肌醇对哲罗鲑生长性能、体成分及消化酶活性的影响

为了探讨肌醇对哲罗鲑(Hucho taimen)生长性能、体成分及消化酶活性的影响, 以鱼粉、明胶和酪蛋白为蛋白源配制肌醇含量为99.8(不添加肌醇)、199.8、299.8、499.8、699.8、899.8和5 099.8 mg/kg的7种饲料, 分别投喂7个处理组, 每组3个重复, 每重复30尾鱼, 进行为期56 d的饲养实验。结果表明, 投喂肌醇含量为499.8 mg/kg饲料组的增重率最大, 且与添加量低于299.8 mg/kg的3个饲料组差异显著(P<0.05)。饲料系数在499.8 mg/kg饲料组最低, 在5 099.8 mg/kg饲料组最高, 两组间差异显著(P<0.05)。肌醇含量为499.8~899.8 mg/kg饲料组的特定生长率显著高于99.8~299.8 mg/kg及5 099.8 mg/kg饲料组(P<0.05)。肌肉中水分、粗脂肪和粗蛋白各组间差异不显著(P>0.05), 肝淀粉酶、幽门盲囊脂肪酶活性各组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。肠道蛋白酶活性在肌醇含量为199.8~499.8 mg/kg饲料组较高, 显著高于其他组(P<0.05), 脂肪酶活性在299.8~899.8 mg/kg饲料组高于99.8 mg/kg饲料组(P<0.05)。由此得出, 饲料中适量添加肌醇可提高哲罗鲑的生长性能及消化酶活性; 肌醇含量过低时哲罗鲑增重率、消化酶活性均较低; 肌醇含量过高时哲罗鲑特定增长率、消化酶活性较低, 饲料系数较高; 以增重率为指标由折线回归模型分析得出, 肌醇的最适含量为536.6 mg/kg饲料。

     

鲢抗菌肽Hepcidin的基因克隆和表达及抑菌活性分析

利用同源克隆的方法从鲢（Hypophthalmichthys molitrix）的肝脏中克隆出抗菌肽Hepcidin cDNA（GenBank登入号KF312213）后,通过pET32a（+）构建含抗菌肽Hepcidin的重组质粒的pET-Hep/Rosetta菌株,在37 ℃、28 ℃和16 ℃下分别用0.5 mmolL-1和1.0 mmolL-1 IPTG诱导表达,产物用Ni SepharoseTM亲和层析柱纯化并进行体外抑菌试验。鲢Hepcidin cDNA总长度755 bp,ORF为282 bp,5'UTR为108 bp,3'UTR为365 bp,编码93氨基酸,信号肽24个氨基酸,前域42个氨基酸和成熟肽27个氨基酸。pET-Hep/Rosetta在28 ℃和16 ℃主要是可溶性表达,37 ℃主要是包涵体表达。纯化的产物经15% SDS-PAGE电泳验证为目的产物。目的产物、pET32/Rosetta产物以及氟苯尼考的体外抑菌试验表明,目的表达产物对无乳链球菌（Streptococcus agalactiae）、金黄色葡萄球菌（Staphylococcus aureus）、嗜水气单胞菌（Aeromonas hydrophila)等具有很好的抑菌效果。     

鲢抗菌肽 Hepcidin 的基因克隆和表达及抑菌活性分析

利用同源克隆的方法从鲢（Hypophthalmichthys molitrix）的肝脏中克隆出抗菌肽 Hepcidin cDNA（GenBank 登入号 KF312213）后,通过 pET32a（＋）构建含抗菌肽 Hepcidin 的重组质粒的 pET-Hep/ Rosetta 菌株,在37℃、28℃和16℃下分别用0.5 mmol·L -1和1.0 mmol·L -1 IPTG 诱导表达,产物用 Ni SepharoseTM 亲和层析柱纯化并进行体外抑菌试验。鲢 Hepcidin cDNA 总长度755 bp,ORF 为282 bp,5′UTR 为108 bp,3′UTR 为365 bp,编码93氨基酸,信号肽24个氨基酸,前域42个氨基酸和成熟肽27个氨基酸。pET-Hep/ Rosetta 在28℃和16℃主要是可溶性表达,37℃主要是包涵体表达。纯化的产物经15％ SDS-PAGE 电泳验证为目的产物。目的产物、pET32/Rosetta 产物以及氟苯尼考的体外抑菌试验表明,目的表达产物对无乳链球菌（ Streptococcus agalactiae）、金黄色葡萄球菌（Staphylococcus aureus）、嗜水气单胞菌（Aeromonas hydrophila）等具有很好的抑菌效果。     

短期饥饿胁迫对(鱼免)幼鱼的生长、生化组成及其消化酶活力的影响

以(鱼免)(Miichthys miiuy)幼鱼为实验动物,研究短期饥饿对其生长、生化组成及消化酶活力的影响实验.结果表明,随着饥饿时间的延长,(鱼免)幼鱼全长、体质量、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、糖类的含量和能值均逐渐减少.实验期间粗蛋白、粗脂肪、糖类的质量分数和能值的变化与饥饿时间呈负相关关系(P＜0.01);粗蛋白、粗脂肪和糖类的质量分数变化与能值呈正相关关系(P＜0.01);分析认为,蛋白质是影响饥饿期间(鱼免)幼鱼肌肉能值变化的主要含能物质.粗蛋白、粗脂肪和糖类的相对损失率从大到小依次为粗脂肪、糖类、粗蛋白,且粗脂肪降幅高峰的出现时段早于糖类.实验期间蛋白酶呈现出先降低后升高的趋势;脂肪酶和淀粉酶随着饥饿时间的延长而逐渐降低.     

Linking temperate demersal fish species to habitat: scales,patterns and future directions

Adoption of the ecosystem approach to fisheries management relies on recognition of the link between fish and other components of the ecosystem, namely their physical and biological habitat. However, identifying the habitat requirements of marine fishes and hence determining their distribution in space and time is scientifically complex. We analysed the methodologies and findings of research on temperate, demersal fish habitat requirements to highlight the main developments in this field and to identify potential shortfalls. Many studies were undertaken over large spatial scales (≥100s km²) and these generally correlated abundances of fish to abiotic variables. Biological variables were accounted for less often. Small spatial scale (≤m²), experimental studies were comparatively sparse and commonly focused on biotic variables. Whilst the number of studies focusing on abiotic variables increased with increasing spatial scale, the proportion of studies finding significant relationships between habitat and fish distribution remained constant. This mismatch indicates there is no justification for the tendency to analyse abiotic habitat variables at large spatial scales. Innovative modelling techniques and habitat mapping technologies are developing rapidly, providing new insights at the larger spatial scales. However, there is a clear need for a reduction in study scale, or increase in resolution additional to the integration of biotic variables. We argue that development of sound predictive science in the field of demersal fish habitat determination is reliant on a change in focus along these lines. This is especially important if spatial management strategies, such as Marine Protected Areas (MPA) or No Take Zones (NTZ), are to be used in future ecosystem‐based approaches to fisheries management.     

Reproductive performance in induced and spontaneous spawning of the mangrove red snapper, Lutjanus argentimaculatus: a potential candidate species for sustainable aquaculture

A reliable breeding technique was developed for the mangrove red snapper, Lutjanus argentimaculatus (Forsskal 1775), to help sustain the aquaculture of this immensely popular species in Southeast Asia. Using standardized indices of female maturity (based on mean oocyte diameter of ≥0.40 mm), time of injection (1000–1130) and sex ratio (one female to two males), a single injection of 100 μg kg^?1 luteinizing hormone‐releasing hormone analogue (LHRHa) (n=16 fish), but not 50 μg kg^?1 (n=five fish), successfully induced egg (62.5% success rate) and larval (43.8%) production. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) at 500 IU kg^?1 (n=five fish) also failed to induce spawning, but doses of 1000 (n=22 fish) and 1500 IU kg^?1 (n=15 fish) gave spawning (77.3% and 80.0% respectively) and hatching success rates (72.7% and 60.0% respectively) that were not significantly different from those of 100 μg kg^?1 LHRHa. No spawning was observed in saline‐injected controls (n=seven fish). While mean spawning latency, egg diameter, egg production per spawn, percent egg viability, hatching rate, percent of normal larvae and cumulative survival of eggs to normal larvae did not differ significantly among the effective hormones and doses, 1000 IU kg^?1 hCG had a higher percentage (76.5%) of total spawns with egg production per spawn in excess of one million than those of 1500 IU kg^?1 hCG (50.0%) and 100 μg kg^?1 LHRHa (40.0%). Mangrove red snapper spontaneously spawned from March–April to November–December with a peak of egg collection and spawning in May–June. Egg collection per spawn ranged from 0.05 to 6.35 million. Spontaneous spawning of mangrove red snapper exhibited lunar periodicity with spawns mostly occurring 3 days before or after the last quarter and new moon phases and occurred consistently between 02:00 and 04:00 hours. High fecundity and good egg quality, coupled with the ability to respond to induce spawning or natural spawning in captivity, provide a sound basis for improving the sustainability of red snapper aquaculture in Southeast Asia.     

Movements and habitat utilization of three cichlid species in the Zambezi River, Namibia

Abstract – During 5–7 October 1999, 16 cichlids (30.5–51.0 cm) were tagged with radio transmitters in the Zambezi River in Namibia (eight threespot tilapia Oreochromis andersonii , seven pink happy Sargochromis giardi and one humpback largemouth Serranochromis altus ). The main objectives of this pilot study were 1) to assess whether and how telemetry can be used to follow the movements of larger cichlids in the upper Zambezi River and 2) to study the movements, habitat preferences and homing behavior of three cichlid species important for subsistence and trophy fishing during a period of increasing water flow towards the rainy period. Nine fish showed a downriver movement immediately after release, believed to be a behavioral response to catch and tagging. From 11 October, only small-scale movements were recorded. Average total distance moved from 11 October to 1 March was 375 m (range=1–1150) for threespot tilapia and 1276 m (range=540–1990) for pink happy. The farthest position compared to the position held on 11 October was on average 220 m away (range=0–500) for threespot tilapia and 538 m (range=20–1500) for pink happy. Displaced individuals did not show homing to the catch site. The threespot tilapia were, on average, located in the main river during 67% of the tracking surveys, in backwaters during 13% and in mouth of backwaters during 20%. The pink happy were, on average, located in the main river during 71% of the tracking surveys, in backwaters during 25% and in mouth of backwaters during 4%.     

不同脂肪源饲料对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹生长、消化酶活力和脂肪酸组成的影响

选用初始体重为(2.15±0.10)g的中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)雄性幼蟹,随机分为5组(每组12只幼蟹),饲喂100%鱼油组(简称F1组)、100%豆油组(F2组)、100%亚麻油组(F3组)、50%鱼油+50%豆油组(F4组)、50%鱼油+50%亚麻油组(F5组)不同脂肪源配制的5种等氮等能饲料。实验蟹单个体养殖,实验周期为112 d。结果表明,F5组体重、增重率和特定生长率都显著高于其他饲料组(P0.05),各组的蜕壳间隔和肝胰腺指数没有显著差异(P0.05)。肝胰腺组织消化酶活力测定结果表明,F1组幼蟹肝胰腺的类胰蛋白酶活力显著高于其他各组(P0.05);F3组的胃蛋白酶活力显著高于其他各组(P0.05);F1组、F2组和F4组的脂肪酶活力显著高于其他两组(P0.05);各组的淀粉酶活力差异不显著(P0.05)。脂肪酸测定结果表明,肝胰腺和肌肉中的亚油酸(LOA)(C18:2n-6)、亚麻酸(LNA)(C18:3n-3)、EPA(C20:5n-3)和DHA(C22:6n-3)等主要脂肪酸含量与饲料脂肪酸组成呈正相关关系,F1组的高度不饱和脂肪酸(HUFA)含量显著高于其余各组(P0.05),F2组的LOA含量显著高于其余各组(P0.05),F3组的LNA含量显著高于其余各组(P0.05)。本研究结果表明,以50%的豆油或亚麻油替代鱼油能促进中华绒螯蟹幼蟹的生长,但可能使幼蟹的成活率降低。以豆油或亚麻油替代鱼油会影响幼蟹胰蛋白酶、胃蛋白酶和脂肪酶的活力和肝胰腺、肌肉脂肪酸组成。     

中国对虾亲虾生殖周期中消化酶活性及组织生化成分的变化

叙述了中国对虾亲虾(海捕亲虾与池养亲虾)在生殖周期中肝胰腺、中肠的消化酶活性及卵巢、肝胰腺、血淋巴生化成分的研究结果。蛋白酶、脂肪酶在卵巢成熟的Ⅳ期前活性较高，临产卵时(Ⅴ期)活性明显下降，而且海捕亲虾与池养亲虾具有相同的变化趋势；中国对虾卵巢、肝胰腺和血淋巴的蛋白质和脂肪含量随性腺发育有不同的变化规律，其中总蛋自在这几种组织中均随性腺发育含量增加，至Ⅳ期(肝胰腺)和Ⅴ期(卵巢、血淋巴)达到高峰值；卵巢的总脂和甘油三酯从发育Ⅰ期-Ⅴ期随着性腺指数的增长而有规律的上升，但肝胰腺脂肪含量在卵巢发育初期(Ⅰ期-Ⅱ期)未见明显变化，Ⅱ期以后，肝胰腺脂肪含量逐渐下降，当卵巢脂肪含量达到最高值时，肝胰腺脂肪含量正好下降到最低点。同时，还对中国对虾卵巢发育过程中蛋白质和脂肪的积累问题进行了分析和讨论。     

小龙虾黑鳃上白流苏真菌的中国新记录属和新记录种

在对小龙虾黑鳃病进行分离培养过程中,得到一株白色菌落的真菌菌株,通过形态学观察和DNA测序,确定该菌株为绿色白流苏菌;该真菌属于中国的新纪录属和新记录种,小龙虾是它的新宿主.     

不同脂肪源对红螯光壳螯虾幼虾生长、消化酶活性及其肌肉生化组成的影响

通过在人工配合饲料中分别添加5%的花生油、猪油、鱼油和豆油作为主要脂肪源,以商业饲料为对照,进行8周饲喂实验,研究不同脂肪源对红螯光壳螯虾(Cherax quadricarinatus)幼虾生长、消化酶活性及其肌肉生化组成的影响。结果显示,不同脂肪源对红螯光壳螯虾幼虾的体长增长率和特定增长率影响不显著(P0.05);但增重率各组间存在显著性差异(P0.05),以豆油组最高,达到2332.93%,花生油组最低,为1839.50%;豆油组肝胰腺指数显著高于其他各组(P0.05),为0.75%。幼虾存活率以豆油组最高(P0.05),达到83.3%,鱼油组较低,仅为56.7%。不同脂肪源饲喂组的肝胰腺胃蛋白酶活力无显著差异(P0.05);脂肪酶活力花生油组显著高于其他实验组(P0.05),为1177.23U/g(prot);淀粉酶活力各组间差异显著(P0.05),由高到低依次为鱼油组、对照组、豆油组、猪油组、花生油组;纤维素酶活力以花生油组较高,为61.14U/(gprot()P0.05)。幼虾腹部肌肉中各种脂肪酸的含量明显受到饲料中脂肪酸种类和含量的影响,饱和脂肪酸含量猪油组显著高于其他组(P0.05);单不饱和脂肪酸以花生油组含量最高,豆油组最低;多不饱和脂肪酸则以豆油组含量最高(P0.05)。在各实验组中,豆油组红螯光壳螯虾幼体具有最高的体质量增长率和存活率,较高的肝胰腺指数和肝胰腺消化酶活力,豆油组幼虾腹部肌肉中多不饱和脂肪酸尤其是亚油酸和亚麻酸含量也较高。因此,以豆油作为主要脂肪源能够满足红螯光壳螯虾幼体的生长需要,获得较好的饲养效果,并降低饲料成本。     

饥饿与再投喂对黑鲷幼鱼体质量变化、生化组成及肝脏消化酶活性的影响

在室内水温23-26℃的条件下,分别对黑鲷（Acanthopagrus schlegeli）幼鱼进行不同时间的饥饿（0d、3d、5d、10d、15d、20d）处理和饥饿20d后的恢复投喂（3d、5d、10d、15d）实验,每个处理组各设3个重复,分别测定其体质量、肥满度、肝体指数、肌肉与血清主要生化组成以及肝脏消化酶活性的变化。结果表明：1）在饥饿过程中,黑鲷幼鱼体质量、肥满度、肝体指数均显著性下降（P〈0.05）;恢复投喂后,三者均有不同程度的恢复。2）肌肉脂肪含量在饥饿3d时即表现出下降趋势,但在随后的饥饿时间里,肌肉脂肪含量的下降趋势并不明显（P〉0.05）,而肌肉蛋白含量在饥饿5d以内也无明显的变化,至10d时才出现显著性的降低。但随着饥饿时间的延长,肌肉蛋白含量均显著降低（P〈0.05）。恢复投喂第10天时,肌肉中的各项生化指标基本恢复至饥饿前水平。由此推测,饥饿胁迫下黑鲷是先动用了体组织的脂肪,而后再利用蛋白质且主要靠消耗蛋白质来满足维持生命活动所需的能量。3）血清中总蛋白、血糖、甘油三酯、胆固醇在饥饿阶段显著下降（P〈0.05）,恢复投喂第5天时,各指标均已基本回升到饥饿前水平。相比之下,血糖水平的恢复较快,随后逐渐趋于平稳。4）肝脏中类胰蛋白酶和脂肪酶的活性在饥饿阶段呈上升趋势,恢复投喂后则有所下降。淀粉酶活力在饥饿过程中呈下降趋势,恢复投喂后有所回升,但在整个实验期间淀粉酶活性并无显著性的变化（P〉0.05）。     

不同饲料投喂模式对脊尾白虾生长、消化酶、体成分及养殖水环境的影响

为研究池塘多元养殖模式下不同饲料投喂模式对脊尾白虾（）生长、消化酶活性、体成分及养殖水环境的影响，实验以脊尾白虾及其养殖水为研究对象，设置3个实验组，分别为投喂冰鲜饲料组（Diet1组）、投喂配合饲料组（Diet3组）及两者1：1混合投喂组（Diet2组）。每个实验组设3个重复，实验周期为45 d，实验每隔5 d测脊尾白虾体重和养殖水质指标并分析；实验结束时，采集脊尾白虾样品，用于消化酶及体成分的测定与分析。结果显示：（1）不同饲料投喂30 d后，Diet2组脊尾白虾的体重显著高于Diet1组和Diet3组（>0.05）；增重率与特定生长率随时间呈下降趋势。（2）从Diet1组至Diet3组饲料中蛋白水平逐渐降低，而脊尾白虾蛋白酶活性逐渐降低，淀粉酶活性逐渐提高；各实验组脂肪酶活性差异不显著（P>0.05）。Diet2组脊尾白虾水分含量显著低于Diet1组和Diet3组（>0.05）。（4）随着实验的进行，脊尾白虾养殖水环境中COD、氨氮、亚硝酸盐、硝酸盐、无机氮及无机磷均呈上升趋势，实验结束时，各水质指标由高到低依次为Diet1组、Diet2组、Diet3组。因此，池塘多元养殖模式下混合投喂"冰鲜饲料+人工配合饲料"，有利于脊尾白虾的生长、消化及蛋白积累，然而对养殖水环境仍存在一定的污染，研制环保型人工配合饲料仍是大势所趋。     

小肽对星斑川鲽幼鱼消化酶活性、抗氧化能力和生化组成的影响

选用初始体质量(15.30?.03) g的星斑川鲽(Platichthys stellatus)幼鱼, 在其基础饲料中添加不同梯度的小肽(鱼水解肽), 添加水平分别为0 (对照组)、0.25%、0.50%、0.75%、1.0%和1.5%, 每组设3个重复, 每个重复30尾鱼, 实验周期为56 d。结果表明: 1) 除肝胰脏淀粉酶外, 星斑川鲽幼鱼胃、肠和肝胰脏中消化酶活性在各组间均存在显著性差异(P<0.05), 且随着小肽添加水平的上升而呈现先上升后下降的趋势。2) 饲料中添加小肽显著降低了肝胰脏和血清中的丙二醛含量(P<0.05), 并显著提高了1.0%和1.5%小肽添加组血清的总抗氧化能力, 而对肝胰脏超氧化物歧化酶和谷胱甘肽还原酶均无显著影响(P>0.05), 同时, 1.0%和1.5%小肽添加组血清超氧化物歧化酶和谷胱甘肽氧化物酶活性以及0.75%和1.0%小肽添加组血清谷胱甘肽还原酶活性均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。3)小肽添加组苯丙氨酸含量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05), 0.50%~1.5%小肽添加组亮氨酸含量也显著高于对照组(P<0.05), 而其他氨基酸在不同小肽添加组间均无显著性差异(P>0.05); 0.75%和1.0%小肽添加组多不饱和脂肪酸含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05), 0.5%~1.0 %小肽添加组DHA和EPA含量均显著高于对照组(P <0.05), 而ARA在不同添加组间无显著差异(P>0.05)。综上可知, 饲料中添加适量小肽可有效提高消化酶活性和抗氧化能力, 促进机体生长, 并在一定程度上提高鱼肉品质。

     

不同饵料对美洲西鲱仔鱼生长、相关酶活力及体脂肪酸的影响

以美洲西鲱(Alosa sapidissima)仔鱼(孵化后10 d)为实验对象,在室内进行为期30 d的摄食生长试验,分别投喂不同的饵料[单独投喂卤虫(Artemia)、单独投喂微颗粒饲料、卤虫与微颗粒饲料混合投喂],分析不同饵料的投喂对存活、生长、消化酶活性、非特异性免疫相关酶活性以及体脂肪酸组成的影响。结果表明:(1)混合投喂组的存活与生长表现都要显著优于卤虫组和微颗粒饲料组(P0.05),微颗粒饲料组与卤虫组相比差异不大,而试验后期(20~30 d)微颗粒饲料组的存活与生长表现要优于卤虫组;(2)消化酶的结果显示,胃蛋白酶和淀粉酶活力在各组中无显著性差异(P0.05),胰蛋白酶、糜蛋白酶和脂肪酶在卤虫组中活力最低,显著低于其他两组(P0.05),其中糜蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性在微颗粒饲料组中要显著高于混合投喂组(P0.05);(3)碱性磷酸酶和超氧化物岐化酶活力在各组中无显著性差异(P0.05),过氧化氢酶和溶菌酶活力在微颗粒饲料组中最高,卤虫组中最低,两者之间差异显著(P0.05);(4)鱼体脂肪酸受饵料脂肪酸组成影响较大,微颗粒饲料中n-3HUFA和DHA含量较高,其投喂后在鱼体中的含量也高。综上所述,不同饵料投喂对美洲西鲱仔稚鱼存活、生长、消化酶活性、非特异性免疫相关酶活性以及体脂肪酸影响显著,在试验20 d之前使用卤虫与微颗粒饲料混合投喂,20 d后完全转食微颗粒饲料,可以降低成本,同时提高生产效率。     

Effect of dietary synbiotic on growth performance,body composition,digestive enzyme activity and gut microbiota in Cirrhinus mrigala (Ham.) fingerlings

A feeding trial of 60 days was conducted to delineate the effect of dietary synbiotic on maximum growth, body composition, digestive enzyme activity and subsequently gut microbiota in Cirrhinus mrigala fingerlings. One hundred and eighty acclimatized fingerlings of mrigal with initial body weight ranging from 2.87 ± 0.01 g to 3.26 ± 0.05 g were randomly distributed in three replicates of each of four experimental groups including control (without probiotic and prebiotic), T₁ (high probiotic + low prebiotic), T₂ (low probiotic + high prebiotic) and T₃ (high probiotic + high prebiotic), using completely randomized design (CRD). Results showed that growth performance parameters, such as specific growth rate (SGR), per cent weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER), were reported to be higher in the T₂ group followed by the T₃ group. Maximum gut microbiota activity was found in the T₃ group which was significantly different from other treatment groups. Similarly, body composition and digestive enzyme activity varied significantly (p < .05) among the treatment groups. The study showed the possibility of improved nutrient utilization in terms of growth performance and digestive enzyme activity in the group following dietary synbiotic supplementation.     

Influence of dietary protein on digestive enzyme activity, growth and tail muscle composition in redclaw crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus (von Martens)

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary protein on digestive enzyme profiles, growth and tail muscle composition in the freshwater redclaw crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus. Crayfish were fed five diets that consisted of a commercial crayfish pellet and experimental diets containing 13%, 18%, 25% or 32% crude protein (CP), for a period of 12 weeks. Analysis of digestive enzyme profiles from the midgut gland (MG) revealed a positive correlation between protease, amylase and cellulase activities and dietary protein level. For all treatments, carbohydrase activity levels (cellulase and amylase) were significantly higher than those detected for protease. As dietary protein was elevated, there was a general increase in specific growth rate (SGR), with the highest SGR (0.58 ± 0.06) values observed in crayfish fed the diet containing 25% CP. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) ranged between 5.84 and 6.97 and did not differ significantly among the treatment groups including the reference diet, with the exception of the low‐protein diet (13% CP) which showed an FCR of 9.31. Finally, regression analysis revealed a strong positive correlation between the level of dietary protein and CP content in the tail muscle (P=0.004; r²=0.99).     

渗透胁迫对中华绒螯蟹胚胎生化组成及消化酶活性的影响

研究了高渗与低渗胁迫对离体培养的中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)不同发育期胚胎中生化成分含量及消化酶活性的影响。结果显示:从原肠期发育到出膜前期,对照组(盐度15)胚胎中蛋白含量降低(P<0.05)、胰蛋白酶与胃蛋白酶活性升高(P<0.05),脂类含量(P>0.05)和脂肪酶活性(P<0.05)降低,碳水化合物含量和淀粉酶活性均在眼点期升高(P<0.05)而在出膜前又降低(P<0.05);低渗胁迫引起胚胎蛋白含量降低(P<0.05),而高渗胁迫导致胚胎蛋白含量升高(P<0.05);高渗胁迫对胚胎脂类含量无显著影响(P>0.05),而低渗胁迫引起出膜前期胚胎中脂类含量显著降低(P<0.05);高、低渗胁迫对胚胎碳水化合物含量均无显著影响(P>0.05);除高、低渗胁迫均显著降低眼点期胚胎淀粉酶活性(P<0.05)而引起出膜前期胚胎胰蛋白酶活性略降低(P>0.05)外,低渗胁迫导致不同发育时期胚胎消化酶活性升高,而高渗胁迫导致酶活性降低;除脂肪酶外,渗透胁迫对原肠期胚胎消化酶活性的影响均具有显著性(P<0.05)。研究结果说明,蛋白质和脂类是中华绒螯蟹胚胎发育过程中重要的能源物质与结构物质,渗透胁迫通过改变中华绒螯蟹胚胎消化酶的活性进而影响胚胎对卵黄物质的分解与利用,最终影响胚胎的发育。本实验结果提示,河口盐度过高或过低均可能对中华绒螯蟹早期胚胎的发育及后期幼体的质量产生潜在的不利影响。     

The vulnerability of fish and macroinvertebrate species with bioactive potential in a Mediterranean marine protected area

1. A high percentage of marine animals produce bioactive compounds that may play a leading role in the discovery of future compounds and drugs of marine origin. However, commercial fishing and other human activities leading to sea warming and pollution may affect these marine animals, even putting them in danger of extinction.
2. To date, no comprehensive studies have evaluated the conservation status of Mediterranean species with bioactive potential, which is crucial to better understanding of how these species cope with the impacts of human activity.
3. The study reviewed the bioactive potential and vulnerability of 833 fish and macro-invertebrate species inhabiting the marine protected area of Cap de Creus and surrounding areas. The most active taxa found were Porifera (49 out of 59 species; 83.0%) and Tunicata (17 out of 27 species; 63.0%). The most vulnerable species were Chondrichthyes (eight out of nine species) and Porifera (nine out of 12 species), which together account for over 75% of species classified as such.
4. Results emphasize the need to introduce specific management measures that protect vulnerable species with bioactive potential as this is a valuable component of marine ecosystems, as well as a potential source of molecules with pharmacological properties beneficial for human health.
5. Marine protected areas can contribute to preserving marine species of medical interest and achieving their sustainable use in the marine biotechnology industry.

     

Effects of different arginine/lysine level on growth performance,body composition and digestive enzyme activity of Macrobrachium rosenbergii

Given the universal presence of antagonism between arginine and lysine, determining the optimal dietary arginine/lysine level is of great importance. In this study, eight diets were formulated to contain different arginine/lysine level, followed by a 9‐week feeding trial with shrimps of 2.10 ± 0.01 cm in length and 0.38 ± 0.02 g in weight to determine the effect of dietary arginine/lysine level on growth performance, body composition and enzyme activity. The results showed that the Diet 6 (arginine/lysine level of 29.4/21.0 g/kg) group had significantly higher weight gain rate, and specific growth rate than the control group and most of the other groups (p < .05) did. Similarly, the retention efficiency of arginine and lysine in the Diet 6 group was significantly higher than the control group and most of the other groups (p < .05). Moreover, most digestive enzymes had higher activity levels in the Diet 6 group, and evident antagonism between dietary arginine and lysine was detected. In summary, dietary arginine/lysine level of 29.4/21.0 g/kg produced the best growth performance, suggesting that a better growth performance in Macrobrachium rosenbergii culture can be obtained by adjusting the dietary arginine/lysine level.