尼帕病毒检测技术的研究进展

尼帕病毒(NiV)是新近发现的引发脑部炎症或呼吸道疾病等重症的新型人畜共患病病毒,主要侵害中枢神经系统和呼吸系统,引起急性发热、头痛和不同程度的意识障碍。该病自1998年在马来西亚首次发现以来,已造成严重的经济损失和人员伤亡。狐蝠科的果蝠是该病毒的天然宿主。文章就NiV病原学、流行病学、临床症状、发病机理、病理变化、检测技术等方面进行简单综述,并对检测技术进行重点介绍。     

尼帕病毒研究进展

尼帕病毒(Nipah virus,NiV)是新近发现的引发脑部炎症或呼吸道疾病等重症的新型人畜共患病病毒,该病毒最初于1999年马来西亚尼帕镇的1名脑炎患者脑脊液中分离获得,至今已经历了数次大的流行,造成严重的经济损失和人员伤亡.该病毒可由动物传播给人,也可直接人与人传播,并且能够在猪等动物身上引起严重疾病,狐蝠科的果蝠是该病毒的天然宿主.NiV感染人后的病死率极高,并且目前还没有有效的疫苗和治疗措施,生物危害性极大,被列为生物安全4级病原(BSL4).笔者从NiV的分类及分型、基因和蛋白质组、流行和分布、疫苗研制、临床和病理变化以及实验室诊断技术等方面对NiV做简单的概述.     

尼帕病毒蛋白功能研究进展

尼帕病毒病是由副黏病毒科中的尼帕病毒引起的人兽共患病,主要侵害中枢神经系统和呼吸系统,引起急性发热、头痛和不同程度的意识障碍。狐蝠科的果蝠是该病毒的天然宿主。该病自1999年从马来西亚首次发现以来,已造成严重的经济损失和人员伤亡。本文综述了近年来NiV蛋白的研究进展,特别对N蛋白、P蛋白、F蛋白和G蛋白蛋白的结构与功能、病毒入侵的细胞受体及与其结合的病毒囊膜蛋白等问题进行深入分析,从而为进一步的研究提供参考。     

猪感染尼帕病毒的流行特点及防控

尼帕病毒病是一种新发人兽共患传染病,1998年在马来西亚首次出现。引起该病的病原为尼帕病毒（Nipah virus,NiV）,其在猪群中具有高度传染性,人感染后死亡率达40%～75%。NiV主要通过猪只间的直接接触传播,也可通过设备、车辆、衣服、靴子以及犬、猫等机械携带传播;猪是NiV传播的放大器,主要通过呼吸道飞沫或被感染组织将病毒传播给人。果蝠是NiV的天然宿主,因此养猪场选址要远离果树种植区。目前还没有批准的人用或兽用尼帕病毒病疫苗或药物,但多种疫苗候选株在动物模型中显示出良好的保护效果,包括病毒活载体疫苗株、病毒糖蛋白亚单位疫苗株、颗粒样病毒疫苗株等;成功防控NiV感染的关键是做到早发现,在NiV传入高风险地区,对猪群持续进行血清学监测,并对猪场进行严格生物安全管理。本文结合已暴发的猪群尼帕病毒病疫情及人间疫情,探讨猪感染NiV的流行特点,并通过分析暴发原因提出防控措施,以期为猪群中防止该病发生及突发疫情时的应急处置提供参考。     

尼帕病毒检测技术研究进展

尼帕病毒（Nipah virus, NiV）是一种人畜共患的高致病性病毒，人感染NiV后，死亡率接近40%；猪作为中间宿主，感染NiV后具有高发病率和高死亡率特点。近年来，NiV疫情在我国相邻的多个东南亚国家频繁出现，预示该病传入我国风险日益增高。本研究阐述了近年来NiV在血清学诊断和分子学诊断技术方面的研究进展，包括临床常用的传统技术，以及重组蛋白ELISA、Luminex、二代测序等新兴诊断方法，为临床样本中NiV的鉴定和监测方法更新换代提供参考，对监测NiV从国外的传入情况、防控猪群NiV疫情发生以及守护公共卫生安全具有重大意义。     

尼帕病毒与猪流感病毒双重荧光定量RT-PCR方法的建立

根据尼帕病毒(NiV)M基因和猪流感病毒(SIV)M基因序列设计引物和TaqMan-MGB探针,通过优化反应条件建立了一种鉴别NiV和SIV的双重实时荧光定量RT-PCR检测方法,对该方法的定量线性范围、敏感性、重复性和特异性进行了评价及初步应用。结果显示,用该方法检测NiV M基因的RNA标准对照(NiV-M-RNA)和SIV M基因的RNA标准对照(SIV-M-RNA),定量线性范围分别为4.6×101copies/μL~4.6×108 copies/μL和5.8×101copies/μL~5.8×108 copies/μL,检出限分别为46个拷贝和58个拷贝。该方法的组内试验和组间试验的变异系数均小于1.6%,显示其良好的可重复性。该方法仅对NiV-M-RNA和SIV呈现特异性扩增曲线,不与猪瘟病毒(CSFV)、猪流行腹泻病毒(PEDV)、猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)、猪细小病毒(PPV)、猪圆环病毒2型(PCV-2)和伪狂犬病病毒(PRV)发生交叉反应。用该方法对236份猪的鼻拭子样品进行NiV和SIV的同时检测,所有样本的NiV检测结果均为阴性,有1份样本的SIV检测结果为阳性。本研究建立的方法可为猪临床样本中NiV和SIV的鉴别检测提供了一种快速、敏感和特异的技术手段。     

一种鉴别尼帕病毒和高致病性猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒二重荧光RT-PCR检测方法的建立

为建立一种快速、敏感和特异地鉴别尼帕病毒(NiV)和高致病性猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(HP-PRRSV)的检测方法,本试验以NiV M基因和HP-PRRSV nsp2基因为靶序列,通过优化反应条件建立了一种二重荧光RT-PCR检测方法,并对该方法的特异性、定量线性范围、敏感性和重复性进行了评价及初步应用.结果显示,用该方法检测NiV M基因和HP-PRRSV nsp2基因的RNA标准对照(NiV-M-RNA和HP-PRRSV-nsp2-RNA),线性范围分别为4.6×10¹~4.6×10⁷和4.1×10¹~4.1×10⁸拷贝/μL;最低检出限分别为46和4.1拷贝;该方法组内试验和组间试验的变异系数均小于2.0%,显示出良好的可重复性;该方法仅对NiV和HP-PRRSV呈现特异性扩增曲线,不与猪瘟病毒(CSFV)、猪流行性腹泻病毒(PEDV)、猪流感病毒(SIV)、猪细小病毒(PPV)、猪伪狂犬病病毒(PRV)和猪圆环病毒2型(PCV2)发生交叉反应.用该方法对236份猪实际样品进行NiV和HP-PRRSV核酸检测,所有样本的NiV检测结果均为阴性,8份样本的HP-PRRSV检测结果为阳性.本研究建立的方法为猪实际样本中NiV和HP-PRRSV的鉴别检测提供了一种快速、敏感和特异的技术手段.     

一种高致死性人畜共患病——尼帕病

1尼帕病的基本情况尼帕（Nipah）病是上世纪末在马来西亚及南亚国家发现和流行的人兽共患的传染病,对人的致死率高达40%～50%。根据OIE记述,检测马来西亚历史样品的结果表明,1996年以来尼帕病毒（Nipahvirus,NiV）就已感染当地猪只,但由于无明显症状并未被察觉,直至1998～1999年暴发了人的急性脑炎才引起高度注意。     

尼帕病毒G和F蛋白单克隆抗体的制备与鉴定

为制备抗尼帕病毒(NiV)G和F蛋白的单克隆抗体(MAb),本研究以表达NiV G和F蛋白的真核重组表达质粒pCAGG-NiVG和pCAGG-NiVF分别免疫BALB/c小鼠,采用常规技术制备杂交瘤细胞;以表达G和F蛋白的重组牛痘病毒(rWR-NiVG、rWR-NiVF)分别感染BHK细胞,通过间接免疫荧光(IFA)筛...     

基于RAA-CRISPR/Cas12a快速检测尼帕病毒方法的建立

本研究建立了一种基于重组酶介导的扩增技术(RAA)以及CRISPR/Cas12a系统快速检测尼帕病毒(NiV)的方法。针对NiV N和F基因分别设计RAA引物和crRNA,构建反应体系,通过前期对引物、crRNA、反应温度以及反应时间等条件筛选优化建立起高效灵敏的检测方法,并评估了该方法的敏感性、特异性和重复性。结果显示:建立的方法在37℃恒温条件下,1h即可完成检测,最低检测限能够达到10²拷贝/μL,敏感性较高;特异性强,与口蹄疫病毒(FMDV)、猪细小病毒(PPV)、猪圆环病毒2型(PCV-2)等常见猪病毒均无交叉反应;稳定性较好,对低、中、高浓度病毒质粒均能成功检出且一致性较好。结果表明,本试验建立的NiV快速检测方法操作简单、特异性强、灵敏度高、稳定性好,不需要复杂设备,在蓝光下通过肉眼即可观察结果,可为实现NiV早期快速检测提供有力的技术支持。     

Nipah virus: epidemiology,pathology, immunobiology and advances in diagnosis,vaccine designing and control strategies – a comprehensive review

Nipah (Nee-pa) viral disease is a zoonotic infection caused by Nipah virus (NiV), a paramyxovirus belonging to the genus Henipavirus of the family Paramyxoviridae. It is a biosafety level-4 pathogen, which is transmitted by specific types of fruit bats, mainly Pteropus spp. which are natural reservoir host. The disease was reported for the first time from the Kampung Sungai Nipah village of Malaysia in 1998. Human-to-human transmission also occurs. Outbreaks have been reported also from other countries in South and Southeast Asia. Phylogenetic analysis affirmed the circulation of two major clades of NiV as based on currently available complete N and G gene sequences. NiV isolates from Malaysia and Cambodia clustered together in NiV-MY clade, whereas isolates from Bangladesh and India clusterered within NiV-BD clade. NiV isolates from Thailand harboured mixed population of sequences. In humans, the virus is responsible for causing rapidly progressing severe illness which might be characterized by severe respiratory illness and/or deadly encephalitis. In pigs below six months of age, respiratory illness along with nervous symptoms may develop. Different types of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays along with molecular methods based on polymerase chain reaction have been developed for diagnostic purposes. Due to the expensive nature of the antibody drugs, identification of broad-spectrum antivirals is essential along with focusing on small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). High pathogenicity of NiV in humans, and lack of vaccines or therapeutics to counter this disease have attracted attention of researchers worldwide for developing effective NiV vaccine and treatment regimens.     

Establishment of a Duplex Real-time RT-PCR Assay for the Differential Detection of Nipha Virus and Highly Pathogenic Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus

To establish a rapid,sensitive and specific assay for the differential detection of Nipah virus (NiV) and highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (HP-PRRSV),a duplex Real-time RT-PCR was developed with specific primers and probes targeting to the special sequences of NiV M gene and HP-PRRSV nsp2 gene by optimization of reaction conditions.The performance of the assay was linear ranging from 4.6×10¹ to 4.6×10⁷ copies/μL for RNA standard control of NiV M (NiV-M-RNA) and from 4.1×10¹ to 4.1×10⁸ copies/μL for RNA standard control of HP-PRRSV nsp2 (HP-PRRSV-nsp2-RNA),and detection limits of the assay was 46 copies for the NiV-M-RNA and 4.1 copies for the HP-PRRSV-nsp2-RNA,respectively.The coefficients of variation (CVs) of both inter-assay and intra-assay repeatability were less than 2.0%,showing good repeatability.The assay was able to specifically detect NiV and HP-PRRSV simultaneously without cross-reaction with classical swine fever virus (CSFV),porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV),swine influenza virus (SIV),porcine parvovirus (PPV),pseudorabies virus (PRV) and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2).Of the 236 samples from pigs for both NiV and HP-PRRSV detection by the established assay,all the samples were negative for NiV,8 samples were HP-PRRSV positive.In conclusion,this assay offers a useful approach for the differential detection of NiV and HP-PRRSV in clinical specimens from the pigs.     

Histopathologic and immunohistochemical characterization of Nipah virus infection in the guinea pig

Mortality rate in humans infected with Nipah virus (NiV) has been reported as high as 92%. Humans infected with NiV show a widespread multisystemic vasculitis with most severe clinical and pathologic manifestations in the brain, lungs, and spleen. The purpose of this study was to study pathologic and immunohistochemical findings in guinea pigs infected with NiV. Of 28 animals inoculated intraperitoneally, only 2 survived the infection, and most died between 4 and 8 days postinoculation (dpi). Viral antigen with minimal pathologic changes was first detected 2 dpi in lymph nodes and spleen. More severe changes were noted in these organs 4-8 dpi, where pathologic damage had a vasocentric distribution and viral antigen was abundant in vascular endothelium, tunica media, adventitia, as well as in macrophages lining sinuses. The urinary bladder, uterus, and ovaries were also affected with necrosis and acute inflammation. In these organs, immunohistochemical positive staining was intense in blood vessels, epithelial cells, and ovarian follicles. Approximately 50% of the animals that died or were euthanized in extremis had evidence of viral antigen and histopathologic changes in brain, especially involving meninges and ependymal cells, with lesser changes in the neural parenchyma. A unifying feature of the damage for all affected tissues was necrosis and inflammation of the vasculature, chiefly in arterioles, capillaries, and venules. Inoculation of guinea pigs intraperitoneally with NiV produces a disease with considerable resemblance to the disease in humans, but with reduced pulmonary involvement and marked infection of urinary bladder and the female reproductive tract.     

Animal models of henipavirus infection: A review

Hendra virus (HeV) and Nipah virus (NiV) form a separate genus Henipavirus within the family Paramyxoviridae, and are classified as biosafety level four pathogens due to their high case fatality rate following human infection and because of the lack of effective vaccines or therapy. Both viruses emerged from their natural reservoir during the last decade of the 20th century, causing severe disease in humans, horses and swine, and infecting a number of other mammalian species. The current review summarises current published data relating to experimental infection of small and large animals, including the natural reservoir species, the Pteropus bat, with HeV or NiV. Susceptibility to infection and virus distribution in the individual species is discussed, along with the pathogenesis, pathological changes, and potential routes of transmission.     

动物副黏病毒感染与对策思考

尼帕病毒(Ni V)和亨德拉病毒(HeV)属于副黏病毒亚科的亨尼帕病毒属的成员。Ni V和HeV感染引起新的两种重要的人兽共患传染病。有关APMV-1(NDV)的发病和流行以及病原学研究认为APMV-1不断发生演化,新的基因型不断产生,对不同宿主的致病力不断变化,病毒感染的宿主谱不断扩大。本文简要介绍两种新的人兽共患传染病和APMV-1对鹅、鸭、猪的感染研究现状,就APMV-1宿主感染谱与演化加以分析,思考新的动物副黏病毒病防控对策。     

我国猪繁殖与呼吸综合征研究进展

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征是一种主要以母猪繁殖障碍和仔猪呼吸困难为特征的免疫抑制性传染病。自1996年在中国被证实传入现已在全国各地流行,给养猪业造成了巨大经济损失。本文就PRRS的危害、流行病学和疫苗研究展开综述,旨在为广大养猪户预防和控制该病提供理论指导。