从制冷、制冰和海水淡化技术改造看发展渔船生产力

远洋渔业是我国国民经济中的重要产业之一,金枪鱼渔业作为大洋性渔业的代表，被列为我省远洋渔业今后重点发展的主导型作业，而冰鲜金枪鱼延绳钓渔业占我省整个远洋渔业80％的份量，是广东省远洋渔业的优势和特色。在省府和省渔业主管部门的大力支持下，我省冰鲜金枪鱼渔业     

进一步发展我县远洋渔业之浅议

遂溪是一个地处粤西地区的沿海县，远洋渔业是我县渔业经济的重要组成部分。自二十世纪九十年代初以来，我县远洋渔业得到一定的发展。但是，要适应当前渔业经济发展新形势的发展，必须认真分析我县远洋渔业发展的有利条件和制约因素。在现有远洋渔业基础上，进一步开拓远洋渔业，开展国际渔业经贸及技术合作，拓展北部湾渔民转产转业的出路，努力实现我县“一甜一咸”的战略目标。     

金枪鱼远洋经济渔业初探

远洋渔业经济，是世界渔业经济的重要组成部分。金枪鱼渔业经济，是远洋渔业的一个组成部分。1989年，我国远洋渔业延绳钓船队开始涉足金枪鱼经济渔业这个领域，至今已有十二年的历史了。     

关于发展群众远洋渔业若干问题的探讨

当前,随着我国近海捕捞资源的日趋衰退以及与周边国家海洋权益的划分,海洋捕捞业正面临产量下降、渔场缩小、效益滑坡的严峻形势,冲出国门发展远洋渔业已经成为实现捕捞业可持续发展的当务之急,远洋渔业开发热潮正在全国范围内蓬勃兴起。群众渔业作为我国渔业经济的重要组成部分,在这场开发热潮中担任着不可小视的重要角色。如何适应新形势要     

发展远洋渔业势在必行

一、远洋渔业是我国渔业发展的必由之路 远洋渔业是一项开拓性事业，它已成为世界渔业的重要组成部分。目前世界上，还育些海区渔业资源尚有很大利用潜力，如太平洋中南部、大西洋、印度洋的中上层鱼类，西非、南美沿岸的底层鱼类和中上层鱼类等。     

一九九三年我国渔业生产综述

一九九三年我国渔业生产综述１９９３年我国渔业生产状况概括起来有两个特点：一是生产态势形成若干个发展点，如海淡水名特优品种的大面积养殖。群众渔业组织从事远洋渔业获得进展；二是扩大生产规模，拓宽经营范围，通过适时调整和优化产业、产品结构，使渔业和渔业经济...     

集体渔业发展远洋问题的探讨

在我国国营渔业正在兴起远洋渔业的有利条件下，舟山集体渔业有没有必要开拓远洋渔业，应采取哪些对策和措施呢?我们想谈些粗浅的看法，与热心于研究关心集体渔业发展的同志交流想法，目的在于如何把加速发展集体渔业。     

中国远洋渔业加入OPRT协议书及中日金枪鱼渔业合作备忘录在京签署

中国渔业协会远洋渔业分会(以下简称远洋渔业分会)与OPRT、日本鲣鲔渔业协同组合连合会(以下简称日鲣联)关于远洋渔业分会加入OPRT协议书及中日金枪鱼渔业合作备忘录签字仪式于2003年4月4日在北京举行。远洋渔业分会是中国渔业协会依法登记的分支机构之一,由中国渔业协会会员中从事远洋渔业的相关企事业、科研教学单位和远洋渔业工作者自愿组成的具有独立法人资格的全国性渔业行业社会团体。我国远洋渔业自1985年开始创业,历经17年的努力,现已成为中国渔业的重要组成部分。自上世纪90年代初期开始,金枪鱼渔业先后在太平洋、太平洋和印度…     

多功能远洋木质渔船设计与应用

我国海洋捕捞渔业发展的方向是巩固发展海洋渔业．积极利用外海渔业资源，因此，开展远洋渔业生产是我国海洋捕捞渔业的必经之路。我国远洋渔业始于80年代中期，而我省是从1987年开始，先由汕头、南海两个国营渔业公司与农业部合作派船到贝劳开展出国远洋渔业生产的，以后每年都有一些渔船参加。     

浅析新形势下山东省远洋渔业产业发展对策

发展远洋渔业是渔业实施“走出去”战略的重要举措,是利用和参与公海渔业资源分配、维护我国海洋权益的具体行动,是打造山东半岛蓝色经济区战略的外延和有力补充。目前,山东省沿海各地发展远洋渔业积极性很高,在国际海洋渔业竞争日趋激烈的形势下,如何发展远洋渔业受到广泛关注。本文仅做以下粗浅探讨。     

The neglected role of religion in fisheries management

Religion and spirituality have long played important roles in fishery systems around the world, and yet are often neglected in modern fisheries management and research. We review current literature and analyse the major small‐scale fishery on Lake Tanganyika, Africa, to highlight how religion may mediate fishing behaviours. Our study surveyed 154 fishers across 11 landing sites in Tanzania, followed by 15 semi‐structured interviews with key informants including fishery officers and local religious leaders. We identified key connections between religious beliefs/practices and fisher perceptions, behaviour and compliance with harvest restrictions and regulations. We demonstrate that better understanding and accounting for religious dimensions is critical for engaging with fishery stakeholders more effectively and managing global fisheries more sustainably.     

Managing inequality or managing stocks? An ethnographic perspective on the governance of small‐scale fisheries

A growing volume of recent research on small‐scale fisheries governance has a focus on local perspectives and priorities of small‐scale fisherfolk. This paper develops from this local perspective a novel focus on what is a fundamental priority of many small‐scale fishers: concerns about inequality. The paper begins with a critical review of the literature on small‐scale fisheries governance and suggests how a focus on inequality can make a useful contribution. The paper uses case‐studies of small‐scale fisheries in Papua New Guinea (PNG) and the Philippines to highlight local priorities about inequality and the implications for small‐scale fisheries governance. PNG and the Philippines have very different social, political and environmental contexts, yet in both cases, local inequalities were a key pre‐occupation of fisherfolk and posed major challenges for fisheries governance. While in both of the case‐studies, fishers were aware of and keen to act on resource sustainability, this concern was overridden by concerns over: who obtained benefits from the fishery; who was responsible for resource degradation; and who should bear the costs of regulation. We conclude by discussing how our emphasis on the importance of inequality at a local level can potentially be integrated within many influential approaches to small‐scale fisheries governance.     

Small‐scale fisheries through the wellbeing lens

Despite longstanding recognition that small‐scale fisheries make multiple contributions to economies, societies and cultures, assessing these contributions and incorporating them into policy and decision‐making has suffered from a lack of a comprehensive integrating ‘lens’. This paper focuses on the concept of ‘wellbeing’ as a means to accomplish this integration, thereby unravelling and better assessing complex social and economic issues within the context of fisheries governance. We emphasize the relevance of the three key components of wellbeing – the material, relational and subjective dimensions, each of which is relevant to wellbeing at scales ranging from individual, household, community, fishery to human‐ecological systems as a whole. We review nine major approaches influential in shaping current thinking and practice on wellbeing: the economics of happiness, poverty, capabilities, gender, human rights, sustainable livelihoods, vulnerability, social capital, and social wellbeing. The concept of identity is a thread that runs through the relational and subjective components of social wellbeing, as well as several other approaches and thus emerges as a critical element of small‐scale fisheries that requires explicit recognition in governance analysis. A social wellbeing lens is applied to critically review a global body of literature discussing the social, economic and political dimensions of small‐scale fishing communities, seeking to understand the relevance and value addition of applying wellbeing concepts in small‐scale fisheries.     

An interview‐based approach assessing interactions between seals and small‐scale fisheries informs the conservation strategy of the endangered Mediterranean monk seal

1. Small‐scale fisheries may pose a serious threat to the conservation of marine mammals. At the same time various factors have led to the decline of small‐scale fisheries, often making them unsustainable. Current rates of biodiversity loss and the reduction of fish stocks and fisheries dictate a thorough understanding of fisheries‐related issues and the implementation of effective management actions.
2. The Mediterranean monk seal is one of the most endangered marine mammals on Earth; its survival in the eastern Mediterranean Sea is threatened by negative interactions with fisheries. A nationwide questionnaire survey among fishers and port police authorities was carried out in Greece to describe the main characteristics of small‐scale fisheries, and to understand the nature and assess the magnitude of negative interactions between the monk seal and these fisheries. Questionnaire information was verified by a second round of interviews during landings.
3. The main attributes of the fishers, their fishing boats, and their practices were characteristic of the small‐scale fisheries sector. Overfishing was considered the main reason for fish‐stock reduction, and negative interactions with marine mammals was considered the main issue for the fishing sector.
4. Monk seals were present, caused damage, and got accidentally entangled in fishing gear throughout Greece. Damage to fishing gear was recorded mainly during spring and summer, and on average affected 21% of all fishing trips and 1% of nets deployed during a fishing trip.
5. Based on these results, the implementation of general and specific nationwide fishery management and conservation actions are proposed. These actions are mainly aimed at improving fish stock status, changing the behaviour of the fishers, and mitigating seal–fishery interactions in Greece, while promoting the recovery of the Mediterranean monk seal in the eastern Mediterranean Sea.

     

社会—生态系统分析框架在国外渔业管理领域的应用研究进展

由Ostrom提出的社会—生态系统(social-ecological system,SES)分析框架是当前国际上用于分析公共池塘资源管理问题的一个前沿理论工具。本文综览当前SES分析框架在国外渔业管理领域的大量研究文献,在归纳、整理研究尺度和对象的基础上,从系统变量识别、变量相互作用分析、系统结果识别、适应性管理设计和适应性管理执行与监督5个层面对SES分析框架在国外渔业管理领域的应用研究进行了系统梳理和评述。虽然当前SES分析框架在渔业管理领域的应用研究在变量识别、数理实证和研究尺度拓展等方面尚有待进一步完善和发展,但现有国外研究成果对于新形势下我国渔业管理理论研究和渔业管理制度改革均具有十分重要的参考价值。     

Sea cucumber fisheries: global analysis of stocks,management measures and drivers of overfishing

Worldwide, most sea cucumber fisheries are ineffectively managed, leading to declining stocks and potentially eroding the resilience of fisheries. We analyse trends in catches, fishery status, fishing participation and regulatory measures among 77 sea cucumber fisheries through data from recent fishery reports and fishery managers. Critical gaps in fisheries biology knowledge of even commonly targeted species undermine the expected success of management strategies. Most tropical fisheries are small‐scale, older and typified by numerous (>8) species, whereas temperate fisheries are often emerging, mono‐specific and industrialized. Fisher participation data indicated about 3 million sea cucumber fishers worldwide. Fisher participation rates were significantly related to the average annual yield. permanova analysis showed that over‐exploited and depleted fisheries employed different sets of measures than fisheries with healthier stocks, and a non‐metric multidimensional scaling ordination illustrated that a broad set of regulatory measures typified sustainable fisheries. SIMPER and regression tree analyses identified that the dissimilarity was most related to enforcement capacity, number of species harvested, fleet (vessel) controls, limited entry controls and rotational closures. The national Human Development Index was significantly lower in countries with over‐exploited and depleted fisheries. Where possible, managers should limit the number of fishers and vessel size and establish short lists of permissible commercial species in multispecies fisheries. Our findings emphasize an imperative to support the enforcement capacity in low‐income countries, in which risk of biodiversity loss is exceptionally high. Solutions for greater resilience of sea cucumber stocks must be embedded within those for poverty reduction and alternative livelihood options.     

Factors influencing the scope and quality of science and management decisions

The lecture traces the historical path to overfishing of the world's fish and shellfish stocks, and provides an assessment of marine fish resources in the later half of the 1990s. The basis of overfishing as noted by various fishery scientists is reviewed. Four factors, including institutional paralysis, the rapidity of technological developments, uncertainty of science, and the inability to monitor and enforce regulations are identified as the major problems leading to overfishing. The failure of the world community to deal with extensive overfishing, appears to have motivated managers and scientists to promote a new fishery management paradigm that focuses on a broader set of problems resulting from fishing, and establishes a more conservative decision‐making process founded on precautionary principle and uncertainty. The author feels that the evolving paradigm will result in the rebuilding of a number of stocks in the United States, but is less certain of its adoption on a global scale, and whether or not science will play a more useful role in fisheries management. It is noted that the support for fisheries science and the status of fisheries have followed opposite courses. Over the past half century marine science has boomed, diversified and become intellectually and materially enriched, while the number of overfished stocks and ecological disasters has increased. Looking ahead it is expected that fisheries management will move into a more conservative era. The focus of fisheries has moved from full use of ocean resources to establishing yields that take into account the impacts of fisheries on target and non‐target species and the ecosystem in general. Although there has been wide‐spread abuse in the use of the world's fishery resources and condemnation of the fishing industries, the author feels that the government institutions must bear the primary responsibility for the historical course of fishery management and its failure.     

基于渔业生态足迹广东海洋渔业生态可持续利用评价

渔业资源可持续利用是渔业经济发展的基础,是维持渔业资源动态平衡的条件。通过建立渔业生态足迹模型,对广东海洋渔业生态足迹及生态承载力定量分析,结果显示,近十年来,广东海洋渔业生态足迹和渔业生态承载力都呈下降趋势,渔业生态足迹值均高于渔业资源生态承载力,广东海洋渔业资源处于生态超载状态。针对生态超载累积效应所引起的渔业资源衰退问题,本文结合广东海洋渔业资源利用现状及补偿实践,提出实现海洋渔业生态可持续发展的对策建议。     

Governance interactions in small‐scale fisheries market chains: Examples from the Asia‐Pacific

Small‐scale fisheries are subject to various governing institutions operating at different levels with different objectives. At the same time, small‐scale fisheries increasingly form part of domestic and international market chains, with consequent effects for marine environments and livelihoods of the fishery‐dependent. Yet there remains a need to better understand how small‐scale fisheries market chains interact with the range of governance institutions that influence them. In this paper, we examine how multiple governance systems function along market chains, in order to identify opportunities for improved multiscale governance. We use three small‐scale fisheries with varying local to global market chains operating in the Asia‐Pacific region to develop a framework for analysis. Drawing from Interactive Governance theory we identify governing systems that have come to operate at particular sections in each market chain. We recognize four institutions that shape the governance over the length of the chain; namely those centred on (a) government, (b) private sector and pricing, (c) decentralized multistakeholder management and (d) culture and social relations. The framework shows how diverse arrangements of these governing institutions emerge and take effect along market chains. In doing so, we seek to move away from prescribed “ideals” of universal governing arrangements for fisheries and their market chains, and instead illuminate how governing systems function interactively across multiple scales.