根系分区交替灌溉条件下水肥供应对番茄有机酸含量的影响

采用分根法,通过盆栽试验,以四元二次回归正交旋转组合设计,研究了根系分区交替灌溉条件下灌水量和氮、磷、钾肥用量对番茄果实中有机酸含量的影响。通过回归分析,建立了番茄有机酸含量与水肥因子的数学模型。结果表明,在其他因子为中间水平时,番茄果实中的有机酸含量,随灌水量增加呈线性减小趋势;随施氮量增加表现为线性增长;随施磷量、施钾量增加呈开口向下抛物线型变化。交互效应表现为,灌水量与施钾量、施氮量与施磷量对番茄有机酸积累有显著的正交互作用。认为增施氮磷肥会增大番茄果实有机酸含量,合理施用钾肥、减小灌水量也促使番茄中有机酸的积累。     

根系分区交替灌溉条件下水肥供应对番茄可溶性固形物含量的影响

【目的】研究根系分区交替灌溉条件下灌水量和氮、磷、钾肥及有机肥用量对番茄果实中可溶性固形物含量的影响。【方法】在根系分区交替灌溉条件下,采用五元二次正交旋转组合设计,通过盆栽试验,建立可溶性固形物含量与水肥因子的数学模型,并对各单一因素及两两因素的耦合效应进行分析。【结果】在其它因子为中间水平时,番茄果实中的可溶性固形物含量,随灌水量增加呈线性减小趋势;随施氮量、施钾量和有机肥用量的变化,均表现为线性增长,但不随施磷量而变化。交互效应表现为,施氮量与有机肥用量,施磷量与灌水量、施钾量及有机肥用量呈正交互作用,施氮量与施磷量为负交互作用,其中以施磷量与施钾量的交互效应最大。【结论】灌水量过高不利于可溶性固形物含量的增加,合理增施氮、钾、有机肥和磷肥均可有效提高果实的可溶性固形物含量。     

水肥供应对番茄果实硝酸盐含量的影响

【目的】研究灌水量和氮、磷、钾肥用量对番茄果实硝酸盐含量的影响,为番茄的优质生产提供依据。【方法】以"金鹏1号"番茄为试验材料,采用四元二次正交旋转组合设计和盆栽试验,通过回归拟合,建立番茄果实硝酸盐含量与灌水量及氮、磷、钾肥用量因子间的回归模型,并对各单一因素及两因素的耦合效应进行分析。【结果】当其他因子为中间水平时,番茄果实硝酸盐含量随灌水量、施钾量的增加呈先增后降的趋势,与施氮量和施磷量均呈正相关关系,且施氮量的增幅大于施磷量。灌水量与施钾量、施氮量与施磷量间的交互作用为正效应,灌水量与施磷量、施氮量与施钾量间的交互作用为负效应。【结论】灌水量较低时,少施磷肥或合理配施钾肥能抑制硝酸盐累积;少施氮肥,增施磷肥或合理配施钾肥也是降低番茄果实中硝酸盐含量的有效措施。     

分根区交替灌溉条件下水肥供应对番茄可溶性糖含量的影响

【目的】研究分根区交替灌溉条件下水肥供应对番茄可溶性糖含量的影响。【方法】采用五元二次正交旋转组合设计,通过盆栽试验,研究根系分区交替灌溉条件下,灌水量及氮、磷、钾肥和有机肥用量对番茄果实中可溶性糖含量的影响。通过回归分析,建立了番茄果实可溶性糖含量与水肥因子的数学模型,并对各单一因素及两两因素的耦合效应进行了分析。【结果】在供试条件下,当其他因子为中间水平时,番茄果实可溶性糖含量与灌水量、施磷量和有机肥用量呈线性正相关关系;随着施钾量的增加,可溶性糖含量呈开口向下的抛物线型变化,但其不受施氮量的明显影响。5个因素对番茄可溶性糖含量的交互效应表现为:施氮量与施磷量、施钾量,施钾量与有机肥用量间呈负交互作用;施氮量与有机肥用量、施磷量与施钾量间呈正交互作用。表明灌水量及氮、磷、钾和有机肥用量,通过单因素本身或与其他因素之间的交互作用,对番茄果实可溶性糖含量产生显著影响。【结论】根系分区交替灌水条件下,适当增大灌水量,氮肥与有机肥、磷肥与钾肥以及高量有机肥与少量钾肥配施,均可以明显提高番茄果实中的可溶性糖含量。     

氮、钾运筹对设施番茄产量、果实硝酸盐含量及土壤硝态氮含量的影响

施肥影响设施蔬菜的产量、质量安全和土壤环境,因此,开展设施番茄氮肥和钾肥配合施用方案的研究,对区域设施农业优质、高效、健康发展具有重要意义。本研究以番茄新品种辽粉185为试验材料,采用氮、钾2因素4水平完全随机设计,探讨氮、钾配合施用对设施番茄产量、果实硝酸盐含量及土壤硝态氮含量的影响。结果表明,果实硝酸盐含量随氮和钾施入水平的提升而增加,土壤硝态氮含量随氮施入水平的提升而增加,随钾施入水平的提升而降低。氮、钾施入水平对番茄产量的影响均为先促进后抑制,通过回归模型获得番茄最高产量的氮、钾推荐施肥量分别为323.6 kg/hm~2和377.0 kg/hm~2。采用TOPSIS(Technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution)法进行综合评价,获得的结果表明,氮是影响番茄产量、质量安全和环境的重要因素,氮投入142.9～285.7 kg/hm~2可作为区域设施番茄栽培决策施肥的参考区间。     

水肥耦合对番茄产量和硝酸盐含量的影响

采用二因素(水、肥二因素)二次通用旋转组合设计,研究了水肥耦合技术对番茄产量和硝酸盐含量的影响。结果表明:F回>F0.01(5,7),说明灌水定额、施肥定额二因素与分析项目之间存在极显著的回归关系。2个因素重要性顺序为施肥量>灌水量。根据边际效益分析可知,边际产量随水肥的增加而增加,边际硝酸盐含量随水分增大呈减少趋势,而随着施肥量的增加呈增加趋势。通过计算机模拟,提出了高产、低硝酸盐含量的最优水肥组合方案:灌水指标为2710.95~2735.25m3/hm2,施肥指标:尿素或磷酸一铵的用量为264.6~280.5 kg/hm2。     

氮肥与磷钾肥配施对空心菜产量及硝酸盐含量的影响试验

蔬菜是易于富集硝酸盐的植物,在空心菜上通过用不同量的氮肥与相同量的磷钾肥配合施用试验,研究氮肥与蔬菜产量及硝酸盐含量的关系,探索高产低硝酸盐含量的蔬菜施肥方法.     

污泥对盆栽番茄产量和硝酸盐含量的影响

以河南省三门峡城市污水处理厂的干化污泥作为有机肥盆栽种植番茄,研究不同数量的污泥对番茄的产量及硝酸盐含量的影响,为三门峡污泥的合理利用提供参考。结果表明：施用污泥能明显提高番茄产量,但施用过量产量反而下降。污泥的施用增加了番茄硝酸盐的含量。     

氮肥不同运筹方式对茄子产量和硝酸盐含量的影响

[目的]为了确定茄子的最佳施用氮肥量和最佳运筹方式。[方法]通过田间试验,研究不同施氮量和不同运筹方式对茄子产量和硝酸盐含量的影响。[结果]茄子产量和硝酸盐含量随着施氮量的增加而增加,当施氮量超过330 kg/hm2时,茄子的产量反而下降,硝酸盐含量则以更大幅度增加。氮肥分次优化施用处理产量在0.05水平显著高于农民习惯施肥和氮肥全部用于追肥处理,硝酸盐含量则在0.05水平显著低于农民习惯施肥和氮肥全部用于追肥处理。[结论]当地茄子最佳施氮量为330 kg/hm2,最佳运筹方式为分次优化施用。     

Effect of fertigation frequency on soil nitrogen distribution and tomato yield under alternate partial root-zone drip irrigation

Alternate partial root-zone drip fertigation (ADF) is a combination of alternating irrigation and drip fertigation, with the potential to save water and increase nitrogen (N) fertilizer efficiency.  A 2-year greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of different fertigation frequencies on the distribution of soil moisture and nutrients and tomato yield under ADF.  The treatments included three ADF frequencies with intervals of 3 days (F3), 6 days (F6) and 12 days (F12), and conventional drip fertigation as a control (CK), which was fertilized once every 6 days.  For the ADF treatments, two drip tapes were placed 10 cm away on each side of the tomato row, and alternate drip irrigation was realized using a manual valve on the distribution tapes.  For the CK treatment, a drip tape was located close to the roots of the tomato plants.  The total N application rate of all treatments was 180 kg ha–1.  The total irrigation amounts applied to the CK treatment were 450.6 and 446.1 mm in 2019 and 2020, respectively; and the irrigation amounts applied to the ADF treatments were 60% of those of the CK treatment.   The F3 treatment resulted in water and N being distributed mainly in the 0–40-cm soil layer with less water and N being distributed in the 40–60-cm soil layer.  The F6 treatment led to 21.0 and 29.0% higher 2-year average concentration of mineral N in the 0–20 and 20–40-cm soil layer, respectively and a 23.0% lower N concentration in the 40–60-cm soil layer than in the CK treatment.  The 2-year average tomato yields of the F3, F6, F12, and CK treatments were 107.5, 102.6, 87.2, and 98.7 t ha–1, respectively.  The tomato yield of F3 was significantly higher (23.3%) than that in the F12 treatment, whereas there was no significant difference between the F3 and F6 treatment.  The F6 treatment resulted in yield similar to the CK treatment, indicating that ADF could maintain tomato yield with a 40% saving in water use.  Based on the distribution of water and N, and tomato yield, a fertigation frequency of 6 days under ADF should be considered as a water-saving strategy for greenhouse tomato production.     

Effects of nitrogen application rates and irrigation regimes on grain yield and water use efficiency of maize under alternate partial root-zone irrigation

Faced with the scarcity of water resources and irrational fertilizer use, it is critical to supply plants with water and fertilizer in a coordinated pattern to improve yield with high water use efficiency (WUE). One such method, alternate partial root-zone irrigation (APRI), has been practiced worldwide, but there is limited information on the performance of different irrigation regimes and nitrogen (N) rates under APRI. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of varying irrigation regimes and N rates on shoot growth, grain yield and WUE of maize (Zea mays L.) grown under APRI in the Hexi Corridor area of Northwest China in 2014 and 2015. The three N rates were 100, 200 and 300 kg N ha⁻¹, designated N₁, N₂ and N₃, respectively. The three irrigation regimes of 45–50%, 60–65% and 75–80% field capacity (FC) throughout the maize growing season, designated W₁, W₂ and W₃, respectively, were applied in combination with each N rate. The results showed that W₂ and W₃ significantly increased the plant height, stem diameter, crop growth rate, chlorophyll SPAD value, net photosynthetic rate (P_n), biomass, grain yield, ears per ha, kernels per cob, 1 000-kernel weight, harvest index, evapotranspiration and leaf area index (LAI) compared to W₁ at each N rate. The N₂ and N₃ treatments increased those parameters compared to N₁ in each irrigation treatment. Increasing the N rate from the N₂ to N₃ resulted in increased biomass and grain yield under W₃ while it had no impact on those under the W₁ and W₂ treatments. The W₃N₃ and W₂N₂ and W₂N₃ treatments achieved the greatest and the second-greatest biomass and grain yield, respectively. Increasing the N rate significantly enhanced the maximum LAI (LAI at the silking stage) and P_n under W₃, suggesting that the interaction of irrigation and fertilizer N management can effectively improve leaf growth and development, and consequently provide high biomass and grain yield of maize. The W₂N₂, W₂N₃ and W₃N₃ treatments attained the greatest WUE among all the treatments. Thus, either 60–65% FC coupled with 200–300 kg N ha⁻¹ or 75–80% FC coupled with 300 kg N ha⁻¹ is proposed as a better pattern of irrigation and nitrogen application with positive regulative effects on grain yield and WUE of maize under APRI in the Hexi Corridor area of Northwest China and other regions with similar environments. These results can provide a basis for in-depth understanding of the mechanisms of grain yield and WUE to supply levels of water and nitrogen.     

加气灌溉对番茄根区土壤环境和产量的影响

【目的】探明加气灌溉对番茄根区土壤环境及番茄生物量、果实产量和水分利用效率的影响,为加气灌溉的推广提供依据。【方法】以番茄品种"金鹏10号"为供试材料,通过温室小区试验,设计了加气和不加气(对照)地下滴灌2种处理方式,每个处理3次重复,加气灌溉采用Mazzei287型文丘里加气设备,定期测定并比较2种灌溉方式下的土壤含水量、氧气含量、呼吸速率、温度及番茄生物量、产量和水分利用效率。【结果】与对照相比,加气灌溉使得10cm土层内土壤体积含水量降低了1.61%,根区土壤氧气含量增加了0.89%,土壤呼吸速率增加了26.76%,但土壤温度没有明显变化;加气灌溉下番茄的果实干鲜质量、叶干质量、茎干鲜质量和地上部干鲜质量均显著增大,但根干鲜质量和叶鲜质量无显著变化;同时,加气灌溉下灌溉水分利用效率增加了23.12%,单株产量提高了23.12%,单果质量增大了29.84%。【结论】加气地下滴灌在改善根区土壤环境、提高番茄产量和水分利用效率等方面具有明显优势。     

泾惠渠灌区不同水氮供应对冬小麦氮素吸收运转的影响

【目的】研究泾惠渠灌区不同水氮供应对冬小麦植株氮素吸收运转的影响,为泾惠渠灌区提供合理的灌水施肥运筹方式。【方法】在泾惠渠灌区,通过田间小区试验研究不同灌水(W_(90)和W_(120),即灌水定额为90和120mm)和施氮(底肥60和120kg/hm~2,追肥0,60和120kg/hm~2,即施氮的底追肥处理组合为N_(60/0),N_(60/60),N_(60/120);N_(120/0),N_(120/60),N_(120/120))对冬小麦籽粒产量、各部位氮素积累量、氮素利用效率等的影响。【结果】除净积累量对籽粒氮的贡献率及氮素收获指数外,灌水和施氮对冬小麦籽粒产量、各器官氮素积累量、氮素转移量、氮素利用效率、氮肥农学利用效率均有显著影响。低水处理(W_(90))的籽粒产量、氮素积累量、氮肥农学利用效率显著高于高水处理(W120),其中产量增幅为4.88%~7.44%,植株氮素积累量增幅为6.15%~18.66%,氮肥农学利用效率增幅为19.48%~35.94%。随施氮量的增加,冬小麦籽粒产量、氮素积累量均呈显著增长趋势,其中籽粒产量表现为N_(0/0)(5 653.68kg/hm~2)N_(60/0)(6 777.71kg/hm~2)N_(60/60),N_(120/0)(7 165.63kg/hm~2)N_(60/120),N_(120/60)(7 376.92kg/hm~2)N_(120/120)(7 659.88kg/hm~2);氮素积累量表现为N_(0/0)(188.97kg/hm~2)N_(60/0)(229.49kg/hm~2)N_(60/60),N_(120/0)(275.23kg/hm~2)N_(60/120),N_(120/60)(310.00kg/hm~2)N_(120/120)(327.40kg/hm~2);当施氮量过高时,继续增加施氮量对冬小麦籽粒产量和氮素积累量的调节作用不显著。总施氮量相同的条件下,适当提高追肥的施氮比例,有利于提高产量、各器官氮素积累量及各营养器官氮素转移量,其中N_(60/60)与N_(120/0)处理相比,W_(90)和W_(120)灌水水平下籽粒产量分别提高3.92%和4.44%,各器官氮素积累量提高11.43%~27.99%,各营养器官转移量提高18.37%~71.81%;N_(60/120)与N_(120/60)处理相比,各营养器官转移量提高15.06%~39.63%。【结论】综合考虑籽粒产量、氮肥农学利用效率和氮素利用效率等因素,灌水定额为90mm、底肥施氮量60kg/hm~2、追肥施氮量120kg/hm~2,即W_(90)N_(60/120)为本试验条件下泾惠渠灌区冬小麦的最佳水氮组合。     

苗期玉米对根区局部供水不同灌水下限的响应

对玉米苗期根系局部供水条件下生长、生理指标对不同灌水下限(占田间持水量60%、65%、70%、75%)的响应进行了研究。结果表明：占田间持水量65%的灌水下限（T₂）处理的株高、茎粗等生长指标明显优于其他处理,与全面灌溉(CK,占田间持水量60%)相比,T₂处理的生物积累总量提高了1.2%,而其他处理的生物积累总量降低;随着灌水下限的不断提高,苗期玉米叶片组织中脯氨酸、可溶性糖和植物组织相对含水量等生理指标不断降低,占田间持水量65%的灌水下限（T₂）处理的脯氨酸和可溶性糖的含量与CK处理结果相近,差异不显著。     

覆膜沟灌条件下不同水氮处理对番茄产量与品质的影响

通过田间试验,研究了覆膜沟灌条件下不同水氮处理对番茄产量与品质的影响,旨在探讨西北旱区覆膜沟灌条件下番茄的水肥调控模式,以达到节水、增产、高效与优质的目的。结果表明：采用85%对照灌水量处理（CK）对番茄 市场产量（≥60 g）无显著影响,而65%和45%对照灌水量处理则减产明显;采用3/4当地施肥量(CK)处理对番茄总产量与市场产量影响不显著;减少灌水量处理显著增加番茄的果色指数与硬度,提高可溶性固形物、可溶性糖含量,降低有机酸含量;施氮量对番茄可溶性固形物、有机酸含量影响不显著,但减少施氮量增加可溶性糖含量;番茄维生素C含量随灌水量与施肥量的降低呈现先增加而后降低的趋势。综合考虑产量、品质及水分利用效率(WUE),本研究认为采用416.76 mm（85%CK）灌水量及117.6 kg·hm^-2（3/4CK）纯氮施用量,为西北旱区覆膜沟灌种植条件下适宜的水肥调控模式。     

不同水肥调控措施对日光温室土壤水分和番茄水分利用效率的影响

【目的】研究不同水肥调控措施对日光温室土壤水分状况和番茄水分利用效率的影响,为西北地区日光温室水肥的合理利用提供参考依据。【方法】采用田间试验方法,研究不同水肥处理对日光温室土壤含水量及番茄水分利用效率的影响。【结果】在肥料用量为N 450 kg/hm2、P2O5225 kg/hm2、K2O 225 kg/hm2条件下,节水灌溉处理的水分利用率最高,达50.3 kg/m3;在灌水量相同的条件下,常规施肥与配方施肥的水分利用率无显著差异;而在施肥量相同的条件下,节水灌溉的水分利用率比常规灌溉明显提高;在肥料用量为N 450 kg/hm2、P2O5315 kg/hm2、K2O 450 kg/hm2条件下,收获时土壤贮水量最小,比同期常规水肥处理低0.88×103m3/hm2,比栽植时减少0.52×103m3/hm2。张力计读数的变化趋势和土壤含水量变化趋势基本一致,张力计能够反映土壤的水分状况。【结论】采用节水节肥的措施虽然未能显著增加番茄的产量,但能提高番茄的水分利用率,降低生产成本。