Dynamics of Bt cotton Cry1Ac protein content under an alternating high temperature regime and effects on nitrogen metabolism

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of alternating high temperature on Cry1Ac protein content on Bt cotton cultivars Sikang 1(SK-1,a conventional cultivar)and Sikang 3(SK-3,a hybrid cultivar).In 2011 and 2012,cotton plants were subjected to high temperature treatments ranging from 32 to 40℃ in climate chambers to investigate the effects of high temperature on boll shell insecticidal protein expression.The experiments showed that significant decline of the boll shell insecticidal protein was detected at temperatures higher than 38℃ after 24 h.Based on the results,the cotton plants were treated with the threshold temperature of 38℃ from 6:00 a.m.to 6:00 p.m.followed by a normal temperature of 27℃ during the remaining night hours(DH/NN)in 2012 and 2013.These treatments were conducted at peak boll growth stage for both cultivars in study periods of 0,4,7,and 10 d.Temperature treatment of 32℃ from 6:00 a.m.to 6:00 p.m.and 27℃ in the remaining hours was set as control.The results showed that,compared with the control,after the DH/NN stress treatment applied for 7 d,the boll shell Cry1Ac protein content level was significantly decreased by 19.1 and 17.5% for SK-1 and by 15.3 and 13.7% for SK-3 in 2012 and 2013,respectively.Further analysis of nitrogen metabolic physiology under DH/NN showed that the soluble protein content and the glutamic pyruvic transaminase(GPT)activities decreased slightly after 4 d,and then decreased sharply after 7 d.The free amino acid content and the protease content increased sharply after 7 d.The changes in SK-1 were greater than those in SK-3.These results suggest that under DH/NN stress,boll shell Cry1Ac protein content decline was delayed.Reduced protein synthesis and increased protein degradation in the boll shell decreased protein content,including Bt protein,which may reduce resistance to the cotton bollworm.     

Bt杀虫蛋白在转基因抗虫棉中的表达

[目的]评价转基因抗虫棉的生物安全性.[方法]利用3个由花粉管通道法获得的转Bt基因的抗虫棉品系,通过Southern杂交技术研究了抗虫棉的插入数,通过棉铃虫饲喂、半定量RT-PCR和ELISA测定了抗虫棉的Bt杀虫活性的时间和空间的动态变化.[结果]Bt基因在抗虫棉中为1～2个拷贝数;Bt蛋白杀虫活性的时空动态表现为在不同生育期的同一器官中,苗期叶片的表达比花铃期的叶片强,在同一生育期内,不同器官表达不同,叶片和铃壳的表达高于苞叶、花和雌雄蕊.[结论]Bt杀虫蛋白在转基因抗虫棉中的抗性具有时空表达特异性.     

转Bt-cry1Ac基因棉花叶片中杀虫蛋白在环境中的降解动态

 采用ELISA方法研究了Bt棉花叶片中Cry1Ac杀虫蛋白在不同环境条件空气介质中和土壤介质中的降解规律。结果表明，不同环境下Bt杀虫蛋白降解趋势有明显差异。不同温湿度及光照条件的空气介质中，Bt杀虫蛋白的降解速度一般在初期较快，经过短暂的缓慢降解阶段后进入相对稳定状态（含量50 ng·g-1左右）。高温低湿条件下，Bt杀虫蛋白降解较快，达到稳定水平的时间短。Bt杀虫蛋白在光照和非光照环境下的的降解动态没有显著性差异。自然条件下Cry1Ac蛋白在土壤介质中初始阶段降解迅速，30 d后降解了85%左右。随着冬季的到来, 杀虫蛋白降解趋于缓慢。次年春天后，杀虫蛋白的降解加快，至 4月下旬检测不到Bt杀虫蛋白。     

Effects of post-heading high temperature on some quality traits of malt barley

Global change is bringing barley with more frequency of suffering from high temperature. However, little has been known about the influence of high temperature on malt quality traits. In this study, we investigated the impact of 1-wk heat stress (32°C/26°C, day/night, 12 h/12 h) initiating from the 7th (HT7) and 14th (HT14) days after heading on some grain and malt quality traits of two barley cultivars. In comparison with normal temperature (24°C/18°C, day/night, 12 h/12 h), heat stress significantly reduced kernel weight, seed setting rate and grains per spike: HT7 having a larger effect than HT14. Meanwhile, total protein and β-glucan contents, and β-amylase and limit dextrinase activities were significantly increased under high temperature, with HT7-treated plants showing larger changes. Moreover, the different changes of four protein fractions under heat stress were found in the two barley cultivars, indicating the possibility of breaking positive association between protein content and enzyme activity.     

Effects of External Chemical Regulation on Bt Transgenic Cotton Plants under Combined Stress of High Temperature and Water Deficit

[Objective] The study aimed to find a possible way to combat or alleviate the negative effects caused by high temperature and water deficit at the growth stage of peak boll-setting.[Method] With Bt transgenic cotton GK22 as the test cultivar,a potted experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of the regulation of external substances(the water solutions of pix,urea and their mixture) on the physiological parameters,insecticidal protein content,yield and yield component of cotton plants in artificial climate chambers treated with high temperature and water deficit.[Result] The application of external pix,urea or their mixture was effective in stabilizing the physiological parameters of cotton plants,insecticidal protein content,yield and yield components.Compared with the exclusive application of pix and urea,the mixture of pix and urea played the most effective role in stabilizing the content of chlorophyll,soluble sugar and insecticidal protein,alleviating the increase of the content of free amino acids and proline,and increasing boll number per plant,boll weight and seed cotton yield.[Conclusion] The water solutions of pix,urea or their mixtures can be used to combat or alleviate the stress of high temperature and water deficit if they are sprayed onto cotton plants prior to stress occurrence.     

低温·淹水及其交叉胁迫对烤烟某些生理指标的影响

[目的]研究低温、淹水及其交叉胁迫对烤烟某些生理生化指标的影响,探讨其对烟草生长发育的影响机理。[方法]对盆栽8～9叶龄的3个烤烟主栽品种（K326、云烟85和云烟87）进行淹水、低温及其交叉胁迫处理。处理后的植株在正常条件下生长7 d后测定株高、叶片数和干重及叶绿素含量、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化物酶（POD）活性、可溶性蛋白质含量、丙二醛（MDA）含量。[结果]淹水、低温及其交叉胁迫后,烟叶叶绿素含量、株高、叶片数和生物量显著下降,烟叶POD活性和MDA含量显著升高。低温及先淹水后低温胁迫后,SOD活性降低,可溶性蛋白质含量升高;淹水及先低温后淹水胁迫后,SOD活性升高,可溶性蛋白质含量有所下降。3个品种中,K326叶片叶绿素含量下降最严重,POD活性的变化幅度最大,MDA含量升高最多,生物量下降最大,说明K326受伤害程度最大,抵抗低温、淹水及其交叉胁迫的能力较差。[结论]该研究可以为烟草的抗性研究积累资料并为烤烟生产中品种的选择提供科学依据。     

NO对缺氮胁迫下棉花幼苗生理生长的调控效应

【目的】探讨外源一氧化氮（Nitric oxide,NO）对氮素胁迫下棉花幼苗生长和叶片生理性状的影响,为NO的供体硝普钠（Sodium nitroprusside,SNP）调控棉花生长发育提供理论依据。【方法】采用水培处理,设置两个对照：以全营养素Hoagland营养液培养棉花幼苗为对照1（CK1）,缺氮Hoagland营养液培养棉花幼苗为对照2（CK2）。在CK2的基础上,利用SNP处理棉花幼苗,设置5个处理,每个处理SNP浓度分别为50、100、200、500和1 000 μmol•L-1,研究NO对氮胁迫下棉花幼苗生理生长的调控效应。【结果】氮素胁迫对棉花幼苗产生抑制作用,导致棉苗的光合系统及蛋白质、脯氨酸含量产生变化。低浓度外源NO能明显促进氮素胁迫下棉花幼苗的生长,显著提高叶绿素、脯氨酸及可溶性蛋白含量,其中以100 μmol•L-1 SNP缓解胁迫效果最好。而高浓度的外源NO则加剧氮素胁迫对棉苗的抑制。【结论】低浓度外源NO（SNP:50—100 μmol•L-1）的确能缓解氮素胁迫对棉花幼苗造成的伤害,提高棉花幼苗对氮素胁迫的耐性。     

Response dynamics of three defense related enzymes in cotton leaves to the interactive stress of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) herbivory and omethoate application

In order to explore the response dynamics of the activities of defense related enzymes in cotton leaves towards the interactive stress of Helicoverpa armigera herbivory and omethoate application, the activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), lipoxygenase (LOX), and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) were examined from 6 to 126 h after cotton leaves were treated 12 h of H. armigera herbivory, and then sprayed with 800 mg L–1 omethoate. The results showed that the changes in the activities of PAL, LOX and PPO that occured under the interactive stress of H. armigera herbivory and omethoate application reflected the interactive effects of the two stresses on cotton defense. The similarity between the response dynamics of PAL, LOX, and PPO activities in cotton leaves under the interactive stress and that under H. armigera herbivory treatment alone showed that the induction of H. armigera herbivory on the activities of PAL, LOX and PPO in cotton leaves played a leading role in the interactive effects, and the effect of omethoate application played only a minor role. A joint factor analysis was performed according to a method which has been used to analyze the joint toxicity of pesticides; this analysis sought to clarify if there was a synergistic, antagonistic, or additive effect on PAL, LOX, and PPO activity in cotton leaves resulting from the interactive H. armigera herbivory and omethoate treatment. In the interactive effect on the response of PAL activity in cotton leaves, antagonistic effects of the omethoate application towards H. armigera herbivory were observed at 6 and 12 h. Synergistic effects were then observed at 18 and 30 h. Antagonistic effects were observed from 54 to 78 h and synergistic effects were finally observed at 126 h. The correlation between H. armigera herbivory and omethoate application in the interactive effect on cotton defense responses of LOX activity also fluctuated from synergism to antagonism during the time course. In the interactive effect on PPO activity, only antagonism was observed between H. armigera herbivory and omethoate application. In the interactive stress of H. armigera herbivory and omethoate application on cotton defense responses, omethoate affected the defense responses of cotton to H. armigera herbivory by producing antagonistic and synergistic effects. These results will be useful to understand the relationship between host plant and herbivorous pest.     

高温干旱下缩节胺通过调节碳和氨基酸代谢提高Bt棉杀虫蛋白含量的生理机制

【目的】探讨高温干旱胁迫下缩节胺（mepiquat chloride,DPC）调控Bt(Bacillus thuringiensis)棉杀虫蛋白含量的生理机制，为高抗虫性Bt棉品种选育及高产高效栽培提供理论依据。【方法】2020—2021年以转Bt抗虫基因抗虫棉品种泗抗3号为材料，采用盆栽法，在人工气候室进行高温干旱胁迫，胁迫开始后立即用20 mg·L-1 DPC和清水（对照）喷施。7 d后测定铃壳杀虫蛋白含量、α-酮戊二酸含量、丙酮酸含量以及谷氨酸合酶活性、谷氨酸草酰乙酸转氨酶活性、可溶性蛋白含量、游离氨基酸含量。并进行转录组测序，利用DESeq进行差异基因分析，通过GO富集和KEGG Pathway数据库注释参与DPC调节杀虫蛋白含量的差异表达基因。【结果】与清水对照相比，DPC可显著提高高温干旱条件下Bt棉铃壳中杀虫蛋白含量，提高幅度达4.7%—11.9%。在碳代谢方面，α-酮戊二酸含量、丙酮酸含量提高46%—57%和25%—29%；在氨基酸代谢方面，谷氨酸合酶活性、谷氨酸草酰乙酸转氨酶活性、可溶性蛋白含量、游离氨基酸含量分别提高32%—44%、30%—40%、28%和22%—2...     

The effects of high temperature level on square Bt protein concen-tration of Bt cotton

Higher boll worm survival rates were detected after high temperature presented during square period in Bt cotton. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of high temperature level on the Bt efficacy of two different types of Bt cotton cultivars at squaring stage. During the 2011 to 2013 cotton growth seasons, high temperature treatments ranged from 34 to 44°C in climate chambers, and field experiments under high temperature weather with various temperature levels were conducted to investigate the effects of the high temperature level on square Bt protein concentration and nitrogen metabolism. The climate chamber experiments showed that the square insecticidal protein contents reduced after 24 h elevated temperature treatments for both cultivars, whereas significant declines of the square insecticidal protein contents were detected at temperature 38°C, and only slightly numerical reductions were observed when temperature below 38°C. Similar high temperature responses were also observed at the two field experimental sites in 2013. Correspondingly, high temperature below 38°C seems have little effect on the square amino acid concentrations, soluble protein contents, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase(GPT) and glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase(GOT) activities as well as protease and peptidase activities; however, when the temperature was above 38°C, reduced soluble protein contents, enhanced amino acid concentrations, decreased GPT and GOT activities, bolstered protease and peptidase activities in square were detected. In general, the higher the temperature is(38°C), the larger the changes for the above compound contents and key enzymes activities of the square protein cycle. The findings indicated that the unstable insect resistance of the square was related to high temperature level during square stage.     

温度和土壤水分与Bt棉铃壳中杀虫蛋白表达关系及其氮代谢生理机制

【目的】明确温度和土壤水分对Bt棉杀虫蛋白含量及其氮代谢活性的影响,为生产中Bt棉抗虫性的安全稳定利用提供理论参考。【方法】2016-2017年以转Bt抗虫基因抗虫棉常规品种泗抗1号（SK1）和杂交种泗抗3号（SK3）为材料,采用盆栽法,设置29℃、32℃、35℃、38℃ 4个温度水平,土壤最大持水量的80%、70%、60%、50%、40% 5个土壤水分水平,观察温度和土壤水分对Bt棉铃壳杀虫蛋白含量的影响,各处理持续胁迫4 d。2016年主要研究各处理对Bt棉铃壳中杀虫蛋白含量的影响;在此基础上,2017年进一步探讨各处理对铃壳中可溶性蛋白含量、谷氨酸草酰乙酸转氨酶（GOT）、蛋白酶、肽酶活性的影响。【结果】SK1和SK3杀虫蛋白含量均在32℃、最大持水量为60%时最高,分别达到471.1 ng·g^-1 FW和351.7 ng·g^-1 FW。在同一土壤水分条件下,32℃最利于SK1和SK3杀虫蛋白表达;同一温度条件下,最大持水量60%利于SK1和SK3杀虫蛋白表达。对杀虫蛋白含量与温度和土壤水分关系进行二元多项式回归分析发现,Bt棉杀虫蛋白含量（Y）与温度（X₂）和土壤水分（X₁）呈二元二次方程关系,其中SK1、SK3相关方程分别为Y=-3230.2+17.2X₁+199.1X₂-0.3X₁²-3.7X₂²-0.7X₁X₂ （r＝0.829^**）、Y=-3322.0+40.7X₁+145.2X₂-0.3X₁²-2.0X₂²-0.3X₁X₂（r＝0.739^**）。SK1的杀虫蛋白表达量最大的温度和土壤水分条件为31.8℃、57.8%,SK3为33.2℃、60.8%。氮代谢相关生理特征表明,SK1和SK3均表现为在32℃和土壤含水量为60%处理下,棉铃中可溶性蛋白含量、谷氨酸草酰乙酸转氨酶（GOT）活性较高,蛋白酶、肽酶活性较低;杀虫蛋白含量与可溶性蛋白和GOT活性呈极显著正相关关系（r＝0.613**;r＝0.735**）,与蛋白酶活性和肽酶活性呈极显著负相关关系（r＝-0.724**;r＝-0.738**）。【结论】温度和土壤水分通过调控蛋白质分解和合成,共同影响Bt棉杀虫蛋白表达,且与其含量呈二元二次方程关系。     

土壤水分亏缺对Bt棉铃壳杀虫蛋白表达的影响

【目的】研究土壤水分亏缺对Bt棉杀虫蛋白含量及Bt基因表达、氮代谢酶活性的影响,为Bt棉抗虫性安全表达提供理论参考。【方法】2014—2015年以Bt棉常规品种泗抗1号、杂交种泗抗3号为材料,采用盆栽法,2014年设置5个土壤水分处理:G1、G2、G3、G4和CK,其土壤含水量分别为最大持水量的15%、30%、45%和75%。2015年设置4个处理:G2、G3、G4和CK。观察土壤水分亏缺对盛铃期Bt棉铃壳杀虫蛋白含量影响。所有处理于盛花期前10 d控制浇水,如遇下雨,将处理盆钵移入室内。使用WET土壤三参数速测仪监测土壤水分,用称重法控制土壤水分,即当监测发现土壤水分低于设计值时,于早晨、中午、傍晚进行定量补水。2015年进一步研究水分亏缺对Bt基因表达量、氮代谢相关合成酶(硝酸还原酶和谷氨酸丙酮酸转氨酶)活性、分解酶(肽酶和蛋白酶)活性的影响。【结果】与对照(土壤含水量为最大持水量75%)相比,泗抗1号和泗抗3号铃壳中Bt蛋白含量随土壤水分亏缺程度的增加而降低,且在土壤含水量为最大持水量60%时开始显著下降,但泗抗1号下降幅度低于泗抗3号,其中2014年泗抗1号下降22.5%,泗抗3号下降41.6%。在土壤含水量为最大持水量60%时,铃壳中Bt基因表达量增加,泗抗1号、泗抗3号分别比对照提高48.6%和22.1%。氮代谢相关酶活性变化表明,水分亏缺条件下,2个类型品种的硝酸还原酶(NR)和谷氨酸丙酮酸转氨酶(GPT)活性降低,肽酶和蛋白酶活性增加。且肽酶和蛋白酶活性变化幅度高于NR和GPT。相关分析表明,NR和GPT活性与铃壳中杀虫蛋白含量呈显著或极显著正相关;肽酶和蛋白酶活性与杀虫蛋白含量呈显著负相关。【结论】水分亏缺胁迫下,供试品种铃壳中杀虫蛋白质含量下降。但在转录水平,未发现Bt基因表达量下降。但氮代谢关键合成酶(NR和GPT)活性降低,分解酶(肽酶和蛋白酶)活性增加。因此,蛋白质合成减弱、分解加强可能导致铃壳中杀虫蛋白含量下降。     

外源NO对NaCl胁迫下棉苗主要形态和相关生理性状的影响

【目的】研究不同浓度外源NO供体硝普钠（SNP）对不同NaCl胁迫程度下棉苗生长和叶片生理性状的影响。【方法】采用水培处理,试验设2个NaCl水平（50和100 mmol•L-1）,各NaCl水平下设4个SNP浓度（0、50、100和200 μmol•L-1）,同时设对照（0 mmol•L-1NaCl,0 μmol•L-1SNP）,处理10 d后测定棉苗形态指标和叶片主要生理指标。【结果】NaCl胁迫抑制棉苗生长;外源NO供体SNP进一步抑制NaCl胁迫下棉苗节间伸长,显著降低植株含水量,尤其是根和茎的含水量;SNP处理显著增加轻度盐胁迫（50 mmol•L-1 NaCl）下棉苗比叶重,50-200 μmol•L-1SNP处理下比叶重增加10%-18%;SNP处理提高了高盐（100 mmol•L-1NaCl）胁迫下棉苗叶片可溶性蛋白含量和叶绿素a/b值,显著提高了叶绿素a、b含量,以50 μmol•L-1SNP处理效果最显著,叶绿素a、b分别增加10.9%和9.8%;SNP显著提高了NaCl胁迫下叶片SOD活性和POD活性,降低了CAT活性。【结论】外源NO能够抑制棉苗节间伸长,缓解高浓度NaCl胁迫下棉苗叶绿素的降解,增强叶片抗氧化能力,改善叶质。本试验条件下,SNP对棉苗盐胁迫的缓解作用以50-100 μmol•L-1为宜,高浓度（200 μmol•L-1）SNP处理加剧了盐胁迫对棉苗的伤害。     

广西冬种马铃薯不同品种耐寒性比较

探究低温胁迫下不同品种马铃薯苗期叶片生理生化特性,比较广西冬种不同马铃薯品种的耐寒性,为广西冬种马铃薯品种选育提供参考。以费乌瑞它、兴佳2号、丽薯6号3个马铃薯品种为试验材料,4℃低温下进行0、3、6、12、24、48h胁迫,测定叶绿素、相对含水量、可溶性蛋白含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性。结果表明,随低温胁迫时间的延长,3个不同马铃薯品种的相对含水量、叶绿素含量持续下降,在48h时,费乌瑞它显著低于丽薯6号、兴佳2号。3个品种的可溶性蛋白含量、SOD、CAT活性呈先下降后上升变化趋势,而POD活性呈先上升后下降的变化趋势,在低温胁迫48h时,丽薯6号、兴佳2号的可溶性蛋白含量、SOD活性、POD活性均显著高于费乌瑞它。各品种的MDA含量在低温胁迫48h内呈上升变化趋势,在低温胁迫48h时,费乌瑞它MDA含量显著高于其他品种。3个马铃薯品种的抗寒性由强到弱排列为丽薯6号兴佳2号费乌瑞它,与广西主栽品种费乌瑞它相比,丽薯6号和兴佳2号2个新品种具有较强的抗寒性,可在南方冬作区种植与推广应用。     

不同DPC(缩节胺)处理对棉花生理生化特性的影响

[目的]研究DPC(缩节胺)浓度处理对棉花生理生化特性的影响.[方法]试验在石河子大学生防研究室进行,以新陆早44号为材料,用6个不同浓度DPC(缩节胺)(0、25、50、100、200和400mg/L)处理棉花,测定棉叶中叶绿素含量、MDA 含量、可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白质含量、游离脯氨酸含量、POD 活性、SOD 活性以及CAT活性的变化.[结果](1)DPC处理前期叶片中叶绿素、游离脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白的含量都高于对照,随着浓度的增大,游离脯氨酸含量和可溶性蛋白质含量逐渐增大.而DPC处理后期叶片中叶绿素和游离脯氨酸含量都低于对照;(2)叶中MDA含量一直低于对照,随着浓度的增大,MDA含量逐渐减小;(3)并不能使棉花叶中可溶性糖含量发生变化;(4)DPC处理前期,SOD活性高于对照,而后期低于对照;DPC处理前期,POD活性和CAT活性低于对照,而后期高于对照.[结论]适当浓度的DPC(缩节胺)处理能增加棉花细胞耐渗透压能力,增强棉花抗胁迫能力,提高棉花叶片的抗旱能力,并提高棉花叶片的光合作用.     

种植密度对转Bt棉纤维杀虫蛋白表达量及氮代谢的影响

为了探讨种植密度对转基因抗虫棉纤维中杀虫(Bt)蛋白表达量的影响及其氮代谢机制,以Bt棉常规种泗抗1号和Bt棉杂交种泗抗3号为试验材料,比较1.5×10⁴、3.0×10⁴、4.5×10⁴、6.0×10⁴、7.5×10⁴ 株·hm^-2五个种植密度下转Bt棉杀虫蛋白表达量及其氮代谢的差异。结果表明,纤维中Bt蛋白表达量随种植密度增大呈上升趋势。相关分析表明,单株铃数、单铃体积、单铃干重与Bt蛋白表达量均呈显著负相关。纤维中氮代谢生理相关指标中,可溶性蛋白含量及谷氨酸丙酮酸转氨酶(GPT)和谷氨酸草酰乙酸转氨酶(GOT)活性随种植密度的增大而升高,但游离氨基酸含量、蛋白酶和肽酶活性随密度增大而下降。纤维中Bt蛋白表达量与可溶性蛋白含量、GPT和GOT活性呈显著正相关,而与游离氨基酸含量、蛋白酶和肽酶活性呈显著负相关。可见,提高种植密度降低了棉铃生长,但提高了纤维中Bt蛋白的表达量,且Bt蛋白表达量的提高与植株氮代谢生理密切相关。因此,在生产中通过协调种植密度既可以保持棉铃适度发育,又有利于提高棉纤维中Bt蛋白的表达量,为提高Bt棉产量器官抗虫性提供栽培基础。     

海岛棉苗期盐胁迫下形态学和生理学指标变化

【目的】在300 mmol·L-1 Na Cl胁迫下,观察并测定海岛棉耐盐性强的品系越海9号和耐盐性弱的品系PS-7叶片、茎细胞解剖结构和生理学指标,从形态学和生理学两个水平研究海岛棉苗期响应盐胁迫的应答机制,为棉花耐盐材料的筛选提供理论依据和技术方案。【方法】采用水培方法,待棉苗生长至3叶期时,开始进行300 mmol·L-1 Na Cl胁迫处理。运用光学显微技术及生理学指标测定法,在不同Na Cl胁迫处理时间下,对海岛棉耐盐性强的品系越海9号和耐盐性弱的品系PS-7进行形态学观察及生理学指标分析。【结果】2份海岛棉材料对Na Cl胁迫的反应不同。随着300 mmol·L-1 Na Cl处理时间的延长,与对照相比,越海9号和PS-7的叶片和茎的横切面面积均显著变小,处理24 h时,分别变小14.10%、54.69%与45.30%、87.90%,PS-7的变化幅度大于越海9号;处理12 h时,PS-7维管束中木质部已经损害严重,越海9号维管束中木质部则没有明显变化;PS-7的栅栏组织细胞在处理24 h时由长圆柱形变为卵圆形,越海9号的栅栏组织细胞的形状则没有变化。生理学研究表明,越海9号叶片中的叶绿素含量、超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶活性在整个处理过程中均高于PS-7,而其丙二醛含量却明显低于PS-7;在300 mmol·L-1 Na Cl处理8 h时,越海9号和PS-7中的丙二醛含量、叶绿素含量、超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶活性均达到了显著性差异。【结论】叶片中栅栏组织和茎中木质部可能是海岛棉响应盐胁迫的最敏感部分,叶绿素、丙二醛、超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶可作为鉴定耐盐棉花材料的生理学指标。     

Nitrogen spraying affects seed Bt toxin concentration and yield in Bt cotton

Cotton bolls exhibit the lowest insecticidal efficacy among all organs of Bt cotton, which would ultimately affect the yield formation. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different urea concentrations on the seed Bt protein contents, seed cotton yield and the corresponding protein metabolism mechanism. The experiments were conducted during 2017–2018 cotton growing seasons. Two cultivars, Sikang 3(hybrid, SK3) and Sikang 1(conventional, SK1), were treated with six urea concentrations and their seed Bt protein contents were compared during boll formation period. The urea spray concentration had a significant effect on the seed Bt toxin content and seed cotton yield. Spraying of either 5 or 6% urea led to higher insecticidal protein contents and higher seed cotton yield for both cultivars. Moreover, the highest amino acid and soluble protein contents, as well as GPT and GOT activities, and lower protease and peptidase activities were observed at the 5 to 6% urea levels. Significant positive correlations between the seed Bt toxin and amino acid contents, and between the seed Bt toxin content and GPT activities were detected. The lower boll worm number and hazard boll rate were also observed with the 5 to 6% urea treatments, which may be the reason why nitrogen spraying increased the seed cotton yield. Therefore, our results suggested that the seed Bt toxin content and insect resistance were impacted markedly by external nitrogen application, and 5 to 6% urea had the greatest effect on insect resistance.     

转Bt基因棉花杀虫蛋白表达规律及对棉铃虫控制作用研究

为了探明不同棉花品种对棉铃虫发生的影响,采用酶联免疫法(ELISA)检测在安徽省普遍种植的12个转Bt基因棉花品种不同生育期叶片,以及不同组织器官的Bt蛋白含量,并结合室内生物测定方法探讨不同棉花品种对棉铃虫幼虫的毒杀效果。结果表明,不同棉花品种Bt蛋白含量差异显著,首先,Bt蛋白在中棉所71、中棉所65、爱棉1号和岱杂2号的各生育期,以及不同组织器官中均能相对稳定地高表达;其次,铜杂411、荃银棉4号和皖棉17在部分生育期及组织器官中Bt蛋白含量较高;与上述品种相比,创072、湘杂棉7号、稼元216、农丰棉1号和鄂杂棉26在不同生育期以及不同组织器官中的Bt蛋白含量普遍较低。同时,转Bt基因棉花Bt蛋白的含量随着棉花逐渐生长逐步下降,然而其下降趋势并非呈现出平滑和逐渐递减的状态,12个棉花品种三叶期叶片中Bt蛋白的含量普遍较低,随着棉花生长,在七叶期叶片至蕾期叶片的生长过程中出现一个Bt蛋白的表达高峰。室内生物测定表明,其对棉铃虫幼虫的致死率与其杀虫蛋白表达量基本一致。     

黄萎病对棉花叶片生理特性的影响

以10个棉花品系为试材,在黄萎病发生初期,测定了健株与病株下部第1台果枝对应主茎叶的生理指标。结果表明：感病叶片的生理功能遭到严重损坏,与正常叶片相比,其叶绿素含量和可溶性蛋白含量显著降低．可溶性糖含量、丙二醛（MDA）含量、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性和过氧化物酶（POD）活性升高,与衰老叶片生理变化特征表现相似。