两种添加剂对牛粪堆肥中氮转化及相关微生物的影响

采用强制通风静态堆肥装置研究了添加木霉和鸡粪对牛粪高温堆肥过程中氮素形态及其相关微生物的影响。结果表明:加入木霉和鸡粪均使堆体高温期延长,高温期pH增加幅度减小。对照、加木霉和加鸡粪处理中高温期氨气释放量最高分别为413、197和216 mg/(kg.d);加木霉使高温期的氨态氮最高含量比对照低18.0%,加鸡粪使高温期氨态氮最高含量比对照多10.5%;在高温期,加木霉和加鸡粪处理中硝态氮最高含量分别是对照的1.85倍和1.71倍;堆肥结束时,对照中有机氮含量比初始减少19.1%、总氮含量减少21.6%,加木霉和加鸡粪处理中有机氮含量分别比初始增加4.5%和2.2%、总氮含量分别增加1.7%和5.5%,加木霉和鸡粪均有利于氨基糖态氮和氨基酸态氮的积累,有利于有机氮的形成和保留。整个堆肥过程中氨化细菌数量最大,氨化细菌和硝化细菌数量在加木霉和加鸡粪处理中均比对照多;高温阶段,反硝化细菌数量在加木霉处理中较对照多,固氮菌在加鸡粪处理中较对照多;降温阶段,固氮菌数在加木霉处理中较对照多。     

Organic soil amendments in relation to nematode management with particular reference to India

The addition of organic materials to soil has been used in managing plant-parasitic nematodes and has resulted in increased crop yield. Research on the utilization of waste materials such as oilseed cakes, chitin, compost, livestock and poultry manures, and cellulosic wastes appears promising for reducing populations of plant-parasitic nematodes. Nitrogen based amendments, plant phenolics, nematotoxic chemicals, development of predators and parasites of nematodes and microorganism stimulation have been considered to be promising agents for nematode management. In addition, organic amendments change the physical as well as the trophic structure of soil, which affects the pathogen development and overall plant growth performance. Mechanisms of action of organic soil amendments in relation to nematode management are yet to be fully explored.Plant Protection Division, Institute of Agriculture     

Note: Effect of neem and organic amendments on nematode populations in a coastal savanna tropical soil

Nematode numbers were assessed at 2-week intervals in a coastal savanna soil amended with neem leaves and animal manure for 12 weeks under fallow conditions. The number of plant-parasitic nematodes decreased significantly with the application of the neem-based amendments, whereas the number of non-parasitic nematodes increased. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting July 14, 2005.     

Tropical cover crops for the management of the yam nematode,Scutellonema bradys

Yam tuber dry rot caused by Scutellonema bradys results in the reduction of tuber quality. Studies were conducted on the effect of intercropping cover crops with yams on nematode damage to tubers. Eleven cover crops were intercropped with yams in pot screen house and field experiments. Plants were inoculated with S. bradys in water suspension in pots and by incorporating infected yam peels into soil around plant roots in field experiments with un-inoculated plants serving as control. The experiments were factorial with six replications per treatment in pot and four in field experiments. In pot experiments, populations of S. bradys recovered from tubers and nematode damage were lower in yam tubers intercropped with Tagetes erecta, Aeschynomene histrix, Stylosanthes guianensis, Mucuna pruriens and Pueraria phaseoloides compared to where no cover crops were intercropped with yams. Conversely, S. bradys populations from pots with Crotalaria ochroleuca, Crotalaria juncea, Centrosema pubescens, Cajanus cajan and Lablab purpureus were similar to Vigna unguiculata, a known host of S. bradys. The use of A. histrix, T. erecta and S. guianensis, M. pruriens and P. phaseoloides offers promise for inclusion in yam-based cropping systems as a measure for S. bradys management in yam production.     

绿肥填闲种植对旱作冬小麦农田土壤团聚体有机碳含量的影响

依托黄土塬区4 a绿肥填闲种植田间定位试验,开展不同填闲作物对土壤团聚体组成及各组分有机碳在团聚体中分布影响的研究,为阐明填闲种植措施下土壤有机碳库的物理保护机制提供依据。试验设置4个处理,即冬小麦夏闲期种植长武怀豆(SB)、苏丹草(SG)、怀豆/苏丹草混播(Mix)和裸地休闲(CK)。利用干筛法将全土筛分为>5 mm、2～5 mm、0.25～2 mm和<0.25 mm等4个粒级,分别测定土壤和各粒级团聚体中有机碳和颗粒有机碳含量,进而计算团聚体平均重量直径及有机碳贡献率。结果表明：绿肥种植对土壤团聚体分布有显著影响,各绿肥处理均有利于0～10 cm土层土壤团聚体的形成,但对亚表层土壤团聚结构影响较小。与CK相比,在0～40 cm各土层,SB、SG和Mix处理均显著提高土壤有机碳含量、颗粒有机碳含量及团聚体平均重量直径,提高幅度分别为7.9%、8.0%和7.9%,其中SB更有利于表层土壤有机碳的固存,且土壤有机碳和颗粒有机碳含量之间呈显著正相关关系,这两者与团聚体平均重量直径之间均呈显著负相关关系。不同处理下土壤团聚体各有机碳组分含量存在差异,与CK相比,SB和Mix均显著...     

降碱抑盐改良剂对重度盐化碱土的改良效果

以宁夏银北重度盐化碱土为研究对象,连续4 a监测脱硫石膏、糠醛渣、醋糟和菌肥单独或配合施用对土壤pH值、全盐和其他理化性状的改良效果及对水稻生长指标的影响。结果表明：（1）改良4年间T2（单施脱硫石膏）或各改良剂配合施用的处理（T3～T6）在0～20 cm土层pH值比T1（CK,不施用改良剂）降低,其中T5（脱硫石膏+糠醛渣+醋糟+菌肥）相对降幅最大,T6（脱硫石膏+菌肥）降幅最小,T3（脱硫石膏+糠醛渣+菌肥）和T4（脱硫石膏+醋糟+菌肥）差异较小;土壤碱化度和电导率变化趋势与pH值相似,但降幅明显大于pH值降幅。（2）4年间T2～T6处理表层土壤有机质含量比T1分别平均增加了1.30、3.97、4.03、5.16 g·kg^-1和2.15 g·kg^-1;不同处理土壤速效养分含量的变化趋势与有机质相似,但增幅均大于有机质。（3）4年间T2处理水稻保苗率显著高于T1,但普遍低于改良剂配合施用的处理,T5保苗率最高,T4保苗率略优于T3;改良剂配合施用对株高提升效果不及保苗率明显;各改良剂均能提高作物穗长、每穗粒数和结实率,降低空秕数;T2～T6处理4年产量平均值分别比对照增加77.92%、118.48%、128.93%、158.10%和102.13%,T4纯收入最高,其次为T5。整体来讲,施用脱硫石膏+糠醛渣+醋糟可以显著降低土壤pH值、碱化度和EC、提高土壤有机质和养分含量,实现土壤降碱抑盐、作物增产增收的目的。     

Effect of prior tillage and soil fertility amendments on dispersal of Phytophthora capsici and infection of pepper

Organic soil amendments including composted cotton gin trash, composted poultry manure, an incorporated rye-vetch green manure, or synthetic fertilizer were applied to subplots, and main plots were either tilled frequently or surface-mulched in experimental field plots between 1997 and 2004. Soil from each replication of the tillage and fertility treatments was sampled in August of 2001, 2002, and 2003, brought to the greenhouse, and infested with Phytophthora capsici to study the effect of previous soil treatments on disease incidence and dispersal of the pathogen. Both the previous tillage and fertility amendments affected the incidence of disease and dispersal of the pathogen. Final disease incidence, AUDPC and the distance of pathogen spread were significantly greater in soils with previous surface mulch applications than in frequently tilled soils. Final disease incidence, AUDPC and the distance of pathogen spread were also significantly higher in soils amended with cotton gin trash, than rye-vetch green manure, poultry manure, or synthetic fertilizer. Soils amended with cotton gin trash had higher soil water content, lower bulk density, higher humic matter content, higher porosity and higher levels of mineralizable N, than soils with other fertility amendments. Soil water content, soil porosity, humic matter content, and net mineralizable levels nitrogen were positively correlated and bulk density was negatively correlated with final incidence of disease.     

绿肥播前施肥和翻压方式对旱地麦田土壤水肥性状的影响

通过田间定位试验,研究种植并翻压绿肥3年以后渭北旱原不同施肥处理（不施肥、磷肥 P₂O₅ 40 kg·hm^-2、豆科绿肥专用肥30 kg·hm^-2）和夏季豆科绿肥翻压方式（提前翻压、提前覆盖、播前翻压和不种绿肥—即夏季休闲）对小麦播前和收获期麦田土壤性质的影响。试验结果表明：(1) 施豆科专用肥处理和施磷肥处理的绿肥生物量和养分还田量有高于不施肥处理的趋势,其中提前翻压时施专用肥处理与不施肥处理的差异达显著水平。(2) 小麦播前翻压绿肥由于有较高的绿肥生物量和养分还田量,从而显著提高了土壤有机质、活性有机质、全氮和速效钾含量,并增加土壤碳库管理指数（CPMI）。(3) 夏闲期种植绿肥显著提高了土壤剖面硝态氮的含量,并在160 cm左右的土层有明显的累积峰;绿肥提前翻压处理的土壤硝态氮含量有高于提前覆盖处理的趋势。(4) 绿肥翻压方式各处理160 cm以上土层水分含量没有显著差异,与夏季休闲相比,翻压绿肥时160～200 cm土层水分含量有降低的趋势,但只有绿肥提前覆盖土壤0～200 cm储水量显著低于休闲。     

Differential interaction of Phytophthora infestans on tubers of potato cultivars with different levels of blight resistance

Differential interactions in tuber blight attack between potato cultivars and Phytophthora infestans isolates were studied using whole tuber and tuber slice assays. Tuber blight incidence and severity were studied in a whole tuber assay, whilst necrosis and mycelium coverage were evaluated in a tuber slice assay. The overall defence reaction of the potato cultivars tested varied considerably. Cultivars like Kartel and Producent showed resistant reactions, whilst Bintje and, to a lesser extent, Astarte reacted more susceptibly after inoculation with aggressive strains of P. infestans . A highly significant cultivar by year interaction was observed when tuber blight incidence was evaluated in two successive years. Differential responses were revealed by changing ranked order of cultivars after exposure to aggressive isolates of P. infestans . The results show that cultivar by isolate interactions existed for all components of tuber blight resistance studied. The quantitative nature of the observed resistance responses suggests the presence of quantitative trait loci governing resistance to tuber blight. The consequences of differential interactions in relation to the stability of tuber resistance are discussed.     

施肥和绿肥翻压方式对旱地冬小麦生长及土壤水分利用的影响

通过田间试验研究渭北旱原不同施肥处理(不施肥;40 kg P2O5/hm2;豆科绿肥专用肥30 kg/hm2)对夏闲期豆科绿肥生长和后茬小麦生长的效果,探讨了夏季豆科绿肥翻压方式(提前翻压、提前覆盖,播前翻压和不种绿肥即夏季休闲)对后茬冬小麦产量及水分利用的影响。研究表明:与不施肥处理相比,豆科绿肥专用肥显著提高绿肥盛花期地上部生物量,但对根系生长没有明显作用;施用磷肥则更有利于绿肥根系生物量的提高;施用绿肥专用肥和磷肥处理的后茬小麦产量较高,特别是绿肥提前翻压时。绿肥提前翻压时冬小麦分蘖数较高、春季总茎数较高、单位面积穗数较高,产量显著高于绿肥提前覆盖、播前翻压和不种绿肥处理,水分生产效率显著高于不种绿肥处理。从绿肥翻压、小麦播前直至小麦拔节期,绿肥翻压方式的3个处理土壤0~200 cm剖面水分含量与休闲处理始终有明显差异。提前翻压处理与提前覆盖、播前翻压处理的差异主要在40 cm以上土层。     

黄土区不同退耕年限草地土壤分离速率及其理化性质

以子午岭连家砭林场不同退耕年限草地为研究对象,以撂荒地为对照,通过野外调查和室内测试分析,研究了退耕12 a、18 a、24 a、36 a草地土壤分离速率及其理化性质。结果表明:草地土壤分离速率与同一土层的撂荒地相比明显降低,并随着退耕年限增加而降低。不同退耕年限草地土壤容重、有机质含量、水稳性团聚体含量、根系生物量密度均有不同程度的改变,且表层土壤(0~20 cm)理化性质改善最为显著(P0.05);不同退耕年限草地土壤分离速率与其理化性质均呈显著相关关系(P0.05),但对于不同退耕年限草地,影响土壤分离速率的主导因子不同。     

Potential biological control of clubroot on canola and crucifer vegetable crops

Clubroot caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae is an emerging threat to canola (Brassica napus) production in western Canada, and a serious disease on crucifer vegetable crops in eastern Canada. In this study, seven biological control agents and two fungicides were evaluated as soil drenches or seed treatments for control of clubroot. Under growth cabinet conditions, a soil‐drench application of formulated biocontrol agents Bacillus subtilis and Gliocladium catenulatum reduced clubroot severity by more than 80% relative to pathogen‐inoculated controls on a highly susceptible canola cultivar. This efficacy was similar to that of the fungicides fluazinam and cyazofamid. Under high disease pressure in greenhouse conditions, the biocontrol agents were less effective than the fungicides. Additionally, all of the treatments delivered as a seed coating were less effective than the soil drench. In field trials conducted in 2009, different treatments consisting of a commercial formulation of B. subtilis, G. catenulatum, fluazinam or cyazofamid were applied as an in‐furrow drench at 500 L ha^?1 water volume to one susceptible and one resistant cultivar at two sites seeded to canola in Alberta and one site of Chinese cabbage in Ontario. There was no substantial impact on the susceptible canola cultivar, but all of the treatments reduced clubroot on the susceptible cultivar of Chinese cabbage, lowering disease severity by 54–84%. There was a period of 4 weeks without rain after the canola was seeded, which likely contributed to the low treatment efficacy on canola. Under growth cabinet conditions, fluazinam and B. subtilis products became substantially less effective after 2 weeks in a dry soil, but cyazofamid retained its efficacy for at least 4 weeks.     

Use of survival analysis to assess management options for ray blight in Australian pyrethrum fields

The effects of fungicide, cultivar and plant density on the time‐to‐death of pyrethrum flowers affected by ray blight (caused by Phoma ligulicola var. inoxydablis) in Australia were analysed using nonparametric Kaplan–Meier (KM) estimates and accelerated failure time (AFT) models with a Weibull probability distribution. Analyses using KM estimates and AFT models yielded similar results. The median survival time (T) for all flowers in the fungicide trial was estimated at 53 days [95% confidence interval (CI) = 43–53] in 2000 and 60 days (CI = 51–60) in 2001. In both years, all fungicides tested except copper oxychloride significantly (P ≤ 0·0495) increased the duration of flower survival compared with nontreated plots. Significant variation (P < 0·0001) was noted between years and among four cultivars in terms of flower survival, with T values for different cultivars ranging from 41 to 81 days, and averaging 69 days (CI = 60–69) in 2005 and 64 days (CI = 56–64) in 2006 for all cultivars. Planting at a quarter the density currently recommended increased flower survival by 41·8% (χ² = 29·19; P < 0·0001), but did not increase yield. Linear regression indicated that defoliation severity accounted for at least 94% of variation in median survival time. Improved management may be achieved via an integrated strategy incorporating these factors.     

油菜不同还田量对新疆盐碱土壤线虫群落的影响

油菜适应性广、抗逆性强,作绿肥还田可以改善土壤环境,有利于土壤生态系统的可持续发展。试验设置油菜不同还田量处理(CK:不还田;T1:21 000 kg·hm^-2;T2:42 000 kg·hm^-2;T3:84 000 kg·hm^-2),利用高通量测序技术研究土壤线虫群落对油菜还田的响应。结果表明：(1)相较于CK,油菜不同还田量能够使土壤pH降低4.19%～6.59%,土壤总盐含量降低4.07%～6.86%,土壤容重降低9.68%～12.90%;T2处理土壤有机质含量较CK增加了27.42%,T3处理土壤碱解氮和速效钾含量较CK增加了35.46%和11.12%;(2)土壤样品中共检测出线虫3纲3目13科19属24种,各处理优势营养类群均为食细菌类线虫;随着油菜还田量的增加,食细菌类线虫与捕食杂食类线虫相对丰度逐渐降低,而食真菌类线虫与植物寄生类线虫的相对丰度逐渐升高;与CK相比,油菜还田后土壤线虫丰富度指数降低,多样性指数升高,富集指数EI与结构指数SI降低;(3)土壤有机质和速效钾是影响线虫群落结构变化的主要环境因子。...     

两种添加剂对猪粪玉米秸秆堆肥氮素转化和堆肥质量的影响

鲜猪粪和玉米秸秆以鲜重65∶10的比例,分别添加5%的果园土壤和5%的炉渣作为添加剂,在强制通风静态垛堆肥反应器中进行了堆肥化试验。在堆制的44 d里,根据堆温变化分6次采样分析堆肥中各种氮素、有机碳含量和其他性质指标。结果表明:土壤和炉渣的加入对堆温影响不大;但可以降低堆肥高温期水溶性氨氮的浓度,减少氨气的排放,有利于后期有机氮的形成。对照、添加土壤和加炉渣处理在堆制期间有机氮含量的增加幅度分别为:47.4%、56.8%和74.6%;而总氮的增加幅度分别为:46.4%、46.0%和45.3%;堆肥后期有硝态氮的淋失。有机碳的降解率分别为30.7%、29.5%和28.2%;堆肥后期各处理的粪大肠菌值均大于0.111,达到堆肥卫生学标准;且堆制结束时,堆肥的碳氮比在10~13之间,pH值在6~9之间。     

接种体密度、土壤水分基质势和土壤温度对辣椒疫病死苗率的影响

 在生长箱内控制条件下分析测定了接种体密度、土壤水分基质势和土壤温度对辣椒疫病死苗率的影响。结果表明,在每克干土中接种1个辣椒疫霉菌孢子囊就能造成侵染,引致辣椒死苗,随着接种体密度升高死苗率增大,直至接种体孢子囊密度达到50~80个/g干土时死苗率达到最高。土壤温度和土壤水分状况是决定辣椒疫病死苗率的重要因子,病菌侵染的最适土温是22~28℃,土壤水分接近饱和,即土壤水分基质势(Ψ_m值)为0时最容易侵染发病,土壤过于干燥和过饱和都不利于侵染发病。辣椒疫病死苗率与土壤温度、土壤水分基质势及其互作之间可用数学模式描述。     

Effects of cultivar resistance and fungicide application on stem canker of oilseed rape (Brassica napus) and potential interseasonal transmission of Leptosphaeria spp. inoculum

Phoma stem canker is a damaging disease of oilseed rape (Brassica napus) that causes annual yield losses to UK oilseed rape growers worth approximately £100 million, despite the use of fungicides. In the UK, oilseed rape is sown in August/September and harvested in the following July. The disease epidemics are initiated by ascospores released from Leptosphaeria spp. pseudothecia (ascocarps) on stem stubble in the autumn/winter. Control of this disease is reliant on the use of cultivars with “field resistance” and azole fungicides. This study investigated the effects of cultivar resistance and application of the fungicide prothioconazole on the severity of stem canker before harvest and the subsequent production of pseudothecia on the infected stubble under natural conditions in the 2017/2018, 2018/2019, and 2019/2020 cropping seasons. The application of prothioconazole and cultivar resistance decreased the severity of phoma stem canker before harvest, and the subsequent production of Leptosphaeria spp. pseudothecia on stubble in terms of pseudothecial density. Results showed that stems with less severe stem cankers produced fewer mature pseudothecia of Leptosphaeria spp. on the infected stubble. This investigation suggests that the most sustainable and effective integrated control strategy for phoma stem canker in seasons with low quantities of inoculum is to use cultivars with medium or good field resistance and apply only one spray of prothioconazole when required.     

翻压油菜绿肥对枸杞产量和土壤养分含量的影响

通过田间试验研究了化肥施用量减半条件下,种植绿肥对宁杞5号枸杞果实产量和土壤养分含量的影响,试验包括化肥减半+配施有机肥（T1）、化肥减半+翻压油菜（T2）和全施化肥（CK）三个处理。结果显示:与CK相比,T1和T2处理分别使枸杞干果年产量显著增加24.1%和19.1%; 在秋果采收后,T1和T2处理分别使枸杞地土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量较CK显著增加12.8%、13.2%、36.0%、28.2%和60.2%、23.1%、28.5%、57.9%。说明在化肥施用量减半条件下,配施有机肥或翻压油菜绿肥均可以提高枸杞地土壤养分含量,增加枸杞干果产量;而且在提高土壤养分含量方面,翻压绿肥油菜效果更为显著。枸杞行间套种油菜作为绿肥翻压,可以减少化肥施用量,也是提高枸杞产量和枸杞地土壤养分含量的重要技术措施。