Acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase: filamentous nature of the animal enzymes

Acetyl coenzyme A carboxylases purified from several animal tissues exist as enzymatically active polymeric filaments of high molecular weight and have simillar electron microscopic, hydrodynamic, and catalytic properties. These filaments reversibly dissociate into inactive protomers of uniform size. Their re-assembly into catalytically active filaments is promoted by the presence of an allosteric activator.     

Crystal structure of the carboxyltransferase domain of acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase

Acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylases (ACCs) are required for the biosynthesis and oxidation of long-chain fatty acids. They are targets for therapeutics against obesity and diabetes, and several herbicides function by inhibiting their carboxyltransferase (CT) domain. We determined the crystal structure of the free enzyme and the coenzyme A complex of yeast CT at 2.7 angstrom resolution and found that it comprises two domains, both belonging to the crotonase/ClpP superfamily. The active site is at the interface of a dimer. Mutagenesis and kinetic studies reveal the functional roles of conserved residues here. The herbicides target the active site of CT, providing a lead for inhibitor development against human ACCs.     

Continuous fatty acid oxidation and reduced fat storage in mice lacking acetyl-CoA carboxylase 2

Malonyl-coenzyme A (malonyl-CoA), generated by acetyl-CoA carboxylases ACC1 and ACC2, is a key metabolite in the regulation of energy homeostasis. Here, we show that Acc2-/- mutant mice have a normal life span, a higher fatty acid oxidation rate, and lower amounts of fat. In comparison to the wild type, Acc2-deficient mice had 10- and 30-fold lower levels of malonyl-CoA in heart and muscle, respectively. The fatty acid oxidation rate in the soleus muscle of the Acc2-/- mice was 30% higher than that of wild-type mice and was not affected by addition of insulin; however, addition of insulin to the wild-type muscle reduced fatty acid oxidation by 45%. The mutant mice accumulated 50% less fat in their adipose tissue than did wild-type mice. These results raise the possibility that pharmacological manipulation of ACC2 may lead to loss of body fat in the context of normal caloric intake.     

光温敏核不育系的育性观察

通过分期播种试验 ,对培矮 6 4 S、890 2 S、H6 S、H7S四个籼型光温敏核不育系进行柱头外露率、开花习性、农艺性状的观察。结果表明 :培矮 6 4 S、H6 S、H7S三个不育系在不育期内的育性稳定、可育期内不育系具备较高的结实率 ,而 890 2 S尚有波动 ;柱头外露率以培矮 6 4 S最高 ,其次分别为 H6 S、H7S、890 2 S;四个不育系花时也较为集中 ,多在 12 :0 0左右 ,且农艺性状均比较稳定     

甘蔗的起源与进化

Ｓａｃｃｈａｒｕｍｏｆｆｉｃｉｎａｒｕｍ在世界上已形成几个多样性中心，如新几内亚、印尼东部和南太平洋群岛等。但多样性中心并不一定就是起源中心。Ｓ．ｏｆｆｉｃｉｎａｒｕｍ的起源中心是印尼东部－新几内亚地区。此外，还有其他一些地区被认为是起源中心，如中国、印度、东南亚，但证据还不够充分，有待于进一步证实。Ｓ．ｏｆｆｉｃｉｎａｒｕｍ是通过Ｓ．ｓｐｏｎｔａｎｅｕｍ与其他属的植物（包括Ｅｒｉａｎｔｈｕｓａｒｕｎｄｉｎａｃｅｕｓ、Ｍｉｓｃａｎｔｈｕｓｓｐ．等）的种质渗透而进化来的，进化的中间阶段是Ｓ．ｒｏｂｕｓｔｕｍ。种质渗透的第一步可能是在印尼东部，然后一些材料被传到新几内亚，通过漫长的自然和人工选择而进化成Ｓ．ｏｆｆｉｃｉｎａｒｕｍ。Ｓ．ｓｉｎｅｎｓｅ和Ｓ．ｂａｒｂｅｒｉ可能是Ｓ．ｏｆｆｉｃｉｎａｒｕｍ传到中国和印度后，分别与Ｓ．ｓｐｏｎｔａｎｅｕｍ及近缘植物发生种质渗透而形成的。但也有一些学者认为，一些Ｓ．ｂａｒｂｅｒｉ无性系独立于Ｓ．ｏｆｆｉｃｉｎａｒｕｍ。     

山区玉米育种用优良自交系S_(37)及其主要杂交种的同功酶分析初探

本研究以我室自育的山区玉米育种用优良自交系S37的4个姊妹系和以它们为父本组配的2个适于山区种植的优良杂交种雅玉2号与合苏单交的幼苗为试验材料进行了酯酶和过氧化物酶同功酶分析，并对它们扫描，以各酶带的酶含量为分析的基础数据，用Tocher聚类法进行聚类分析。结果发现，酯酶的酶谱，除了S37(4)外，其余5个供进材料极为相似，但聚类分析则表明供试材料可归为两大类，S37(1)自成一类，剩余5个材料可归为另一类;供试材料过氧化物同工酶呈现较大的变异。S37(1)与S37(3)的酶谱相近，S37(2)、S37(4)和雅玉2号间的酶谱相同，合苏单交有自己的特征酶谱；聚类分析也将它们归为三大类：雅玉2号与苏合单交，S37(1)归为一类，S37(2)与S37(4)可归为另一类，S37(3)自成一类。并对上述结果作了一些讨论。     

6种丁香的光合特性

采用Li-6400便携式光合测定系统,对白丁香、暴马丁香、关东丁香、紫叶重瓣洋丁香、紫丁香和红丁香的净光合速率进行了测定,并分析了其日变化、季节变化和光响应曲线。结果表明:6种丁香净光合速率日变化均呈单峰曲线,6种丁香按光合能力排序由高到低依次为紫叶重瓣洋丁香、红丁香、紫丁香、白丁香、暴马丁香、关东丁香。6种丁香净光合速率季节变化趋势基本一致,但其净光合速率在月际间的变化较大。生长季中,6种丁香的平均净光合速率表现为红丁香>紫叶重瓣洋丁香>紫丁香>白丁香>暴马丁香>关东丁香。     

Structure of RNA in ribosomes

The 50S and 30S ribosomes and 23S and 16S RNA were hydrolyzed with ribonuclease A. The rate constants and number of fragments produced were determined for each reaction. The conformation of 23S RNA changes when the RNA is extracted from the ribosome. Specific regions of the RNA in 50S and 30S ribosomes are protected from hydrolysis by the ribosomal proteins.     

马瘟的病理形态学变化

本项研究工作对非洲马瘟病畜进行了病理学检查。肺型非洲马瘟的主要病理变化为急性肺水肿并伴有出血性素质变化,浆液性枝气管淋巴结炎,胸液及心包液增量,胃及小肠的卡他性炎,实质器官如心、肝、肾等的充血及变质性变化,脾无肿大或轻度肿大。心型非洲马瘟的主要病理变化为皮下胶样水肿并伴有明显的心外膜的变质性变化,其他变化与肺型马瘟相似。研究结果表明,马瘟的病型不同,其病理学变化是不完全相同的。这对马瘟的诊型及不同病型的鉴别诊断具有一定的意义。     

对非线性算子和的值域定理的改进

Ｘ为实Ｂａｎａｃｈ空间，其对偶空间为Ｘ．Ｓ：Ｄ（Ｓ）Ｘ→Ｘ，Ｔ：Ｄ（Ｔ）Ｘ→Ｘ为两个非线性算子。本文所讨论的问题属于方程Ｓｘ＋Ｔｘ＝ｆ的可解性问题，并得到了使Ｓ，Ｔ在更弱的条件下有Ｒ（Ｓ）Ｒ（Ｓ＋Ｔ）及ｉｎｔＲ（Ｓ）（Ｓ＋Ｔ）成立的两个定理，推广、改进了已有的有关算子和的值域定理。     

基于最大熵模型的西北太平洋远东拟沙丁鱼和日本鲭栖息地差异

远东拟沙丁鱼Sardinops melanostictus和日本鲭Scomber japonicus作为西北太平洋的主要关联物种,研究其潜在栖息地分布以及对该海域环境变化响应的差异对管理和持续利用该渔业资源有重要的科学意义。本研究采用最大熵模型,利用2017~2021年盛鱼期(5~11月)在西北太平洋远东拟沙丁鱼和日本鲭的渔业数据,结合海表面温度 sea surface temperature, SST、海表面盐度 sea surface salinity, SSS、海表面高度 sea surface height, SSH、叶绿素浓度 chlorophyll-a, Chl-a、涡旋动能 eddy kinetic energy, EKE、不同水层温度(包括50m、100m、150m、200m),通过贡献率的大小分别筛选出各月对远东拟沙丁鱼和日本鲭排位前三的关键因子,根据二者对各月关键环境因子的响应曲线,获得各月关键因子对二者潜在栖息地的月间变化,最终模拟出二者在5~11月的潜在栖息地分布图。结果表示,远东拟沙丁鱼和日本鲭的潜在栖息地变动与实际作业位置具有一致性,随着月份的增加均呈现先向东北方向移动,在向西南方向折回的运动趋势,且二者各月潜在栖息地位置均大范围重叠。在6、8~10月影响二者适宜栖息地变动的关键因子均为SSH、SST、Chl-a,且适宜范围相差不大。5、7、11月影响二者适宜栖息地变动的关键因子有所不同,远东拟沙丁鱼5月的关键因子为SSH、EKE、SST,7月为SSH、SST、Chl-a,11月为EKE、SST、Chl-a,而日本鲭5月为SSH、EKE、Chl-a,7月为SST、Chl-a、SSS,11月为SSH、SST、Chl-a,各月环境因子的适宜范围不同。此外,随着月份增加日本鲭最适栖息地面积向北逐渐缩小,7和11月份面积最小,而远东拟沙丁鱼最适栖息地面积有增大趋势,11月份最适栖息地延伸到37°N以北的地区。该研究表明SSH、SST、Chl-a的变化对西北太平洋远东拟沙丁鱼和日本鲭潜在栖息地分布变化均有重要影响,而EKE、SSS是造成二者之间潜在栖息地分布变化差异的主要原因。     

基于rDNA ITS-1序列酿酒酵母的系统分类学研究

为了准确快速地为酵母生产提供优良菌株,采用核糖体DNA ITS-1(Internal transcribed spacer 1)序列分析法,对27株酵母菌(其中24株为酿酒酵母属中的酿酒酵母(S.cerevisiae),其他3株分别为汉逊酵母属中的多形酵母(H.polymorph)、克鲁维酵母属中的乳清酵母(K.marxianus)和红酵母属中的粘质酵母(R.mucilaginosa))进行了系统分类学研究,提取这27株酵母菌的基因组DNA并进行PCR扩增,采用琼脂糖和非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳检测,能将酵母菌株鉴定到属的水平;对PCR扩增序列进行克隆和测序,结果表明大多数酿酒酵母菌株之间的ITS-1序列有差异,主要表现在序列中的一段Ploy-T上,最少的有7个T,最多的有13个T。研究还用Phylip 3.6等DNA序列分析软件对不同ITS-1序列的菌株进行了系统发育分析,确定出不同菌株之间的亲缘关系,并纠正了长期认为是酿酒酵母的两株酵母菌。     

Inhibition of secretion of hepatitis B surface antigen by a related presurface polypeptide

The presurface (preS) proteins of hepatitis B virus are structural components of the viral envelope that may play important roles in virion assembly and infectivity. They are specified by a large open reading frame that includes the coding region for the major surface (S) protein in its 3' half. Translation of the preS proteins initiates upstream from the S region, giving rise to proteins that are composed of the S domain and an additional 163 (preS1) or 55 (preS2) amino acids. Little is known about the biosynthesis and assembly of these proteins. The expression of the S and preS1 proteins was examined by transfecting cultured mammalian cells with viral DNA and injecting synthetic messenger RNA's into Xenopus oocytes. In contrast to the proteins encoded by the S region, the preS1 proteins are not detectably secreted into the culture medium. Furthermore, when the S and preS1 proteins are synthesized together, secretion of the S proteins is specifically and strongly inhibited. The results suggest a unique molecular interaction during secretion of the S and preS proteins that may be important for virus assembly.     

甘蓝型油菜温敏核不育材料104S的发现及遗传特性分析

104S是一个从自交系99104植株群体中发现的油菜新型温敏核不育材料.育性调查表明,104S的育性变化与现有已育成的温敏核不育系湘油402S具有相似的规律性,但其花器形态与后者有所不同,为一种较大花瓣的温敏核不育材料.遗传分析结果表明,104S的育性受1对隐性不育基因和1对主效及若干微效温敏基因共同控制.104S的不育基因与湘油402S中的不育基因为非等位基因,而且两者的温敏基因只对其相对应的不育基因起调控作用,而对其他不育基因不起作用.     

5个新育成粳型光温敏核不育系开花及异交性能的研究

以5个新育成的粳型光温敏核不育系为材料,对其开花习性及异交性能进行了研究。结果表明:Y27S的单穗和单株开花历期最短,118S和对照N5088S相近,B30S、116S、117S相对较长。Y27S、116S、118S、117S单穗日开花动态与恢复系41678接近,B30S落后于41678,对照N5088S早于41678。Y27S、B30S和对照N5088S与恢复系41678的花时分布动态较接近;116S虽花时分散,但开花较早,午前花率较高;117S花时集中但开花较晚,118S花时分散且高峰偏迟。张颖时间以116S和118S最长,117S最短。柱头外露率以118S最高,116S最低;118S、B30S和117S柱头外露率都在60%以上。Y27S柱头活力保持时间最长,对照N5088S柱头活力下降最慢。参试不育系包颈率都较高,而闭颖率相对较低。     

两用核不育系在江西不同生态点的生育特性及其育性转换分析

研究结果表明:8902S生育期最长、K-9S其次、W6184S最短。W6184S的生育期在不同生态点的差异性最小;8902S则在同一地点不同播期间变异最小。植株的高度、幼穗的长度、每穗的总粒数均是8902S>k-9S>W6184S,但它们的变异性则刚好相反。提出了两用核不育系育性转换具有不育基因表达的启动温度、不育基因完全表达的临界温度、育性恢复起始温度和育性完全恢复的临界温度四个温度阀值的新观点。核不育基因的表达与育性恢复是一个非常复杂的生物学现象。同时,讨论了核不育系的选育问题。     

Crystal structure of the ribosome at 5.5 A resolution

We describe the crystal structure of the complete Thermus thermophilus 70S ribosome containing bound messenger RNA and transfer RNAs (tRNAs) at 5.5 angstrom resolution. All of the 16S, 23S, and 5S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) chains, the A-, P-, and E-site tRNAs, and most of the ribosomal proteins can be fitted to the electron density map. The core of the interface between the 30S small subunit and the 50S large subunit, where the tRNA substrates are bound, is dominated by RNA, with proteins located mainly at the periphery, consistent with ribosomal function being based on rRNA. In each of the three tRNA binding sites, the ribosome contacts all of the major elements of tRNA, providing an explanation for the conservation of tRNA structure. The tRNAs are closely juxtaposed with the intersubunit bridges, in a way that suggests coupling of the 20 to 50 angstrom movements associated with tRNA translocation with intersubunit movement.     

玉米群体改良的改良S_1综合选择法

玉米群体改良的方法很多,但均有不足。60年代人们提出了S_1选择法,因其克服了混合选择法和测交选择法的主要缺点,故得到普遍关注和广泛应用。但这个方法具有选择周期长(三季一轮),遗传方差下降快的缺点。1988年我们提出了改良S_1综合选择法(MS_1)。此后B.S.Dhillon(1989)亦提出了与之类似的改良S_1选择法。MS_1选择法缩短了选择周期,改S_1选择法三季一轮为二季一轮,同时克服了S_1选择法遗传方差下降过快的缺点。MS_1选择法可以和半同胞(HS)选择法交替进行。通过比较,MS_1选择法、MS_1—HS交替选择法可望比其它群体内改良方法获得更大的遗传进展。MS_1选择法还可与半同胞(HS)选择法联合进行,简称MS_1—HS联合鉴定法。此法比Lonnquist(1967)提出的HS—S_1联合鉴定法有更大的优越性。     

Pyrrhotites: Stoichiometric Compounds with Composition Fen--1Sn (nge8)

A new type of natural pyrrhotite, orthorhombic 11C type (a = 6.892, b = 11.952, c = 5.744 x 11 angstroms), and the hexagonal 6C type (a = 6.89, c = 5.76 x 6 angstroms) are described. Their compositions are Fe(10)S(11) and Fe(11)S(12), respectively. Pyrrhotites stable in nature have essentially stoichiometric composition, Fe(n)-(l)S(n) (n>/=8), with the structures of n/2C type for n even and of nC type for n odd. The solid solutions between Fe(11)S(12) and Fe(10)S(11), and between Fe(10)S(11) and Fe(9)S(10) are considered metastable in nature.     

基于RAPD标记进行水稻籼粳分类研究

应用RAPD标记方法对30个水稻栽培品种进行了籼粳分类研究。从80个随机引物中筛选出了扩增出具有多态性的谱带的18个引物,并从中选出重复性高、稳定性好的S1004,S1012,S1019,S1048,S1049,S1053,S1063,S1070,S1075共9个引物进行反应。依据随机引物对不同品种水稻总DNA扩增出的特异性扩增条带,用Ne i’s公式计算30个水稻品种间的相似系数,并以UPMGA法进行聚类分析,其结果与品种系谱基本吻合,证明RAPD标记可应用于水稻的分类。