Mineral nutrition and adventitious rooting in microcuttings of Eucalyptus globulus

We characterized the adventitious rooting response of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. to various concentrations of calcium, nitrogen, phosphorus, iron, manganese, zinc, boron and copper. The parameters analyzed were percent rooting, root number, root length and mean rooting time. Root number and root length were significantly affected by mineral nutrition, whereas mean rooting time and rooting percentage seemed to be closely related to auxin availability. Root number was affected by calcium, nitrogen source and zinc, whereas root length was influenced by concentrations of phosphorus, iron and manganese, and by nitrogen source. Based on these results, we evaluated various combinations of several concentrations of these minerals in each rooting phase. Cuttings that were rooted in an optimized mineral nutrient medium and acclimatized to ex-vitro conditions for two months showed significantly higher survival after transplanting and drought stress than cuttings rooted in basal medium and treated in the same way.     

Relationship of water to adventitious rooting in stem cuttings of Populus species

Populus species, characterized by fast growth and easy vegetative propagation, are widely used in agroforestry practices. The substantial water requirement of poplars make them interesting subjects for water balance studies. No information exists on soil moisture requirements for initial root and shoot growth of Populus cuttings. This study on leafless hardwood cuttings of Populus x euramericana (Dode) Guinier cv. Robusta examined the dynamics of water use during propagation, as influenced by two initial soil water potentials (–0.006 and –0.06 MPa). Differences in the initial water potential of the cuttings was achieved by three pretreatments i.e., fresh, soaked and dried. Initial _shoot was –1.45, –0.10 and –2.10 MPa in fresh, soaked and dried cuttings, respectively. Soil moisture had a major effect on rooting. Water-stressed cuttings took a longer time to root and had fewer roots. Pre-soaking of cuttings stimulated rooting, particularly under the drier soil moisture conditions. Initially the water potential of cuttings decreased with time and with the formation of roots it stabilized in all the pretreatments. The reduction in water potential of cuttings after planting was related to an increase in resistance to water flow in the xylem.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Low temperature, IBA concentrations and optimal time for adventitious rooting of Eucalyptus benthamii mini-cuttings

Eucalyptus benthamii is a forest species of economic interest that has difficulty with seed production and also is considered to have difficulty with adventitious rooting using propagation techniques,such as cutting or mini-cutting.We aimed to assess the adventitious rooting percentage under different storage times in low temperatures and at various IBA(indole-3-butyric acid) concentrations to determine the optimal time of permanence for rooting Eucalyptus benthamii minicuttings in a greenhouse.Shoots collected from mini-stumps cultivated in a semi-hydroponic system were used to obtain the mini-cuttings.For the first experiment,the mini-cuttings were stored at 4℃ for 0(immediate planting),24,48,72,96 and 120 h.The second experiment evaluated the rooting dynamic to determine the optimal time of permanence for minicuttings in a greenhouse.The basal region of the mini-cutting was treated with various IBA solutions:0(free of IBA),1,000,2,000,3,000 and 4,000 mg·L-1.Every seven days(0(immediate planting),7,14,21 and 28 days),destructive sampling of the mini-cuttings was performed to evaluate the histology of the adventitious rooting.Eucalyptus benthamii minicuttings should be rooted immediately after the collection of the shoots.The 2,000 mg·L-1 IBA concentration induced a greater speed and percentage of adventitious rooting,and an interval of 35 to 42 days was indicated for permanence of the mini-cuttings in the greenhouse.Exposure to low temperature induced adventitious root formation with diffuse vascular connections.     

金雀花扦插生根过程中内源激素动态变化

以2年生金雀花实生苗硬枝为试材,应用酶联免疫吸附测定法（ELISA）,研究金雀花硬枝在扦插生根过程中内源激素含量的变化,旨在揭示金雀花扦插生根机理。结果表明：900 mg/ L 吲哚乙酸（IAA）处理金雀花插穗较CK 显著缩短生根时间;不定根大量形成前,除脱落酸（ABA）外,其他均呈倒“V”形变化;内源激素变化曲线的峰值（或谷值）出现前,IAA 处理的 IAA 含量、IAA/ ZT（细胞分裂素）、IAA/ ABA、ZT/ ABA 均高于 CK,ABA 含量低于 CK;IAA 处理与 CK 内源激素的峰值（或谷值）分别出现在第10天和第15天,与其生根动态具有协同性。     

In vitro serial subculture to improve rooting of Eucalyptus urophylla

New Forests - The aim of this study was to improve the rooting efficiency of Eucalyptus urophylla clones by in vitro reinvigoration/rejuvenation in two clones (02 and 04) from the breeding program...     

一些竹种在不同季节不定根诱导的形式

考察了季节和植物激素、非植物激素生长调节剂对不定根形成的影响,以进行黄竹、孝顺竹、马甲竹和龙竹无性繁殖。在冬天,夏天和雨季的3个生长季节,将成熟秆截取成单节扦插方式,并用IAA,IBA、NAA、硼酸和水进行24h处理。之后,将扦插秆水平放置,盖上沙子,在喷雾箱中放2个月。     

Distinct effects of auxin and light on adventitious root development in Eucalyptus saligna and Eucalyptus globulus

Adventitious rooting is essential for vegetative propagation of woody species. We studied the effects of auxin and light on the development of adventitious roots in cuttings obtained from seedlings of Eucalyptus saligna Smith and E. globulus Labill in an attempt to characterize the adventitious rooting process and identify factors controlling rhizogenesis. Root development was scored as rooting percentage, root density (roots per rooted cutting), mean rooting time and root length. In both species, rooting time was reduced in the presence of auxin. Cuttings from 2-month-old E. saligna seedlings were responsive to lower auxin concentrations than comparable cuttings from E. globulus seedlings. Cuttings from 3-month-old E. saligna seedlings rooted promptly and rooting was not significantly affected by light conditions. In contrast, rooting of cuttings from 3-month-old E. globulus seedlings exhibited recalcitrant behavior and no roots were formed if illuminated during the root formation phase. Effective root regeneration of E. globulus cuttings was obtained by a 4-day exposure to 10 mg l(-1) IBA and culture in darkness during the root formation step. Loss of rooting capacity with seedling age was more pronounced in E. globulus than in E. saligna. The possibility of switching adventitious rooting off and on by manipulating light regime and exogenous auxin supply in E. globulus, and the constitutive nature of rooting in E. saligna may provide useful models for examining the rooting process at the biochemical and molecular levels in Eucalyptus.     

CPD生根粉在速生桉扦插育苗中的应用

用CPD生根粉与双吉尔-GGR生根粉、吲哚丁酸进行了速生桉扦插育苗促进生根对比试验。结果表明：CPD生根粉的促根效果与双吉尔-GGR生根粉相同，优于吲哚丁酸，且前者比后者生根多，根系颜色略白，是速生桉扦插育苗的理想促根剂。     

耐寒桉树树种及种源引种试验

通过对永安国有林场1996年引种栽培的9种耐寒桉树连续6a的试验观测，结果表明：巨桉、邓恩按具有耐寒、速生、丰产等优良特性，可作为永安市及福建省冷凉地区发展桉树短轮伐期用材林主栽树种推广。     

"根太阳"生根剂在桉树扦插育苗中的应用

“根太阳”生根剂是一种新型的分子信号诱导型生根产品 ,能快速诱导桉树插条生根。生根方式为环状生根 ,根量大、颜色白、质量好、活力强。与常见的激素类生根产品相比 ,“根太阳”能使桉树插穗提早 4d左右生根、提前 1周出圃 ,生根率高于常见生根产品 1 1 %～ 2 6 5 % ,平均生根数提高 1 8～ 8 5根 /插穗。这种新型的植物生根促进剂把桉树扦插育苗技术提高到一个新的水平     

不同激素配比对赤桉组培苗生根的影响

赤桉组培苗在MS中不生根，添加ABT生根粉明显促进生根，ABT与吲哚下酸（IBA）配比适量可提高根的诱导率，其生根率可达96%，但当ABT浓度超0.5mg/L、IBA浓度超过0.05mg/L时，可诱导愈伤组织的产生，抑制苗的生长，其作用且随其浓度的增加而加强。在1/2MS ABT1.0-1.5 IBA0.05生根培养基中添加赤霉素（GA）0.05mg/L，可明显抑制愈伤组织的产生，并促进苗的生长。     

外源生长素对杜梨组培不定芽生根及相关氧化酶的影响

【目的】为了解生长素诱导杜梨不定根发生效应,明确不定根诱导过程与氧化酶活性间的关系,从而为杜梨等难生根植物的生根研究提供理论指导和技术借鉴。【方法】以连续继代培养的杜梨不定芽为材料,调查了不同种类(NAA、IBA和IAA)和浓度(0.1、0.5、1.0、2.0 mg·L^-1)的生长素对不定芽生根的影响情况,分别在生根诱导0、4、8、12、16 d后观察不定根发育的内外组织形态,测定并分析相关酶活性的变化情况。【结果】外源生长素均能促进不定芽不定根的发生,在相同种类的生长素处理下,浓度分别为0.1和2.0 mg·L^-1处理的各项生根指标均显著低于浓度分别为0.5和1.0 mg·L^-1处理的。以NAA诱导产生的愈伤组织较大且松软易脱落,不利于其后期的移栽成活;以IBA处理的生根率显著高于NAA和IAA处理的,其中以浓度为0.5 mg·L^-1的IBA处理的各项生根指标均最优。对其组织形态的观察结果表明,杜梨不定根发生类型属于诱生根原基,经IBA处理4 d后,其茎基部表皮颜色变红,内部根原基发生于韧皮部和维...     

Gas exchange responses of two Eucalyptus species to salinity and waterlogging

The effects of salinity and waterlogging on stomatal conductance, net photosynthesis and transpiration of 3-month-old Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. and Eucalyptus lesouefii Maiden seedlings were studied under greenhouse conditions. Under non-saline conditions, waterlogging induced stomatal closure in both species. However, the stomata of E. camaldulensis reopened after five weeks, when adventitious roots were produced. Relative to that of controls, height growth of waterlogged seedlings was greater in E. camaldulensis than in E. lesouefii, as were rates of photosynthesis and transpiration. In a freely drained medium, high salinity reduced rates of seedling height growth and photosynthesis, relative to those in controls, less in E. lesouefii than in E. camaldulensis. In both species, height growth, stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rate were lowest under conditions of saline waterlogging.     

桉树抗冻性种质的筛选

云南常年冬天不冷,1982年度冬,一反常态,变成冬季奇寒,低温寡照的气候。不论是冷冬和冬雨,都出现了明显的极值。为了对比方便,将桉树(Eucalyptus)受冻后的生态反映情况分为五级,并以这个标准记录了在云南面积最大,分布最广的4种桉树的受冻情况,其中直干桉(E.maideni)、蓝桉(E.globulus)、大叶桉(E.robusta)、赤桉(E.camaldulensis)在玉溪海拔1680米处的平均受冻级别分别为1.00级,1.06级,1.39级,1.49级,此外还记录了57种按树受害情况。1983、1984到1988年度冬,我们测定了61种桉树的抗冻生理指标,这些室内测定数据,与室外桉树受冻的生态反映级别是基本趋于一致的。因此,根据测定数据,我们将61种桉树的抗冻性分为强、中、弱三等,可为云南桉树的合理布局提供科学依据。     

Effect of thinning and fertilizer on the cellulose crystallite width of Eucalyptus globulus

An analysis of cellulose crystallite width, microfibril angle and wood density after the time of thinning (at 8 years) in straight vertical trees was undertaken in a 13-year-old E. globulus trial designed to assess the effect of thinning on tension wood formation. The most important effect was on cellulose crystallite width, which increased with thinning intensity and this was mitigated where fertilizer was applied at the time of thinning. Given the relationship between high crystallite width and tension wood occurrence the results demonstrate that heavy thinning of E. globulus at this age can contribute to tension wood formation. However, tension wood production may be significantly reduced where fertilizer is applied. This is possibly because increased diameter growth as a response to fertilizer application stabilises the stems and this is the mechanism by which trees cope with internal stresses that are generated from wind in destabilsed stands following thinning. In contrast, trees that respond poorly to thinning produce tension wood.     

Eucalyptus wood decay: effects on productivity and quality of cellulose

We evaluated the effect of wood decay, caused by fungi Hypoxylon spp., on pulp productivity and quality. Wood samples with different proportions of contamination (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%) were used to produce Kraft pulp under the same pulping conditions. In the second step, cookings were performed to achieve the same Kappa number (Kn = 17 ± 1), varying only the alkali charge. Wood and pulp were also analysed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The risk of occurrence of wood decay reached its maximum between September and October, under inappropriate storage conditions and juvenile wood without bark. It was observed that the increase in the decayed content (DC) of wood chips affected the Kappa number (Kn), according to the model Kn = 1/(0.0595?0.00324*DC^0.34102). An increase of 38.7% of alkali charge was necessary to reach the same Kappa number with decayed wood. The yield for the contaminated wood was lower (48%) when compared to non‐contaminated wood (53%). Once contaminated, the wood chips demand more severe cooking conditions because of the difficulty of impregnation. This condition affected the pulp quality, reducing its viscosity by 30% and hemicelluloses content by 5%. In addition, losses of resistance were also observed in the final pulp, where the zero span and tensile indexes were reduced by 5 and 16%, respectively. The SEM observations showed that the ascostroma fungi tissue was not totally degraded during the Kraft process, resulting in the deposition of pitch on fibres. Considering the results achieved, it was possible to conclude that the eucalyptus wood decay, caused by the fungi Hypoxylon spp., significantly affects the pulp process and quality.     

Mycosphaerella species occurring on Eucalyptus globulus and Eucalyptus nitens plantations of Tasmania,Australia

The genus Mycosphaerella Johanson contains many pathogens capable of causing a severe impact on the growth of susceptible eucalypt species. The lack of knowledge about which species are present in Tasmania and their potential risk to the plantation industry prompted this study into the Mycosphaerella species occurring on Eucalyptus globulus and Eucalyptus nitens plantations in Tasmania. A total of 36 plantation and five road verge sites of E. globulus and E. nitens were sampled. Five Mycosphaerella species and three species from associated anamorph genera were isolated and identified in Tasmania; Mycosphaerella nubilosa, Mycosphaerella cryptica, Mycosphaerella tasmaniensis, Mycosphaerella grandis, Mycosphaerella vespa, Coniothyrium ovatum, Sonderhenia eucalypticola and Sonderhenia eucalyptorum. The most frequently isolated species with the highest incidence and severity of infection were M. cryptica and M. nubilosa. These two species appear to have the greatest potential to damage juvenile eucalypt plantations in Tasmania. A link between Mycosphaerella vespa and Coniothyrium ovatum is described for the first time.     

7种桉树部分种源试验

通过对郴州市范围内12年来的巨桉、渡口赤按、柳桉、细叶桉、小帽桉、苯沁桉等7个种类,14个种源的桉树引种试验,初步表明,从造林成活率、各项生长指标、造林措施等综合考虑,适应郴州市或类似生态、立地条件栽培的按树种源有渡口赤桉（001）、柳桉（16620）、邓恩桉（15956）。