外来入侵种及其对森林生态系统的威胁:概念和对策

外来入侵种问题越来越受到关注，其对经济、人类生活、环境和生物多样性的危害也被广泛认识。结合介绍外来入侵种的定义、危害性和入侵过程，对入侵种的生物学特征、易受入侵种危害的生态系统的特征和控制措施进行了归纳；结合国内外研究和管理现状，对我国的外来入侵种研究和管理对策提出了具体建议。     

环境同位素在森林生态系统水循环研究中的应用

环境同位素技术有较高的灵敏度与准确性, 为水循环研究提供了新的技术手段。文中综述了环境同位素概念、示踪原理及其在生态系统水循环过程, 包括大气降水、林冠穿透水、地表水、土壤水、地下水和植物水过程的应用现状, 同时展望了环境同位素在定量阐明森林生态系统"六水"转化关系和水循环机理研究中的应用前景。     

景观生态学原理在退化森林生态系统恢复中的应用

概述了国内外景观生态研究现状,介绍了景观生态学原理在研究退化森林生态系统恢复过程中的应用,提出退化森林生态系统景观恢复存在的问题以及所面临的任务。     

Potential impacts of a climate change on forest ecosystems

Review of literature indicates that many uncertainties and assumptions exist in predicting the impacts of a climate change on forest ecosystems. However, current knowledge is sufficient to encourage any measures that are combating climate change, that is to reduce first and foremost the release of harmful substances to the atmosphere, lithosphere and biosphere.     

An assessment of hydrological functions of forest ecosystems to support sustainable forest management

Forests are among the most important ecosystems that provide various hydrological services including water production and protection because the vast majority of the water available on the earth comes from forested catchments. The forests provide quality and continuous water yield as well as protective services such as flood control, soil protection, landslide protection, avalanche protection, and prevention against rock falls, which are related to water. However, the quality and quantity of all the forest functions are influenced by forest ecosystem structure and composition such as forest type, tree species, age class distribution, biomass, leaf area, basal area, crown closure, and stand development stages. This study provides an assessment of hydrological services of forest ecosystems through the systematic review of relevant literature till 2018. It mainly focuses on water-forest relations and explains how forest ecosystem structure and composition affect water production, quality, and sustainability. Then, a general framework relating to the integration of hydrological services into forest management is concluded in the context of sustainable management of natural resources.     

中国森林生态系统水源涵养功能分析

根据水源涵养的机理、森林的水文效应，对我国森林生态系统的水源涵养功能作了分析，并对我国不同地域的森林生态系统类型的水源涵养功能进行了综述。     

Regional differences of water conservation in Beijing’s forest ecosystem

The water conservation capacities of main forests in Beijing,China were estimated through the quantitative analysis.Various methods developed in published papers on forest hydrology were employed.The forests in Huairou,Yanqing,Miyun,Mentougou and Fangshan districts are the main contributors to water conservation(the cumulative ratio reaches 65%),and the forests in Tongzhou,Chaoyang,Shunyi and Daxing districts have the highest water conservation capacity(3000 m3/ha).Altitude and slope are the key factors to affect the water conservation capacity.The forests located in Plain Area,Hilly Area,Low Mountain,and Middle Mountain contributes 27%,28%,24% and 21% of the conserved water,respectively.The water conservation capacity of forests in Plain Area(2 948 m3/ha),is superior to the forests in other regions.And the forests situated on Flat Slope,Moderate Slope and Gentle Slope constitute the largest proportion(nearly 93%) of water conservation,while the forests on Flat Slope has the highest water conservation capacity(2 797 m3/ha),and the forest on Steep slope has the lowest water conservation capacity(948 m3/ha).     

竹子纯林经营的林地水分管理

竹子纯林经营方式削弱了竹林水分循环作用,与乔灌木混交竹林相比,其水分循环是不完整的。竹林水分变化又影响到竹林经济效益和生态环境变化。通过对竹子纯林经营水分循环变化的研究,表明乔灌木对竹林起着“引水”和“提水”的作用,是其它各种人工方法都难以取代的,因此建议以科学发展观的态度,从森林群落生态学的角度对竹子混交林的效益、保护、营建、培育等方面开展研究,大力提倡混交林经营。     

中亚热带钱江流域天然次生林集水区溪流与降水水质比较

对浙江钱江源生态站大气降水和天然次生林生态系统的径流水质指标进行逐月取样测试和对比分析.结果表明:天然次生林集水区水体中溶解氧含量年平均值达到8.10 mg·L-1,是大气降水的1.12倍;总氮含量年平均值达7.68 mg·L-1,是大气降水的4.49倍.大气降水的生化需氧量年平均值达2.10 mg·L-1,是天然次生...     

Suggestions on management measures of pine forest ecosystems invaded by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bursaphelenchus xylophilus</Emphasis>

Pine wood nematode （PWN）, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus （Steiner et Buhrer） Nickle is an important invasive alien species in forests of China and has become one of the most destructive forest diseases. In order to improve the resistance and resilience of pine forest ecosystems against B. xylophilus invasion and make the pine forest ecosystem more timely responsive to PWN invasion, we made some recommendations based on five years of intensive observations. We advocate a set of management measures with the theme “Prevention is priority, but integrated with curative techniques and ecological resilience” on the pine forest ecosystem invaded by B. xylophilus; details of accurate measures are proposed. The aim is to discover the underlying problems of present pine forest ecosys-tems and to take, correspondingly, administrative measures and strategies, which will encourage the pine forest ecosystem to develop in a benign way.     

大中山自然保护区森林生态系统服务功能价值评估

从生态系统服务功能的概念入手,根据观测和研究资料,采用替代工程法、市场价值法等方法,从直接和间接价值两个方面评价了大中山自然保护区森林生态系统服务功能的价值。结果表明,大中山自然保护区森林生态系统的生态服务功能总价值每年为5.62×10^8元,其中涵养水源价值为3.29×10^8元,净化水质价值为5.69×10^7元,保持水土价值为5.64×10^7元,固碳制氧价值为6.11×10^7元,净化环境价值为4.13×10^7元,林、粟及副产品等直接经济价值为1.75×10^7元。     

凋落物分解模型研究进展

森林凋落物分解模型的研究经历了一个由简单到复杂的过程,从最初的对凋落物失重率的简单描述到广为人知的单指数分解模型,随着对凋落物分解研究的深入,双指数模型、三指数模型也应运而生。国外大部分的研究都集中于欧洲温带森林、北方森林。国内的研究也正在经历一个应用、改进和开发的过程,目前还主要处在应用和改进的阶段。为了准确预测森林生态系统尤其是在全球气候变化背景下C等元素的动态,急需建立适合于我国各类森林生态系统凋落物分解模型。本文回顾了各个历史时期出现的重要模型并进行了简单的分类和评述。     

Determination of a common forest life cycle assessment method for biodiversity evaluation

Forest biodiversity is highly linked with the occurrence of certain forest development phases (fdp) within the forest life cycle. Generally, the disintegration phase provides the highest biodiversity. The objective of the study was to test different existing forest life cycle assessment approaches aiming at developing a common reliable fdp assessment method. We tested and compared three approaches to record fdp in beech, mixed beech and spruce forests, in managed and unmanaged forests, and in four different plot sizes ranging from 125 to 2000 m². The main results of the fdp comparison are as follows:

(1)

In approximately two thirds of the cases the three considered methods did not yield a corresponding fdp record.

(2)

Generally, the larger the plot sizes, the larger the average fdp deviation in forest reserves.

(3)

The fdp deviation is stronger in beech or spruce dominated forest reserves than in mixed beech forest reserves.

(4)

Plots of 500 m² show most distinct numbers of microhabitats corresponding to the fdp sequence within the forest life cycle.

(5)

Furthermore, the managed forests mostly show lower fdp deviation than the forest reserves.

One approach resulted in the most differentiated portrayal of the studied forest structures compared to the other two as shown by the facts that, (a) the studied forests are seen to be divided up into more fdp than when applying the other two methods, and that (b) the dominant fdp changed depending on the forest community and plot size reflecting different growth conditions and probabilities to meet large dimensioned trees during records, respectively, and (c) considering the distribution of microhabitats which are crucial for xylobiontic (saproxylic) organisms, this approach resulted in the assumed biodiversity patterns with increasing microhabitat numbers up to the disintegration phase thus it was used as a basis for the creation of an optimized fdp assessment method as a tool for common and standardized use in forest ecology and biodiversity research.     

长沙市主要森林类型生态服务功能价值评价

依据国家林业局发布的<森林生态系统服务功能评价规范>(LY/T1721-2008)标准评价了长沙市5种主要森林类型的生态服务功能总价值.结果表明:5种主要森林类型的生态服务功能总价值每年为272.094亿元,其中涵养水源为127.692亿元,保育土壤为21.8亿元,固碳释氧为62.346亿元,积累营养物质为3.631亿...     

珠江三角洲城市森林植被生态系统水质效应研究

2002—2003年对顺德大良大岭山常绿针阔混交林集水区水循环过程进行了定位监测,该林区年降水量为1628．9mm,5—9月份的降雨量占82．4％,穿透降水占降雨的85．01％,干流占3．17％,冠层截留占11．82％,冠层水文效应显著。工业区年降雨pH均值为5．27、酸雨频率67．8％;大良和龙江居民区年降雨pH均值分别为5．84、5．72,酸雨频率平均为27．1％;森林区大气降水的pH值6．31、酸雨频率为6．5％。森林区降水中Pb、Cd、Cl^-、NO3^-、SO4^2-的含量小于国家I类水标准,总P(TP)、Cu、Zn含量接近国家I类水标准。大气湿沉降化学物质经过林冠后,穿透雨的总P、K、Zn、Pb浓度分别增加了1、2、7、1倍,Al、Ca、Cu浓度减少了89．8％、40．7％、30．5％。土壤105cm深度渗透水PO4^3-、Cr^-、NO^3-、SO4^2-阴离子的总浓度相对15cm深减少33．5％;Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd浓度相对15cm深的渗透水分别减少了62．5％、64．5％、38．9％、84．6％;森林土壤的储虑机制对于输出环境的径流水质量有显著改善作用。     

尖峰岭热带林集水区一组水质背景值及水质生态效应

采用定位观测和多流域检测的方法,研究分析了尖峰岭热带要集水区不质及水质生态效应,４１个检测集水区径流７．０１≤ＰＨ〈８．０４的区域占８１％,ＰＨ值随海高度增加而减波,ＤＯ≥６．０ｍｇ／Ｌ的占９０％。随海拔高度中而增加;ＢＯＤ８≤３．０ｃｍ／Ｌ占９０％,ＴＤＳ≥１１．１ｍｇ／Ｌ占９８％,随海拔高度增加而减小,４项检测值为１类水质标准,热带山地雨林系统对雨水水质项的有效功能为：径流中ＤＯ、ＰＨ、ＴＤＳ     

山林水环境水生昆虫丰富度及多样性初探

水生昆虫（Ａｑｕａｔｉｃｉｎｓｅｃｔｓ）是自然环境的重要成员，参与构成生物多样性（Ｂｉｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｄｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ）。经对昆明市郊山林水环境设８个样点调查，共获水生昆虫５目１５科３０种。其中半翅目（Ｈｅｍｉｐｔｅｒａ）和鞘翅目（Ｃｏｌｅｏｐｔｅｒａ）为两大优势类群。样点Ｓ一Ｖ和Ｓ一Ⅵ水生昆虫种类较多，物种丰富度（Ｓｐｅｃｉｅｓａｂｕｎｄａｎｅｃ）依次为２１和１９；样点Ｓ一Ⅶ和Ｓ一Ⅵ的半翅类昆虫多样性指数即Ｓｈａｎｎｏｎ一Ｗｉｅｎｅｒ指数较大，分别是１．５３００和１．５１２２。     

A Study on Water Exchange in Root Zone of ProtectiveForest Ecosystem in Loess Area

ＡＳｔｕｄｙｏｎＷａｔｅｒＥｘｃｈａｎｇｅｉｎＲｏｏｔＺｏｎｅｏｆＰｒｏｔｅｃｔｉｖｅＦｏｒｅｓｔＥｃｏｓｙｓｔｅｍｉｎＬｏｅｓｓＡｒｅａＹｕＸｉｎｘｉａｏＣｏｌｌｅｇｅｏｆＳｏｉｌａｎｄＷａｔｅｒＣｏｎｓｅｒｒａｔｉｏｎ，ＢｅｉｊｉｎｇＦｏｒｅｓｔ...     

浅谈城市森林及宝鸡市城市森林建设

本文分析了宝鸡市城市生态环境现状,提出了城市森林建设原则及宝鸡城市森林生态系统基本构架设想,认为宝鸡城市森林系统宜按“点、线、面三级格局”构架,人均森林覆盖面积需达到10 m2。     

湖南省阔叶林生态系统碳储量及其分布

根据2017年湖南省森林资源清查资料和野外实地调查实测数据,对湖南省阔叶林生态系统碳储量、碳密度的动态特征进行了研究。结果表明:湖南省阔叶林森林生态系统总碳贮量为505.17 TgC,其中乔木层、灌草层、枯落物和土壤层层分别为113.75 TgC、9.92 TgC、9.64 TgC和377.86 TgC,分别占阔叶林生态系统碳贮量的22.52%、1.96%、1.91%和73.61%;湖南省阔叶林森林生态系统碳密度为154.51 t·hm^2,各层碳密度的大小顺序为土壤层(113.74 t·hm^-2)>乔木层(34.79 t·hm^-2)>灌草层(3.03 t·hm^-2)>枯落物层(2.95 t·hm^-2)。在3种类型阔叶林中,乡土阔叶林生态系统碳贮量为485.56 TgC,所占全省阔叶林生态系统碳贮量的96.12%;乡土阔叶林生态系统碳密度最大,为154.72 t·hm^-2,杨树林生态系统碳密度最小,为149.59 t·hm^-2。在阔叶林各龄组中,中、幼龄林约占湖南省阔叶林生态系统碳贮量的67.13%,是阔叶林的主要碳库且固碳潜力巨大;湖南省阔叶林碳密度幼龄林、中龄林、近熟林和成过熟林的碳密度分别介于24.60～55.51 t·hm^-2之间,具体表现为成过熟林(55.51 t·hm^-2)>近熟林(47.51 t·hm^-2)>中龄林(44.68 t·hm^-2)>幼龄林(24.60 t·hm^-2)。全省阔叶林生态系统空间分布表现为碳贮量呈现明显的湘西、湘南,湘中较低特征,而碳密度整体表现出洞庭湖流域地区大于其他地区的趋势。