三江平原丘陵区长白落叶松适生立地条件分析

在三江平原丘陵区佳木斯市孟家岗林场对不同立地条件下长白落叶松人工林生长指标进行标准地调查,建立立地指数导向曲线方程、同形立地指数族、立地指数表和优势木高与立地因子间的数量化模型,在此基础上,评价立地因子对落叶松生长的影响,得出影响落叶松生长的主要立地因子依次为坡向、土壤A层厚、坡度和坡位,适宜落叶松生长的立地是坡度平缓土层深厚的阴坡中下部。     

Development of height curves for Japanese larch in relation to GIS-derived site index

The objectives of this study were: (1) to relate the height growth pattern to the GIS-derived site index, (2) to construct various types of polymorphic height curves, and (3) to select the most accurate height curve for Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi). A total of 14 dominant trees were felled for stem analysis. Richards' function was first fitted to the height/age dataset recorded from stem analyses of 14 trees, and its parameters (i.e., A, k, and m) were then estimated for each sample tree. The relationship between parameter A and the GIS-derived site index was significant, while that of parameters k and m were not significant. The 12 height curve equation forms developed from the Richards' function were then fitted to the dataset consisting of 563 observations of height, age, and GIS-derived site index derived from 14 trees. All height curves were unbiased and provided an equally good fit. The shape of the height curves differed among sites of different site indices. These results indicated that Richards' function was sufficiently flexible to represent the polymorphic height growth pattern of Japanese larch. Finally, the best-fit height curve was selected so that accurate height growth predictions would be possible at any given age and site.     

基于GIS太阳直接辐射模型的研究

地面所接收到的太阳直接辐射量是随地面的纬度,高程,坡度,坡向以及地形遮蔽等地形因子的变化而变化的。本文基于GIS技术,利用DEM获得地形因子,在GIS中建立了晴空太阳直接辐射模型。本模型的计算结果准确率达到90％,可应用于农业,林业,生物,生态等领域。     

辽东地区落叶松人工林连作对立地质量的影响

采用解析木导向曲线法编制了辽东地区日本落叶松地位指数表。在此基础上，对落叶松地拉指数与立地因子及落叶松栽植代数的关系进行了分析，认为不同栽植代数对落叶松人工森地位指数影响差异显，落叶松连作造成立地质量下降。     

THE CONSTRUCTION OF SOME FORESTRY TABLES FOR DAHURIAN LARCH PLANTATIONS

Plantationsofdahurianlarch(LarixgmeIini(Rupr)Rupr.)haveestablishbdandhavebecomeanimportanttimberspeciesintheforestreserveresourcesinthenortheastofChina.Soformingtheforesttableswhichhavehighprecisionformakinglogicalmanagementdecisionsha$beenimportantproblemstobesolvedquicklyinforestrypractice.Uptonow,thereisalackofsystematicforestrytablesfordahurianlarchplantations.Themainpurposeofthispaperistotrytoconstructaseriesofsomeforestrytablesfordahurianlarchplantations.MATERIALSANDMETHODSData…     

Predicting the site index of sugi plantations from GIS-derived environmental factors in Miyazaki Prefecture

We constructed sugi site index models using digital-terrain-analysis-based environmental factors for Miyazaki Prefecture. We selected 18 sugi plantation stands which were pure, undisturbed, and over 40 years old, planted with the same sugi-cutting cultivar, and managed by normal forest operations. The dominant tree in each stand was felled for stem analysis. Site index, defined here as dominant tree height at 40 years old, was estimated by stem analysis for each stand. Five types of DEMs were used: 100- and 50-m resolution derived from DEMs published by the Geographical Survey Institute, and 50-, 25-, and 12.5-m resolution derived from digital contour map manually generated from a 1:25,000 topographic map. A total of 14 indices categorized into solar radiation index, wetness index, and topographic exposure index were used to model the site index by multiple linear regression analysis. Through model selection procedures, the best-fitted site index models were selected for each type of DEM. The most precise model was that of the 12.5-m-resolution DEM (R ² = 0.692), following the model of the published 50-m-resolution DEM (R ² = 0.665). Site productivity of sugi was severely limited by direct solar radiation. Soil wetness also affected sugi site productivity; however, it can only be represented using a high-resolution DEM derived from fine-scale data. Our results suggest that the 50-m-resolution DEM published by the Geographical Survey Institute can be used for site index modeling.     

Spatial distribution of soil carbon and nitrogen storage and forest productivity in a watershed planted to Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don)

Digital terrain modeling was used to evaluate landscape-level spatial variation of soil C and N storage and site productivity in Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) stands. Soil C and N storage were measured in samples from surface soils (0–25 cm depth) of 29 Japanese cedar stands in the 205-ha Myougodani watershed, Toyama Prefecture. The site index (C. japonica tree height at age 40 years) was used as a measure of forest productivity. Seven terrain attributes (elevation, slope gradient, aspect, profile curvature, plan curvature, openness, and wetness index) were calculated from a digital elevation model. Soil C and N storage were negatively correlated with slope gradient and positively correlated with openness. Variation in the site index was closely related to the wetness index. The prediction models using terrain attributes as explanatory variables explained 50% of the variability in soil C storage, 53% of the variability in soil N storage, and 75% of the variability in site index. This result demonstrated that this technique is useful for estimating the spatial distribution of soil properties and productivity in forest landscapes. On the other hand, there was no correlation between site index and soil C and N storage. Use of the prediction models in a geographic information system revealed that the spatial distribution of forest productivity differed considerably from those of soil C and N storage.     

黑龙江省穆棱自然保护区东北红豆杉种群特征的研究

在74条样带436.872hm2面积上进行野外调查,对黑龙江穆棱东北红豆杉自然保护区内天然东北红豆杉种群数量、种群分布与生态因子的相互关系进行了研究。结果表明:在保护区34544hm2范围内天然东北红豆杉种群数量庞大,而且天然东北红豆杉种群的分布对海拔、坡向、坡位和坡度等生态因子具有选择性。700m-800m是种群的最适海拔范围;分布在阴坡的天然种群数量明显高于阳坡;山地的中部和上部更适合东北红豆杉生长;东北红豆杉种群多数分布在坡度15度以下的山地,随着坡度的增加,天然种群的数量明显减少。图3表4参18。     

Characteristics of reproductive biology forLarix originating in Japan

The paper summarized the life cycle, environmental features and distributions ofLarix origination in Japan. The time of blooming and fruiting and the ways of cone collection and seeds storage were introduced. The treating methods of seeds germination and the sowing time for both Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi Carr) and Dahurian larch (Larix gmelinii var.japonica Pilger) were discussed. Responsible Editor: Zhu Hong     

Regional estimation of Japanese cedar (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cryptomeria japonica</Emphasis> D. Don) productivity by use of digital terrain analysis

Digital terrain modeling and spatial climatic data have been used to estimate the spatial distribution of Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) forest productivity on a regional-scale. The study was conducted on Japanese cedar forests in Himi city, Oyabe city, Takaoka city, and Imizu city (a total area of 683 km²) in northwestern Toyama Prefecture. On the basis of data from 146 sample stands, above-ground net primary productivity (ANPP) was calculated from tree height, age, and density using existing ANPP conversion equations for Japanese cedar stands. Six topographic factors (slope, profile curvature, plan curvature, openness, wetness index, and topographic radiation index) were calculated from a 10-m cell size digital elevation model. Three climatic factors (annual mean temperature, annual total precipitation, and annual maximum snow depth) were obtained from an existing spatial data set. Relationships between ANPP and environmental factors were analyzed by regression tree models. For the tree model with ANPP as a dependent variable, four environmental factors (annual mean temperature, wetness index, openness, topographic radiation index) were adopted as independent variables. Annual mean temperature was the first split variable in this model and explained 25.5% of the total deviance in ANPP. Wetness index, which represents soil moisture variation caused by lateral flow, explained 11.5% of the total deviance in ANPP. The resulting tree model explained approximately half of the total deviation in ANPP and indicated that the spatial distribution of Japanese cedar productivity was controlled by regional-scale interactions between climatic and topographic processes. A high-resolution map of productivity was prepared by use of the ANPP prediction model and vegetation information obtained from satellite data.     

Height growth of young larch (Larix kaempferi) in relation to the frequency of deer browsing damage in Hokkaido, Japan

The effect of browsing frequency by Sika deer (Cervus nippon yezoensis) on the height growth of Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi) in Hokkaido, Japan, was analyzed. Tree heights at the time of the census and at the start of the current growing season were determined for 100 trees selected randomly at each site. The tallest shoot on each tree was identified and the number of browsing occurrences on the current-year shoot was determined. Young larches browsed by deer repeatedly develop new shoots during a growing season. Larch is a browsing-tolerant species, and the average height growth of the most heavily browsed trees was >15 cm. Although resprouting partly compensated for decreased height growth caused by browsing, the annual increase in height decreased with increased browsing frequency. Thus, browsing frequency during a growing season best reflects the intensity of browsing damage to larch trees.     

立地条件对毛竹林枯梢病感病指数的关系效应研究

[目的]研究毛竹林的立地条件和枯梢病发生的关系。[方法]对江西省不同立地条件的60块毛竹样地开展了监测调查,分析了坡度、坡位、坡向、海拔高度和土壤层厚度5个立地因子对毛竹林枯梢病感病指数的影响。[结果]表明,毛竹枯梢病的感病指数在不同坡度、不同海拔、不同土层厚度下均存在极显著的差异,且感病指数与坡度及海拔高度呈极显著正相关关系,与土层厚度呈极显著负相关关系;感病指数与坡向呈负相关关系;坡位对毛竹枯梢病的感病指数无显著影响。同时,为了探究这5个立地因子对毛竹枯梢病感病指数的综合影响,利用数量化理论,以这5个立地条件为自变量,毛竹枯梢病的感病指数为因变量,建立多元线性回归预测方程,该预测方程复相关系数R=0.854,复相关系数的F检验得F=10.432F_(0.01)(11.48)=2.64,经T检验,与毛竹枯梢病感病指数关系最大的立地因子是土层厚度,其次是海拔高度和坡度,这3个因子是影响毛竹枯梢病的主导因子。[结论]综合分析得出,在急险坡、上坡位、阳坡面、高海拔、薄土层的立地条件下,毛竹枯梢病的感病指数最大;在平缓坡、下坡位、阴坡面、丘原、肥土层的立地条件下,毛竹枯梢病的感病指数最小。     

The study on site quality evaluation for dahurian larch (Larix gmelinii Rupr.)

Site quality of larch (Larix gmelinii Rupr.) in Da Xingan Mountain in Inner Mongolia was studied systematically with about 1000 temporary plots and computer software. The nature of site class and site index curve was discussed in view of general mathematical model of height growth. The height growth of dominant tree of four divisions of forest stands were studied and site index tables were constructed respectively. In order to unify the comparing standard and convenience for management in this region, site index table was constucted too. Based on discussing the action and accuracy of forest type, a series of site quality evaluation (forest type-site index class-site index) was suggested. This subject of study is supported by the National Natural Scientific Fund (No. 39270549).     

Relationships between larch growth and forest site factors

Dahurian larch (Larix gmelinii Rupr.) Rupr is one of the dominant species in both natural and man-made forests in northeast China. Effects of site factors, including topography, soil properties and nutrient elements (P, Ca, K, Mg, Mn, Zn, Cu, Ag, Co and Ni) on the growth of larch were analyzed in detail, qualitatively and quantitatively. The ordination technique was used to group the site factors and to classify sites for larch. Analysis indicated that height growth, diameter (DBH) and volume of the larch varied among site types and this will be of theoretical and practical significance in developing larch plantations.     

Relationship between environmental factors and site index in Douglas-fir plantations in central Italy

Accurate and reliable evaluation of site suitability for the cultivation of selected species and availability of potential timber yield information is vital for the assessment of afforestation projects. This study examined the relationship between site index and environmental factors in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii) plantations in the province of Firenze (central Italy). The aim was to predict site index by readily measurable factors. The influence of climatic (temperature and rainfall), topographic (elevation, aspect, topographical exposure, etc.) and soil (pH, texture, etc.) on Douglas-fir site index was evaluated by multiple regression analysis exploiting data from 71 plots distributed across the study area. Approximately 58% of the observed site index variation is explained by annual rainfall, water surplus, clay content, calcium-carbonate content and east–west component of aspect. Climatic factors directly related to water balance have a greater influence on the productivity of examined Douglas-fir plantations than examined topographic and soil factors. Results of the study are ecologically sound and of practical value for field foresters, with reference to the study area. The precision of the model may be only indicative for assessing site index for single sites. At a landscape mapping level, estimate reliability is quite appropriate.     

四川盆地中山地带日本落叶松林分生产力研究

本文根据日本落叶松人工林林分蓄积量、生产力与林龄、立地条件、林分密度等因子的关系,选取21个样地,采用标准地调查、树干解析方法对其人工林的蓄积量、生产力以及与立地条件之间的关系进行了较为系统的研究。研究表明:日本落叶松人工林在四川盆地中山地带生长良好,林分生产力与林分所处立地条件、林分密度、经营管理等密切相关。     

云南松毛虫发生与林分因子相关性研究

对云南松毛虫(Dendrolimus houi Lajonquiere)成灾与14个林分因子进行逐步回归分析，从中筛选出海拔高度、坡向、坡度、开阔度和土壤综合肥力5个关键因子，并用这5个因子建立多元回归模型。从中总结出了虫源地林分和有虫不成灾林分的特点。     

Predicting the spatial distribution of the abundance of Siebold’s beech in a montane cool-temperate region based on environmental factors

Using a geographic information system (GIS), our goal was to predict the potential distribution of Siebold’s beech (Fagus crenata Blume) in a montane cool-temperate region at a fine spatial resolution based on topographical features. The study was conducted in Akashibayama National Forest in the village of Kamikawa, Niigata Prefecture, central Japan. Species composition was investigated in 28 sample plots selected in the study area. A digital elevation model (DEM) was created, and topographical, hydrological, and light factors were calculated using the DEM. Then, the relationship between species composition and these environmental factors was examined using tree-based multivariate regression to derive regression trees. The species composition for the six major species selected, which included Siebold’s beech, was used as the response variable, and environmental factors were used as explanatory variables. For the derived tree-based regression model, the shaded relief, slope, specific catchment area, and curvature were selected as explanatory variables. The model classified natural vegetation into six forest types, and the result was consistent with the moisture preferences of these major species. The model was applied to the GIS to predict and map the species composition of the major species, especially the relative basal area of Siebold’s beech.     

落叶松人工林地位指数级导向曲线模型的研究

本文用约1000块样地资抖,系统地研究了黑龙江省落叶松人工林的地位指数级导向曲线模型。通过林业统计分析软件Statistica6.0对各落叶松人工林数据进行拟合、分析比较,结果为：从拟合精度、曲线走向与散点分布趋势、残差分布等综合考虑,舒马切尔曲线函数比较适合落叶松人工林地位指数级导向曲线模型的拟合。     

Predicting the distributions of suitable habitat for three larch species under climate warming in Northeastern China

The larch (Larix) genus is the most important species group in the forest ecosystems in Northeastern China, occupying about 25% of the forest areas. The high tolerance to coldness and relatively fast growth rate make this genus the main species group for forestation. According to the predictions of the global circulation model CGCM3, temperature could rise by 2–4 °C over the next 100 years. Few studies have been conducted on the response of larch species to climate warming in Northeastern China. Such studies are becoming increasingly needed due to the economic and ecological significance of this genus. This paper studies the potential distribution ranges of three larch species under the current and the warming climate conditions. A new classification and regression tree technique, Random Forest, was used to investigate the potential distributions of three larch species, based on 18 environmental variables which reflect the climate, topography and soil conditions of Northeastern China. The results showed that the biological coldness index (BCI) is the most important factor for Dahurian larch, annual precipitation (AP) is the most important factor for Korean larch and elevation (DEM) is the most important factor for Prince Rupprecht larch.