山东省水土流失治理目标与措施

依据翔实的水土流失资料,分析了山东省水土流失的特点,提出了防治水土流失的基本原则,进而描述了山东水土保持进入可持续发展的目标指向     

呼和浩特市水土流失重点防治区划分及分区研究

水土流失重点预防区和重点治理区划分是水土保持规划中水土保持措施合理布局的重要依据.在国家和自治区水土流失重点预防区和重点治理区划分的基础上,根据全市地形地貌特征、植被类型及分布、水土流失现状及分布特点、现有水土流失治理成效及水土流失防治工作实际需要,并充分考虑原水土流失重点防治区"三区"划分成果及划分区内相似性和区间差...     

濂溪区水土保持现状与防治方略研究

根据第一次全国水利普查江西省水土保持专项普查成果、《江西省水土保持区划及防治布局研究》、《江西省水土保持规划(2016—2030年)》、《九江市水土保持规划(2016—2030年)》,结合濂溪区水土流失现状,分析了全区水土流失与水土保持工作现状,指出了在鄱阳湖区保护、城市经济发展导致水土流失、防灾减灾任务繁重与资金投入不足的矛盾、制定完善的水土保持考核体制等方面存在的问题,提出了全区预防、治理、监管总体方略和"倚庐襟江秀江南,三山三片库水蓝"的水土流失防治总体战略布局。     

辽宁省水土保持规划方略与总体布局研究

水土保持是生态文明建设的重要组成部分,水土保持规划是依法防治水土流失的重要依据和战略部署。为满足生态文明建设的迫切需求,以辽宁省为研究对象,依据区域自然、社会经济及水土流失状况,分析确定了全省水土流失防治方略,在辽宁省水土保持区划的基础上,依据各总体格局区的区域特征、水土流失特点及水土保持需求,研究提出了水土流失防治的总体布局,为全省水土流失防治体系的构建奠定了基础,为地方水土保持工作的开展指明了方向。     

铁岭市水土流失状况与分区防治对策

为因地制宜开展铁岭市水土流失治理工作,根据铁岭市的自然、社会经济、水土流失等情况,结合铁岭市水土保持分区,提出了"两带、三轴、三片"综合防治战略格局、分区防治方略、规划期的水土保持重点项目等,提出的分区防治对策为铁岭市水土保持工作明确了发展方向。     

不同类型生产建设项目水土流失防治标准等级确定

[目的]研究提出生产建设项目水土流失防治标准等级确定的新思路、新方法,为修订现行国家标准,实施科学管理提供参考。[方法]通过判别项目水土流失影响程度和项目水土保持敏感性来确定水土流失防治标准等级。[结果]提出了综合考虑项目所处水土保持一级区划情况,水土流失重点防治区情况,区域水土保持生态功能重要性,项目水土流失影响程度,项目所在地水土保持敏感度等多种因素来确定水土流失防治标准等级。水土流失影响程度与水土保持敏感度越高的项目,其防治标准应越高,反之应降低。[结论]执行一、二、三级防治标准的生产建设项目数量呈现较为理想的"金字塔"形分布,能够充分体现不同类型项目间的明显区别,也便于操作,方便判定。     

浅谈城市水土保持

由于我国城镇化建设速度加快,城市建设过程中不可避免地产生水土流失。本文就城市水土流失及水土保持的概念进行简要阐述,并对城市水土流失形式及其危害进行概括描述,认为城市水土流失可能引起生态失调、资源衰退、基础设施破坏和诱发地质灾害等。针对城市建设功能区划和地形等因素划分水土流失防治类型,根据不同区域、不同阶段的水土流失特点,提出了相应的水土流失防治措施,并指出建立健全城市水土保持规章,完善"三同时"制度,落实"三权",加强队伍建设,加大城市水土保持宣传和执法力度,加强经费投入和技术创新的重要性。     

绍兴市生产建设项目水土流失防治情况调查与技术评估实践

以绍兴市为例,开展了该市2016年度生产建设项目水土流失防治情况调查和技术评估实践,针对调查中发现的水土流失问题进行分析和评价,总结水土流失防治经验,并提出了水土流失防治情况调查与技术评估工作建议:加大宣传,组织开展行业培训,提高各参建单位水土保持意识;加强部门间沟通联系;继续强化水土保持管理;积极探索"天地一体化"的水土保持监管方式。     

江苏省平原河网地区水土流失及防治措施体系构建

江苏省平原河网地区水土流失较轻,但造成的危害和损失严重,目前区内水土流失防治管理薄弱,防治技术缺乏针对性。在介绍区内水土流失防治概况、水土流失特点与危害、水土保持措施设计及实施过程中常见不足的基础上,提出了"提高认识,调整政策,全面覆盖建设项目;因地制宜,突出重点,强调表土保护,防止河道和雨水管道淤积;强化水土保持工程与主体工程同步管理;贯彻水土保持法,明确职责,强化监督"的水保措施体系构建设想。     

特定区域生产建设项目水土流失特征与防治技术管理

[目的]为了加强水土流失严重区,生态脆弱地区,水土流失重点预防和重点治理区,崩塌、滑坡危险区和泥石流易发区等特定区域生产建设项目水土保持的分类管理。[方法]通过对特定区域的水土流失特点及水土流失防治对策,结合有关水土保持法法律、法规和技术标准等拟定水土保持的分类管理要求。[结果]提出了特定区域生产建设项目水土流失防治技术要求。主要包括:提高水土流失防治标准和水土保持工程等级,严格控制地表扰动范围,最大限度减轻对区域水土流失影响等。[结论]不同区域生产建设项目水土流失防治应该执行特定的防治标准等级、防治工程设计标准等级和水土保持措施综合配置及相应的技术要求。     

贵州草海耕地土壤与农作物中DDTs和HCHs残留及污染特征

采集草海流域周边成熟期整株农作物及土壤样品,分析测试其中DDTs和HCHs的含量,对比研究了土壤和作物中DDTs和HCHs污染水平及其在作物中富集能力。结果表明：研究区域土壤中HCHs和DDTs残留检出率均为100％,残留范围分别为0．06～16．66μg·kg^-1和0．08-39．77μg·kg^-1,土壤中HCHs和DDTs的残留量均小于国家土壤环境质量一级标准;三种农作物中DDTs、HCHs及∑（DDTs,HCHs）残留量差异显著,HCHs含量最高的是玉米,DDTs和（DDTs,HCHs）最高的是马铃薯;三种农作物中HCHs和DDTs残留的风险系数均为1．1,属于低度风险,农作物中DDTs、HCHs及∑（DDTs,HCHs）的安全指数IFSc均小于1,DDTs和HCHs残留量对三种农作物安全影响的风险是可以接受的。     

陇陕片预警减灾工作的成效与做法

自 1991年长江上游水土保持重点防治区滑坡、泥石流预警系统运作以来 ,陇南陕南片成功预报和处理滑坡、泥石流险情 10 3处 ,保护人口 11 6 8万 ,避免经济和财产损失 11879 6 5万元 ,取得了良好的社会效益。主要做法及经验是 :依靠各级政府 ,健全预警网络 ;广泛深入宣传 ,增强防灾意识 ;健全管理制度 ,落实岗位职责 ;强化技术培训 ,提高业务技能 ;加强检查指导 ,现场解决问题 ;及时调查险情 ,做好技术服务 ;预防治理结合 ,注重减灾实效。     

Changes in yield and gas exchange parameters in Festulolium and alfalfa grown in pure sowing and in mixture under drought stress

Crop performance and yield are the results of genotypic expression as modulated by continuous interaction with the environment. Among environmental factors, water is globally one of the most limiting for crop production. Water resources in the world are steadily diminishing and in many areas, including Poland, more frequent periods of drought are being observed. The aim of the study was to compare the yields and gas exchange parameters of Festulolium hybrid (Festulolium braunii (K. Richt) A. Camus) and alfalfa (Medicago?×?varia T. Martyn) under different levels of soil moisture (well-watered conditions and drought stress) and cultivation method (pure stand and mixture). The study has shown that all the measured parameters were affected by drought stress. Net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and dry mass yield were significantly lower under drought stress than under well-watered conditions in all treatment types. Alfalfa grown in a pure sowing showed the strongest reaction to stress, while hybrid Festulolium grown in mixture showed the weakest. It was also found that under stress, grass assimilated CO₂ and evaporated water much more intensively in mixture cultivation than in pure sowing. Higher water use efficiency (WUE) was observed in alfalfa and Festulolium growing in mixture only in the first year of the study.     

Cadmium Effects in Sunflower: Membrane Permeability and Changes in Catalase and Peroxidase Activity in Leaves and Calluses

Mechanisms preventing oxidative burst in cells exposed to high metal concentrations are crucial for cell survival. In this report, sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) was used as a model species to investigate: (a) how cadmium (Cd) affects plant defense pathways (in particular, those involved in preventing oxidative stress), and (b) whether antioxidative enzymes of plants and of in vitro cell culture (calluses) have similar responses to Cd exposure. For this experiment, plants (grown hydroponically on Long Ashton medium) and calluses (grown on Murashige and Skoog medium) were exposed for three weeks to different Cd concentrations (0, 5, 50, and 500 μ M). Solute and electrolyte leakage increased significantly with the increase in Cd concentration in the external medium and in exposed leaves, and less in exposed calluses. Cadmium exposure also reduced significantly soluble protein contents in both leaves and calluses. The activities of catalase and peroxidase decreased significantly in 50 and 500 μ M-exposed leaves compared with the control, but increased in 5 μ M-exposed calluses, decreasing in the calluses exposed 500 μ M Cd. The decrease in antioxidative enzymes activities is congruent with the decrease in membrane integrity and suggests that calluses develop antioxidant mechanisms that respond better to Cd stress than do leaves. On average, 100% of plants exposed for 21 d to 500 μ M and 95% of plants exposed for 45 d to 50 μ M Cd were dead. After 45 d, only 53% of 50 μ M-exposed calluses had died. These surviving calluses were maintained on 50 μ M for six months. Six-month-old exposed calluses had higher activities of peroxidase and catalase when compared with control calluses, as well as lower membrane degradation. These data show that calluses are more tolerant than plants to Cd exposure, and that antioxidant mechanisms under Cd exposure may differ between the two cell systems and vary with time.     

肯尼亚和中国农业资源投入与农业单产水平变化

当前,肯尼亚和中国在生产足够粮食以保障粮食安全方面都面临着严峻的挑战。尤其是对于肯尼亚而言,因为其2100年预测的人口将达到2018年的1.4倍,且其粮食生产在过去并没有大幅度的改善。而中国近些年粮食生产能力显著提高。本文系统分析了肯尼亚和中国农业资源投入、种植业和畜牧业单产水平的历史变化,以及农业资源投入与产量之间的关系,为肯尼亚粮食危机和消灭贫困提供更多的理论支撑。研究结果表明,在20世纪60年代,肯尼亚耕地、草地和降水等自然资源人均占有量比中国高2~3倍,且人均食物能量和蛋白质供应显著高于中国。当前,肯尼亚人均资源拥有量仍高出中国约30%,但是其人均食品供应和粮食自给率却远低于中国平均水平。这是由于与肯尼亚相比,中国在种植业和畜牧业长期持续的投入,大幅度地增加了种植业和畜牧业能量或蛋白质单产水平。1961-2017年,中国和肯尼亚作物蛋白的平均单产分别增加282%和44%。中国的数据表明,种植业和畜牧业单产水平与肥料、精饲料、机械和农药的投入具有显著正相关性;农牧业生产结构对单产水平的变化影响也很大,如种植业中蔬菜和水果播种面积占比,畜牧业中单胃动物饲养占比等。总的来说,农业资源投入和农业结构对生产力的提高都有很大的影响,这可能是肯尼亚提高农业生产力的潜在选择。     

Fungal abundance and diversity in earthworm casts and in uningested soil

Earthworm casts and adjacent uningested soil from 30 different locations were compared to determine the abundance and diversity of fungal species. The casts contained larger fungal populations (g^-1 dry soil weight) and numbers of fungal species than the soil. Variations in these parameters between casts and soil were statistically significant (P=0.05). Fungal populations and the number of fungal species in casts and soil also varied significantly (P=0.05) between samples from different locations. A total of 27 fungal species were recorded from the casts and soil. Indices of dominance (0.084 casts; 0.14 soil) and general diversity (2.53 casts; 2.02 soil) demonstrated that the casts displayed more diverse fungal flora than the soil. The diversity of fungal species increased in earthworm casts after passing through the earthworm gut.     

云南省开展水土保持的做法与成效

云南省各级党政领导重视和支持水土保持 ,积极出台有关法规、政策 ,为搞好水土保持工作提供了保障。治理中坚持高起点要求 ,有力地推动了水保产业化建设。适应市场经济要求 ,大力发展水土保持专业户、重点户 ,调动社会各方面力量参与水土流失治理开发。介绍了具体的做法、成效及今后做好水保工作的思路。     

1,4-Dimethoxyglucobrassicin in Barbarea and 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin in Arabidopsis and Brassica

A novel indole glucosinolate, 1,4-dimethoxyglucobrassicin (1,4-dimethoxyindol-3-ylmethylglucosinolate), was isolated as the desulfo derivative from roots of the P-type of Barbarea vulgaris ssp. arcuata, and its structure was determined by spectroscopy including 2D NMR spectroscopy. 4-Hydroxyglucobrassicin (4-hydroxyindol-3-ylmethylglucosinolate) was isolated as the desulfo derivative from green siliques (fruits) of Arabidopsis thaliana and identified by comparison of its (1)H NMR spectrum with the spectrum of the known desulfoglucosinolate from Brassica napus. The delayed elution of desulfo indole glucosinolates from the DEAE Sephadex column used in sample preparation was examined, and the diode-array UV spectra of desulfo indole glucosinolates were measured, to ensure a reliable determination of 1,4-dimethoxyglucobrassicin and 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin with the existing analysis method based on the HPLC of desulfoglucosinolates. 1,4-Dimethoxyglucobrassicin was not detected in 10 other Arabidopsis, Brassica, and Barbarea species, indicating an evolutionarily recent mutation in the indole glucosinolate biosynthesis in B. vulgaris ssp. arcuata type P.     

Aorta and liver changes in rats fed cholesterol-containing and raw vegetable-supplemented diets: experiments in vitro and in vivo

The aim of this investigation was to compare the liver and aorta changes in rats fed cholesterol-containing diets and the possible improvement when diets would be supplemented with frequently used raw vegetables. The phenolic compounds of three vegetables in methanol-water (1:1) fraction were characterized using electrospray ionization mass spectra (ESI-MS). Results showed that the content of polyphenols, flavonoids, quercetin, flavanols, tannins, and ascorbic acid varied for garlic and white and red onions ranging from 6.68 to 18.08 mg GAE/g DW, 490.4-701.0 μg CE/g DW, 281.2-1100.0 μg, 32.40-41.30 μg CE/g DW, 2.88-3.12 mg CE/g DW, 1.87-2.33 mg AA/g DW, 1388.2-1442.3 μg CGE/g DW, respectively. The radical scavenging capacities (μM TE/g DW) for the same investigated vegetables for ABTS, FRAP, CUPRAC, and DPPH assays ranged from 48.78 to 92.42, 9.41-28.56, 3.06-10.41, and 6.49-23.42, respectively. Good correlations were observed between the phenolic contents and the radical scavenging capacities of the vegetables. The interaction between BSA and quercetin, BSA and garlic and onions extracts was measured by 3-dimensional fluorescence (3D-FL) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The highest polyphenol content was found in methanol/water fraction of onions and garlic; therefore, for the investigation of in vitro interactions with BSA only polyphenols of this fraction were used. For in vivo studies, 30 male Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups each of 6 and named Control, Chol, Chol/Garlic, Chol/OnionRed, and Chol/OnionWhite. During 6 weeks, the rats of all 5 groups were fed a basal diet (BD). The rats of the Control group were fed the BD only. The BD of the Chol group was supplemented with 10 g/kg of nonoxidized cholesterol (NOC). Each of the other three groups was supplemented with 10 g/kg of NOC and 500 mg of raw fresh garlic, 500 mg of raw fresh red onion, and 500 mg of raw fresh white onion on 1 kg of body weight for Chol/Garlic, Chol/OnionRed, and Chol/OnionWhite diet groups, respectively. In order to detect the changes in the liver and aorta, a histological procedure was applied, and the liver enzymes were determined and compared. It was found that the main changes vs the Control group were in the liver of rats fed the cholesterol-containing diet without vegetable supplementation. Significantly less histological changes in the liver and lower level of liver enzymes vs those of the Chol group were detected in rats of the Chol/Garlic group (P < 0.05). The interaction between the polyphenol extract of garlic and BSA in vitro showed its strong ability comparable with that of quercetin to quench the intrinsic fluorescence of BSA. In conclusion, all studied vegetables showed protective effects, but raw garlic supplemented with cholesterol-containing diets significantly prevented the aorta and liver damages of rats.