甘蓝型油菜诱发孤雌生殖单倍体遗传育种研究述评

四川大学植物遗传实验室于1976年首次报道了甘蓝型油菜诱发孤雌生殖单倍体研究的初步结果。在其后的20年间,该实验室与校内外的一些单位协作,对甘蓝型油菜诱发孤雌生殖单倍体,进行了系列的遗传学理论研究,并将诱发孤雌生殖单倍体技术初步应用于甘蓝型油菜遗传育种,取得了一些进展,选育出了3529×奥罗、3529×瑞士、3529×非12等产量较高的杂交油菜组合。本文扼要地述评了甘蓝型油菜诱发孤雌生殖单倍体的遗传理论研究和遗传改良的试验结果,并对其在遗传育种中的应用进行了讨论。     

油菜及其相关作物的分子标记遗传连锁图谱

油菜及其相关作物的分子标记遗传连锁图谱危文亮，孟金陵（华中农业大学作物遗传改良国家重点实验室武汉４３００７０）经典的植物遗传学连锁图，也称细胞遗传学连锁图，是基于植物的形态学标记及在光学显微镜下可观察到的染色体的形态学变异而构建的，在植物的遗传学研究...     

油菜染色体的初步观察

植物细胞染色体的观察,对作物育种、细胞遗传、植物染色体分类、植物系统进化等方面的研究,都有极其重要的意义。近两年来,我们结合油菜的教学实践,对油菜染色体进行了初步观察。 油菜染色体的观察可分为两种:一是观察油菜分生组织中的有丝分裂;二是观察油菜生殖器官中大、小孢子形成过程中的减数分裂。现分述如下:     

三大类型油菜染色体制片技术及其组型的初步分析

油菜是我国重要的油料作物,在对其进行细胞遗传学研究和育种过程中,常常需要进行染色体检查。各物种的染色体组型,又是细胞遗传学和分类学等学科的基本资料。由于油菜染色体小而多等原因,应用根尖细胞往往难以制备出理想的染色体标本,使染色体计数和组     

印度油菜遗传育种研究的初步考察

1983年冬,我参加中国遗传学代表团到印度新德里、加尔各答等地出席15届国际遗传学会。会议期间我比较注意印度油菜遗传育种研究的进展,参加了有关的学术报告会,在会内会外参观了有关的大学和科学研究机构,会见了许多印度油菜遗传育种专家,就油菜遗传育种方面的问题了解情况、交换意见,从而对于印度油菜育种的研究情况有了初步了解。现摘要报道于后,以供参考。     

小麦磷效率的遗传研究进展

植物营养遗传研究是当今农业科研领域中的研究热点。本文就小麦磷效率的遗传研究进展进行了综述，如磷效率的含义、细胞遗传学研究、基因型间的差异、与其它性状的相关性、分子标记和分子生物学机制等。同时，对当前小麦磷效率遗传研究中存在的主要问题进行了讨论。     

花生细胞遗传学

一、引言 花生细胞遗传工程是北卡罗来纳州整个育种工作的一个组成部分。研究的目标是有关花生性状遗传、变异以及发展种群方面的基本问题。花生细胞遗传工程的具体目标是:(1)获得和保存花生各个种的种质。(2)细胞遗传学和植物学特性。(3)研究将野生花生种中的理想基因转移到花生栽培种中去。(4)开发和鉴定40条染色体种间杂交种群。 为了达到这些目标,在若干领域如遗传学、植物学、植物病理学、昆虫学、细胞遗传学和植物育种方面开展研究。     

油菜角果多室性状及其研究进展

多室油菜具有多室多粒的特性。本文概述了油菜的多室性状,从芥菜型、白菜型和甘蓝型多室油菜三个方面对近年来国内外多室油菜的形态和遗传研究进行了综述,对多室油菜研究中存在心皮数目、多室性状的嵌合性和起源进化等问题进行了讨论,并对多室油菜在高产、抗裂角性及果实发育研究中的应用前景进行了展望。油菜多室性状对丰富和充实油菜花器和角果的形态建成理论以及探讨其分子机制具有重要的理论意义;多室油菜的开发,也对丰富和充实油菜种质资源以及油菜的高产育种具有重要的现实意义。     

大豆染色体Giemsa C-带带型的初步研究

植物染色体分带是七十年代兴起的一项细胞学新技术,这项新技术对于植物细胞学,植物细胞遗传学,植物分类学和农作物遗传育种等基础理论和应用科学方面的研究有着重要的意义。     

木质纤维素合成与调控机制：从模式植物到油菜

木质纤维素由木质素、纤维素和半纤维素三者组成,是植物细胞的重要组成成分,能增强植物细胞和组织的机械强度,对于保障植物营养物质运输、茎秆支撑等具有重要意义。而油菜是我国和世界范围内重要的油料作物,具有油用、饲用、菜用、蜜用、观光等多种用途,其木质纤维素也可有效保障植物细胞和组织的机械强度,提高植株的抗倒伏、抗病虫等能力。本文综述了模式植物拟南芥和油菜中木质纤维素合成与调控机制的研究进展,希望模式植物木质纤维素的研究能促进油菜相关研究的深入开展,并对木质纤维素相关研究在油菜中的潜在应用进行了讨论。     

稻麦双晚对病虫草发生的影响及解决措施

随着早熟晚粳、中熟晚粳广泛种植,水稻轻型省力栽培方式旱直播的推广,病虫也发生了变化,成熟期显著推迟,下茬无法在适宜播期种植,影响粮食丰产稳产。提出筛选早熟当家品种、大力推广机插秧、加大粮食烘干设备的投入、合理施肥、精准植保等对策。     

加强闽台科技合作交流发展我省甘蔗业

概述了海峡两岸农业交流与合作的现状,提出了应该共同呼吁尽快实现两岸“三通”,开放农业生物技术图书期刊资料交流以及开放生物学科方面网络的思路,以便为农业交流与合作的顺畅开展打好基础,并寄希望能够就糖蔗、果蔗以及甘蔗笋等方面的研究与开发到台湾学习取经,开展学术交流或与台湾同行共同开展研究,为我省甘蔗业的发展作出贡献。     

Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

Tuber and starch quality of wild and cultivated potato species and cultivars

Summary Between 1993 and 1998 205 different potato cultivars and 1220 accessions/genotypes of wild and cultivated potato species from the IPK Genebank Gatersleben were evaluated. Parameters interesting for starch isolation and especially for the use of starch were determined. Altogether, there was a higher variability in wild potato species than in cultivated potatoes for all characteristics investigated: dry matter content, starch content, protein content, amylose content and mean particle diameter of starch granules.     

大豆几种常见病虫草害的诊断与防治

1大豆花叶病毒病 大豆病毒病（Soybean Mosaic Virus,SMV）是世界性病害之一。我国东北地区已鉴定的有5种,即大豆花叶病、顶枯病、蚕豆萎蔫病、南方菜豆花叶病、花生条纹病毒。其中大豆花叶病在全国大豆主要产区都有发生,十分常见。     

大豆根潜蝇及根腐病的发生与防治

近年来，随着大豆播种面积的增长，受病虫危害日趋严重。特别是大豆根潜蝇（又名根明）与根腐病共同发生危害，严重影响大豆的生产。综合防治技术主要手段是三年以上轮作，适时播种及种衣剂拌种等措施。     

Yield and quality of winter and spring triticales for forage and grain

In field experiments conducted over 2 years in Mediterranean conditions, five winter and five spring triticales were evaluated for forage and grain production in the same cropping season. The experiments had two treatments, namely harvesting for grain only, and dual-purpose forage and grain production. In the latter treatment, forage was cut when the first node was detectable (Zadoks' stage 31), without removing the apical meristems. Grain was harvested when ripe (Zadoks' stage 92) in both cut and uncut plots.
Environmental conditions affected grain production and protein content more than forage yield and quality. Winter triticales yielded about 43% more forage than spring types, but after forage removal the spring types yielded about 36% more grain than winter triticales.
Reductions in grain yield after clipping were more pronounced in winter (32%) than in spring (19%) types. Forage crude protein content was significantly higher in the spring types studied (24.6%) than in the winter types (23.5%), the opposite being true for fibre content (20.7 and 21.6% respectively). Grain crude protein content did not differ between grain and dual-purpose treatments, but was higher in the spring triticales (12.8%) than in the winter types (11.9%). There was more variability for the measured traits within the winter triticales studied than within the spring types.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键，是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实“育繁推一体化”种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中，受制于行业发展水平，种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程，提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要，在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上，分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求，加强种业应用性研究，建立先进的种子质量检验体系，研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备，打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系，完善种业科学技术学科建设，促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

Present Situation and Consideration of Seed Processing and Testing Theory and Technology

Seed processing and testing hold the key to the market circulation of seeds, and are an indispensable link in commercial breeding to endow seeds with commodity attributes. The research of seed processing and testing theory and technology is an important link in improving the seed industry chain, realizing large-scale commercial breeding and consolidating the seed industry science of ‘integration of breeding, propagation and promotion’. The scientific and technological system of seed industry in China is being formed and perfected, which is subject to the development level of the industry. The theory and technology of seed processing and testing are relatively weak. We reviewed the development of seed processing and testing theory and technology, and put forward strategies and suggestions to improve the sound development of China’s seed industry. In order to meet the needs of seed industry development and on the basis of high quality breeding of varieties, the new directions and demands of seed processing and testing theory and technology were analyzed. We will work to strengthen the applied research of seed industry, establish advanced seed quality inspection system, improve seed processing equipment suitable for the development needs of modern seed industry, establish standardized production system of seed processing industry, develop the scientific and technological disciplines of seed industry, and promote the sustainable and healthy development of seed industry.