Effect of rainfall intensity and slope steepness on the development of soil erosion in the Southern Cis-Ural region (A model experiment)

The effect of rainfall intensity on the erosion of residual calcareous agrogray soils and clay-illuvial agrochernozems in the Southern Cis-Ural region on slopes of different inclination and vegetation type has been studied by simulating with a small-size sprinkler. It has been shown that soil loss linearly depends on rainfall intensity (2, 4, and 6 mm/min) and slope inclination (3° and 7°). When the rainfall intensity and duration, and the slope inclination increase, soil loss by erosion from agrogray soils increases higher than from agrochernozems. On the plowland with a slope of 3°, runoff begins 12, 10, and 5 min, on the average, after the beginning of rains at these intensities. When the slope increases to 7°, runoff begins earlier by 7, 6, and 4 min, respectively. After the beginning of runoff and with its increase by 1 mm, the soil loss from slopes of 3° and 7° reaches 4.2 and 25.7 t/ha on agrogray soils and 1.4 and 4.7 t/ha on agrochernozems, respectively. Fallow soils have higher erosion resistance, and the soil loss little depends on the slope gradient: it gradually increases to 0.3–1.0 t/ha per 1 mm of runoff with increasing rainfall intensity and duration. The content of physical clay in eroded material is higher than in the original soils. Fine fractions prevail in this material, which increases their humus content. The increase in rainfall intensity and duration to 4 and 6 mm/min results in the entrapment of coarse silt and sand by runoff.     

Experimental determination of sediment transport capacity of rill flow over sandified loess slope

Rill erosion is affected by the sand particle content in soil, especially in the wind and water erosion transition region of the Loess Plateau. The sediment transport capacity (STC) is a key parameter in rill erosion research, assessing the impact of aeolian sand intrusion on the STC of rill flow is of importance for a better understanding of rill erosion. This study aimed to assess the effect of aeolian sand intrusion on the STC on sandified loess slopes, with typical slopes and flow discharges, using a flume system which consisting of a sediment-feeding and a sediment-supply/settlement flume. The sediment feeding flume was jointed by 10° higher than that of the sediment measurement flume section. Three flow discharges (2, 4, and 8 L min⁻¹) and four slope gradients (5°, 10°, 15°, and 25°) were used to represent the natural hydrological conditions under three intrusion rates (SIR) of aeolian sands (10%, 20%, and 50%). The results show that STC increased with slope gradient and flow discharge, and the relationship between the STC and the SIR was significantly affected by the slope gradient; the STCs decreased with the SIR on a slope of 5° but increased with the SIR on steep slopes of 15°–25°, implying a significant impact of slope gradient on the relationship between SIR and STC. The SIR of 50% resulted in the highest sediment concentration nearly 1200 kg m⁻³ on slopes of 25°. On sandified loess slopes of 10%, 20%, and 50% SIR, the STC were about 30%, 46%, and 57% higher than on loess slopes, indicating an increased erosion rate by sand particle intrusion into loess soil. These results highlight the impact of sand intrusion on STC of rill flow and provide deeper insights into the soil loss process on the sandified loess slope.     

饱和状态下黄绵土坡面细沟侵蚀可蚀性和临界剪切应力特征

土壤可蚀性参数和临界剪切应力是评价土壤易侵蚀程度和抗水流剪切变形能力的重要指标,目前在黄绵土坡面细沟侵蚀过程中,土壤饱和条件下可蚀性参数和临界剪切应力的变化尚不明确。该研究采用室内土槽模拟冲刷试验确定不同坡度（5°、10°、15°、20°）和流量（2、4、8 L/min）下饱和黄绵土坡面的最大细沟剥蚀率,基于数值法、修正数值法和解析法计算土壤可蚀性参数和临界剪切应力。结果表明,3种方法所得最大细沟剥蚀率均随坡度和流量增加而增大,其中修正数值法和解析法计算的最大细沟剥蚀率更接近。土壤可蚀性参数分别是0.485、0.283和0.268 s/m,土壤临界剪切应力分别为1.225、1.244和1.381 N/m2。修正数值法可提高数值法近似计算的精度,使近似计算结果更接近解析法计算获得的理论值。饱和较未饱和黄绵土的土壤可蚀性参数略有减小（16.83%）,而临界剪切应力减小了66.97%,表明土壤饱和对黄绵土土壤可蚀性参数影响很小,但大幅度削弱了土壤临界剪切应力,使得黄绵土坡面饱和后土壤侵蚀更为强烈。此外,饱和黄绵土边坡的临界剪切应力比饱和紫色土坡面大6.38%,而细沟可蚀性参数大2.35倍,表明土壤饱和对2种土壤临界剪切应力影响程度相似,但黄绵土较紫色土对土壤侵蚀的敏感性更高。研究结果可为饱和状态下不同土壤坡面细沟侵蚀模型参数的优化提供参考。     

降雨冲刷下黄土堆填边坡土水参数变化规律

黄土区城市工程建设产生了大量黄土堆填边坡,因其结构松散,缺乏必要防护,水土流失严重。该研究基于野外调查,设计室内堆填边坡降雨冲刷模型试验,分析其侵蚀破坏过程中含水率和基质吸力的响应变化规律,结合水土动力学原理,分析了降雨切沟侵蚀阶段沟坡坍塌破坏机理,并揭示了坡度对侵蚀产沙量的影响。结果表明：1）随坡度增大,坡顶含水率饱和速率加快,边坡基质吸力响应速率先增后减,且在40°范围内响应速率最快,在此坡度附近需更加注重坡面防护和坡脚排水。2）切沟侵蚀阶段,沟坡坍塌破坏为水力-重力复合侵蚀过程,且坡度越大,越容易达到临界破裂角,沟坡重力侵蚀现象越普遍。3）黄土堆填边坡在极端降雨条件下,其临界坡度在41°附近。该研究成果可为黄土区工程堆积体的地质灾害防治及水土流失综合治理提供理论支持。     

黄绵土坡面细沟侵蚀剥蚀能力试验

为研究黄土坡面细沟侵蚀规律,探究水流剥蚀能力的室内测算方法,以黄绵土为研究对象,设置2,4,6,8 L/min 4个流量,5°,10°,15°,20°4个坡度,土槽长度为12 m,进行室内径流冲刷试验,得到黄绵土坡面细沟侵蚀的临界沟长和输沙能力,基于二者之间的函数关系,推导出剥蚀能力的计算公式,以此研究不同试验条件下临界沟长、输沙能力和剥蚀能力的变化规律,并验证方法的准确性。结果表明：在设计水力工况条件下,黄绵土坡面细沟侵蚀的临界沟长的变化范围在5.33～11.12 m,且临界沟长随流量和坡度的增加而缩短;输沙能力随流量和坡度的增大而增大;剥蚀能力与流量之间存在明显的线性关系,与坡度之间存在较好的对数关系。试验方法与其他方法相比,操作便捷、结果吻合度高,能较好地确定黄土区细沟侵蚀的剥蚀能力。研究结果可进一步完善黄土坡面细沟侵蚀理论。     

Determination of rill erodibility and critical shear stress of saturated purple soil slopes

The hydrological conditions near the soil surface influence the soil erosion process, as determined by the soil erodibility and critical shear stress. The soil erodibility and critical shear stress of saturated purple soil slopes were computed and compared with those of unsaturated purple soil slopes. The detachment capacities computed through the numerical method (NM), modified numerical method (MNM) and analytical method (AM), from rill erosion experiments on saturated purple soil slopes at different flow rates (2, 4, and 8 L min^?1) and slope gradients (5, 10, 15, and 20°), were used to comparatively compute the soil erodibility and critical shear stress. The computed soil erodibilities and critical shear stresses were also compared with those of unsaturated purple soil slopes. At the different slope gradients ranging from 5° to 20°, there were no significant differences in the soil erodibilities of the saturated purple soil and also in those of the unsaturated purple soil. The critical shear stresses slightly varied with the slope gradients. The saturated purple soil was relatively significantly more susceptible to erosion. The NM overestimated the soil erodibility of both saturated and unsaturated soils by 31% and underestimated the critical shear stress. The MNM yielded the same soil erodibility and critical shear stress values as the AM. The results of this study supply parameters for modeling rill erosion of saturated purple soil slope.     

浅沟发育对土壤侵蚀作用的研究

浅沟是坡面细沟侵蚀发生与发展的产物。浅沟形成后,改变了原坡面形态,加速了侵蚀作用过程,增大了土壤侵蚀量。本文采用人工模拟降雨装置在黄土小区上进行试验,结合野外调查,对浅沟侵蚀进行了研究:坡面浅沟的分布密度变化于10～65km/km~2之间;深度变化于0.3～3m之间,并且以1～2m的为多;新倾斜面的倾角变化于10°～30”之间。在相同降雨条件下,浅沟发育坡面的产沙率比未发育浅沟坡面的产沙率要大,二者可相差3倍多。当雨强为1.31mm/min和2.4mm/min时,有浅沟发育坡面的侵蚀量分别增加0.66倍和0.386倍。据估算,由于浅沟的存在,黄土丘陵沟壑区沟间地坡面的侵蚀量将增加25％左右。     

Influence of slope and exposition on water balance of loess soils

Laboratory and field measurements as well as deterministic simulation models were used to determine the water components of loess derived soils with different expositions and slopes in the hilly region South of Hannover, Germany. Studies were investigated from 1987-1990 on three positions of a loess slope with 8 % inclination, 200 m length and northern exposition. Crop rotation was sugar beet, winter wheat, sugar beet. Results show that the soil water budget is strongly related to slope position, relief and plant available water in the rootzone. It was found that drainage at the bottom of a slope is often higher than on top of the slope. On slopes with northern exposition groundwater recharge increases with inclination whereas actual evapotranspiration decreases. For slopes with southern exposition the opposite reaction can be expected. The thickness of loess deposits and the root depth determine the plant available water; a sensitivity study demonstrates how groundwater recharge decreases with the amount of plant available water. This reaction is independent of the exposition of the slope. Field and simulation studies show that runoff occurs under sugar beet whenever soil is bare or sparsely covered, rainfall intensity is high and topsoil is sealed. Moreover, in loess derived soils interflow may occur on sites with stagnic horizons. Sensitivity analyses show that this process probably takes place whenever saturated hydraulic conductivity of this horizon is less than 10cm/d.     

The influence of long-term cultivation on soil properties and patterns in an undulating terrain in Poland

Soil utilization has, for many years, strongly influenced the properties of soils in the undulating terrain of the Lublin Upland. Population increase and suitability of the soils (particularly Luvisols, Cambisols and Chernozems derived from loess and loess-like formations) for arable agriculture were the main reasons for deforestation. This led to erosion, which caused changes in soil morphology and the development of a mosaic soil cover. Accelerated erosion was strongest on slopes exceeding 18%. It resulted in selective loss of clay. The main changes in silty soils developed from loess and loess-like deposits occurred in the first few decades after cultivation started. They included a decrease in organic matter content from an average of 2.3% organic C in the forest soils to about 1% in the arable soils. No further changes in humus content were observed, but the proportion of fulvic acids increased at the expense of humic acids. The pH_KCl rate decreased at the slope foot from about 5.8 to 5.0. Morphological changes in rendzinas were much lower than in the soils derived from loess. We do not expect big changes in these soils in the next 100 years if their use remains the same.     

黄土坡面细沟形态变化及其与流速之间的关系

研究细沟的形态变化特征是认识细沟侵蚀的重要基础,细沟发育过程中细沟形态变化与水流动力学特性之间存在相互影响和相互作用的关系,研究细沟发育过程中细沟形态与水动力学之间的关系,有利于更好地了解细沟侵蚀过程和侵蚀机理。该研究通过室内人工模拟降雨试验,对黄土坡面细沟发育过程中的细沟形态变化及其与流速的关系进行了研究。结果表明:坡面侵蚀过程呈明显的阶段性,坡面细沟形态变化过程与坡面径流含沙量的变化情况基本一致;坡面跌坎发生的临界流速为0.19~0.21 m/s,当坡面径流流速大于这个临界值的时候,坡面会出现跌坎;细沟发育初期,细沟间的距离一定程度上影响细沟的分布,最早出现的细沟之间不会再出现新的跌坎,这一间距范围在12.5~17.5 cm之间;细沟侵蚀过程主要以下切侵蚀和溯源侵蚀为主,沟壁坍塌的侵蚀作用相对较小;细沟流速随时间的变化大致呈先增后减的趋势,细沟流速随细沟宽度的增加而显著减小,这一趋势在4 m坡段尤为明显,二者之间存在显著负相关关系(r=-0.348,P=0.04)。受试验条件所限没有研究细沟深度和流速等其他水动力学参数,以后需要不断改进试验方法来准确测量流速、水深等指标,进一步研究细沟发育过程。     

不同土壤坡面细沟侵蚀差异与其影响因素

采用室内纯净水人工模拟降雨试验,在坡度为10°、15°、20°、25°坡面,土槽为5 m、10 m两种规格,对两种土壤((土娄)土与黄绵土)分别进行雨强为1.5 mm min-1,的降雨实验,利用三维激光扫描仪对每一场降雨后的坡面进行监测,分析不同坡度对细沟侵蚀的影响,比较两种土壤坡面细沟侵蚀的差异,以及其差异的影响因子.结果表明:(土娄)土土壤颗粒以粉粒与黏粒为主,粉粒占总质量的64.12％,黏粒为28.42％.黄绵土的土壤颗粒以粉粒为主占总质量的67.95％,黏粒与沙粒含量较少,黏粒占14.52％,沙粒占17.53％.在相同条件下,(土娄)土降雨过程中人渗缓慢,产流时间、坡面流速均快于黄绵土,跌坎出现时间也较早,使其更容易产生细沟.(土娄)土的径流量高于黄绵土,在降雨过程中,径流稳定时间较早.(土娄)土侵蚀量高于黄绵土,(土娄)土产沙率呈增加趋势,黄绵土含沙量变化不明显.从坡面细沟发育来看,(土娄)土坡面细沟成平行状分布,黄绵土细沟为较宽树枝状.     

The influence of slope aspect on soil weathering processes in the Springerville volcanic field,Arizona

A comparison was made between soils on north- and south-facing slopes of six cinder cones in the Springerville volcanic field (SVF), Arizona, in order to determine the influence of slope aspect on soil weathering processes. Twenty-four soil pedons were sampled on different aspects of six cinder cones. To control for the influence of slope on pedogenesis, all sample sites possessed slopes of 17±2°. Soil weathering processes were characterized by solum depth, texture, and Ca:Zr chemical weathering indices. Quartz and mica were used to identify eolian additions to the volcanic soils. Accelerated rates of weathering and soil development were found to occur in soils on south-facing slopes while no trend with aspect was found for eolian additions. Accelerated rates of weathering and soil development may influence cinder cone degradation and cone morphology.     

雨强和坡度对红壤坡耕地地表径流及壤中流的影响

地表径流和壤中流是坡面重要水文过程,雨强和坡度是影响坡面地表径流和壤中流产流主要因素。为研究降雨强度和地表坡度对坡耕地地表径流和壤中流的影响,该文采用人工模拟降雨试验法,在长3.0 m、宽1.5 m、深0.5 m土槽,设计4个不同坡度(5°、10°、15°、20°)和3个不同雨强(30、60、90 mm/h)对红壤坡耕地地表径流及壤中流产流过程进行模拟试验。结果表明:1)壤中流开始产流时间滞后于地表径流,降雨强度从30到90 mm/h,地表径流、壤中流产流开始时间均随雨强增大而减小,壤中流比地表产流开始滞后时间随着雨强增大先增大后趋于稳定;2)地表径流强度随雨强增大而增大,壤中流初始径流强度随雨强增大而增大,不同雨强下壤中流径流峰值相近;3)地表径流和壤中流产流过程曲线有明显差异,地表径流产流过程线先增大后趋于稳定,壤中流产流过程线呈抛物线型即先增大后减小;4)从5°到20°,地表产流开始时间随坡度增大而减小,壤中流产流开始时间随坡度增大先减小后增大;5)从5°到20°,地表径流强度先增大后减小,10°为转折坡度,壤中流产流峰值随坡度增大而减小,并且随着坡度增大达到壤中流峰值时间不断减小。     

黄土和红壤坡面侵蚀差异及其与土壤性质的关系

为探究黄土和红壤侵蚀受雨强和坡度影响的差异及其与土壤性质的关系,通过测定分析黄土和红壤的各种理化性质,并分别对2种土壤在2个坡度(15°,20°)、2个雨强(60,90 mm/h)条件下开展4场降雨。结果表明:(1)与红壤相比,黄土的土壤颗粒更细,二者的毛管孔隙度、饱和含水量和田间持水量相差均在3%~6%以内,干筛时各粒级团聚体相差不大,但经湿筛破坏后二者团聚体差异较大,红壤的相对机械破碎指数(RMI)小于黄土,黄土有机质含量、阳离子交换量和络合态氧化物含量均高于红壤,无定形氧化物和游离氧化物则低于红壤;(2)同雨强、同坡度条件下,黄土产流时间均短于红壤,产流开始后,红壤比黄土先达到稳定径流率,不同雨强、坡度条件下,红壤稳定径流率为30~120 mL/s,黄土为100~220 mL/s,且在相同坡度、雨强范围内,红壤径流率变化层次分明,黄土则交错复杂;(3)红壤的产沙率和径流含沙率都较低,且多在产流几分钟即出现产沙率最大值,黄土产沙率则和径流率类似,在产流前期快速增长,10 min之后开始波动变化,再进入相对稳定产沙阶段,产沙率和径流含沙率随雨强和坡度的变化复杂;(4)不同土壤自身理化性质是影响坡面侵蚀的内在因素,与黄土相比,红壤的下渗能力更好,土壤抵抗径流剪切和剥蚀的能力更强,使得在同雨强、同坡度条件下红壤的侵蚀程度远低于黄土,规律性也更显著。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区坡面径流侵蚀试验研究

黄土丘陵沟壑区的水土流失主要由汛期一两次中大强侵蚀性暴雨引起。采用径流侵蚀模拟试验的结果表明,在农地、林地、草地、荒坡条件下,侵蚀率随时间的增加而逐渐减少;径流冲刷侵蚀量在坡度10°～26°之间是随着坡度的增加而增大的,坡度大于26°后趋于减小;径流侵蚀量随坡长的增加而增大。     

沙层厚度和粒径组成对覆沙黄土坡面产流产沙的影响

片沙覆盖黄土区是水蚀风蚀交错带内土壤侵蚀最为强烈的区域,研究该区内土壤侵蚀特征可对水蚀风蚀交错带水土流失的预报及防治提供理论依据。采用室内模拟降雨,研究黄土坡面不同覆沙厚度(2 cm、5 cm和10 cm)和沙层粒径组成(100%0.25 mm、75%0.25 mm+25%0.25mm、50%0.25 mm+50%0.25 mm、未处理原沙和100%0.25 mm)对坡面产流产沙的影响。结果表明,覆沙黄土坡面较黄土坡面的初始产流时间明显延长,产流速率和产流量减小,产沙速率和产沙量增大,降雨过程中产流产沙波动性增大,且这些变化随覆沙厚度增加而明显加强;沙层粒径组成在不同覆沙厚度下对坡面产流产沙的影响不同,2 cm覆沙厚度坡面在降雨前期随粒径变粗产流产沙呈增大趋势,降雨后期无明显变化;5 cm覆沙厚度坡面随沙层粒径变粗产流速率呈增加趋势,降雨前期上覆粗粒径沙层坡面的侵蚀速率高于细粒径沙层坡面,降雨后期恰好相反;10 cm覆沙厚度的坡面产流产沙随沙层粒径组成变化不明显。典型覆沙黄土坡面的产流过程为雨水垂直入渗―沙土界面潜流―沙层边缘渗流―地表径流,产沙过程为沙层边缘渗流侵蚀―沙层坍塌重力侵蚀―地表径流输移,明显不同于无覆沙黄土坡面的超渗产流方式及溅蚀―片蚀―细沟侵蚀的侵蚀发展过程。     

Die Bedeutung der K-Ca-Austauschisotherme für eine Beurteilung der K-Versorgung der Pflanzen bei Lößböden

K-Ca-exchange isothermes of soils from loess and the potassium supply of plants From 80 Ap-horizons of Luvisols and Phaeozems on loess from south of Hannover K-Ca-exchange isotherms and cation concentrations in saturation extracts were investigated. Though not K deficient these soils show a very wide range of available K. From the very high K-concentrations in the saturation extracts (up to 3 meq/1) of part of the soils it was concluded, that mass flow should be sufficient for plant needs of K. The only soil property varying the exchange isotherms seems to be the clay content (Fig. 4). In order to calculate available K from the exchange isotherms in the same way as available water from pF characteristics the isotherms were extended down to activity ratios, according to literature, marginal for plant uptake of K (Fig. 6). The estimated soil K content, sufficient for plant in loess soils, amounts to about half that considered marginal by the regional extension service. With the assumption that so called non exchangeable, but plant available K is essentially very slowly exchangeable, an experiment was performed at 80°C to accelerate the exchange and to establish a true equilibrium. The comparison between the new exchange curve and the 25°C curve (Fig. 8) seems to reveal additional 180–450 kg/ha · 30 cm bound with equal free energy of exchange as easily exchangeable K.     

黄土坡面径流能耗与土壤剥蚀率影响因子

为研究黄土坡面径流能耗与土壤剥蚀率的影响因子,采用人工径流冲刷的方法,研究黄土坡面小区在不同出流量、不同坡度下的土壤侵蚀量、径流能耗和土壤剥蚀率。结果表明：20°坡面径流小区土壤侵蚀量随出流量的增加而增加,1.0 L/min出流量时的稳定土壤侵蚀量是5.0和7.5 L/min出流量时的1%左右,而3.0 L/min出流量时的稳定土壤侵蚀量是二者的20%左右;相同出流量时,10°坡面径流小区的稳定土壤侵蚀量只有20°、30°坡面的1/10;不同出流量时坡面径流能耗相差很大,1.0 L/min出流量时黄土坡面的径流能耗为16.6 J/min,约是3.0 L/min出流量时坡面径流能耗的1/3,是5.0 L/min出流量时的1/5,是7.5 L/min出流量时的1/8;相同条件下,20°与30°坡面的径流能耗基本相差不大,都约比10°坡面径流能耗小0.3 J/min;5.0和7.5 L/min出流量时的土壤剥蚀率比较接近,是3.0 L/min出流量时稳定剥蚀率的2.5倍,是1.0 L/min时的50倍左右;20°和30°坡面的土壤剥蚀率比较接近,是10°坡面稳定剥蚀率的40倍。研究成果可为黄土高原治理提供技术依据及数据支撑。     

Quantifying spatial distribution of interrill and rill erosion in a loess at different slopes using structure from motion (SfM) photogrammetry

The spatial distribution of interrill and rill erosion is essential for unravelling soil erosion principles and the application of soil and water conservation practices. To quantify interrill and rill erosion and their spatial development, four 30-min rainfalls at 90 mm h^?1 intensity were consecutively simulated on runoff plots packed with a loess at six slopes of 10°, 15°, 20°, 25°, 30° and 35°. The soil surface was measured using the structure from motion (SfM) photogrammetry upon each simulation run, and the runoff and sediment samples were collected and measured at every 10 min. Rills did not develop until the third simulation run. During the initial two runs, the lower third section was more severely eroded than the upper and middle thirds along the slope direction, yet the interrill erosion was statistically uniform from left to right. Rills tended to emerge by both sidewalls and in the lower portion in the third run. The corresponding rill erosion increased with slope from 10° to 20° and then decreased for the slopes steeper, which was consistent with the slope trend of the sediment yield directly measured. The rills expanded substantially primarily via head retreat and to a lesser extent via sideward erosion after receiving another 30-min rainfall. Rill erosion contributed 69.3% of the total erosion loss, and shifted the critical slope corresponding to the maximum loss from 20° to 25°. These findings demonstrate the significance of rill erosion not only in total soil loss but also in its relation to slope, as well as the effectiveness of SfM photogrammetry in quantifying interrill and rill erosion.     

坡面细沟侵蚀断面形态发育影响因素分析及动力特性试验

研究细沟形态发育过程对认识细沟侵蚀具有重要作用,该文采用6种坡度(2°、4°、6°、8°、10°、12°),5种流量(8、16、24、32、40 L/min)下的组合冲刷试验,系统研究了坡面细沟横纵断面形态发育影响机制及动力特性。结果表明:细沟宽深比变化范围为3.006~4.884,根据水力最佳断面,细沟水流远未达到稳定。横断面形态系数随坡度的变化范围为0.36~0.522,细沟横断面形态随流量、坡度以及冲刷历时均趋近于梯形水力最佳断面,即阻力最小的断面。随着流程长度的增加,横断面形态由宽深逐渐变窄,横断面形态系数也随之减小。细沟纵断面形态范围为0.60~11.26,且随坡度的增大而增大,与流量相关性不大。综合阻力系数及消能率均与细沟纵断面形态系数呈良好的幂函数关系。