我国的采脂松树资源和松脂贮量——基于"连清"数据的估测

应用已经公布的第6次全国森林资源连续清查数据对我国的采脂松树资源和松脂贮量进行估测分析,探索一条有效实用科学的松脂储量计算方法和途径,提出按"连清"数据中可采脂龄级计算采脂松树资源,用可采脂径级统计的株数进行松脂贮量估测的方法.通过计算,得出全国目前可采脂松树资源为316.65万hm~2,松脂贮量为162.5万t·a~(-1).论证分析我国各省(市)区松脂资源的分布和存贮量.     

福建省松树采脂管理初探

松脂原料价格波动受国际市场影响大,为保障松树资源可持续利用,应建立和完善松脂产业可持续发展的政策法规和管理制度.一是将松林采脂列入森林经营方案编制范畴,间伐木采脂纳入间伐管理范畴,其他生态公益林采脂分类制定限制措施和加强管理.二是借鉴《江西省松脂采集技术规程》设定强制性条款,加强采脂管理和查处非法采脂.三是推广应用巴西小眼采脂法,禁止滥用化学法强度采脂.四是制定“林脂一体化”森林经营措施,贯彻落实到造林、营林、采脂、采伐的生产过程.五是支持大型骨干松脂龙头企业应用林业贴息贷款、林权抵押贷款等.     

新平县松脂生产区域集体林权制度改革探索

介绍新平县松脂资源及松脂生产现状,分析认为松脂产量上不去的主要因素是采脂资源的产权关系不明晰.阐述集体林权制度改革的理论、政策法律依据及改革的目标.结合集体林权制度改革,探讨新平县采脂区处理好采脂资源最佳利用的对策措施.     

松树高产脂力遗传改良的研究进展

松脂是重要的林产品，我国松脂产品无论在生产和贸易上都占全球40％以上的份额，在世界松脂产品贸易中占重要的地位，经营好松脂产业对我国经济建设具有重要的意义，选择高产树脂树木进行遗传改良，并在此基础上建立高产优质松脂基地是实现可持续经营松脂产业的重要途径。本文回顾和介绍了国内外松树高产脂力遗传改良研究的历程和成果，并提出迫切需要对我国主要采脂树种开展高产脂力遗传的改良工作。以建立优质高产采脂林基地，确保我国松脂产业的可持续经营。     

云南各地松脂资源的比较分析

根据云南省已有的松脂资源数据,对各州、市的采脂松树资源和松脂贮量进行了对比分析。通过松脂年产量、产脂树种及分布、产脂松林和其中的用材林资源总量及松脂贮量的对比分析,归结出了云南省各州、市松脂资源的现况及特点。比较分析结果表明:云南省各州、市的松脂资源数量和质量差别巨大。普洱市的年松脂贮量为全省最大,大理州产脂松林及其后续资源中幼林的面积为全省最多,从而形成了以云南省的澜沧江中下游流域为中心的松脂资源和松香生产聚集核心地带。     

湖北省松脂生产现状,问题与对策

本文分析了湖北省松脂生产与加工的现状，并针对采脂林资源、技术设备、管理体制等方面存在的问题，提出了发展湖北松脂生产与松香深加工的主要对策。     

松脂生产组装配套技术

昭平地处桂东的枝江中游。全县总面积为3273平方公里，有林面积为237002．7hm3，其中松林面积为98322．7hm2，可采脂松树1043万株，目前投入采脂松树649万株，年产松脂二万多吨，属我国一个松脂生产大县。昭平的采脂历史是从1953年开始的，四十多年来，经历过三大变革：一是在采脂劳动组织形式上，由"个体"到"集体"，再由"集体"到"个人承包责任制"；二是在采割方法上，先是"上割法"后是"下割法"；三是在采脂技术上，从"常规采脂"逐步走向"化学采脂"。但是，由于没有作为一个系统工程来研究，直到1985年，还是处在一个"经营粗放、管理简单、…     

云南景谷地区松脂研究的现状与对策

云南省景谷地区具有丰富的思茅松资源，盛产松脂，为此开展了高产脂种源培育等试验研究，对松树进行多种采脂方法的研究，调查各种采脂方法的实用性，并不断开发新的采脂方法。     

新型松脂采集技术——钻孔采脂法

针对目前广泛应用的下降式采脂法中存在操作流程多、劳动强度大、灰尘与雨水等污物易混入所采集松脂,以及采脂后的松树滞长,甚至枯死等不足,本文提出一种新型松脂采集技术——钻孔采脂法,旨在减少采脂操作流程,减轻劳动强度,提高所采集松脂的质量。同时希望为松脂采集及其它类似采脂作业向机械化、自动化方向发展打下一定的理论基础及提供一定的技术借鉴。且实地7d的采脂试验表明,钻孔采脂法开切的采脂韧皮层面积比下降式采脂法小得多,但采集到的松脂重量却仅相差3.05%。     

云南松脂原料林发展现状、存在问题与对策研究

云南是一个松脂资源大省,主要产脂树种云南松和思茅松能采脂的林分面积和蓄积量均居全国的首位。松香、松节油产业在云南具有巨大的发展潜力和广阔的发展前景。通过对云南松脂原料林发展的现状、存在问题的分析研究,指出云南松脂原料林的建设应以人工林定向培育和提高松脂基地建设的科技贡献率为发展方向。发展云南松脂原料林基地应以市场以导向,选育松树高产脂良种开始,增加资金和科技投入,推广先进采脂技术,提高加工水平,实现松脂产业的可持续发展。     

河南省马尾松采脂量与树体因子关系的研究

通过设置１４块标准地进行采脂试验研究，结果表明，马尾松采脂量与采脂树木的胸径、树贞与树冠大小呈一元线性回归关系，其中采脂量与胸径相关关系极显著，在胸径为１６ｃｍ时，年采脂量为２．５６４ｋｇ；根据我省马尾松资源现状，、应贯彻以生产木材产品、生产松脂为副产品的经营原则；采脂树木胸径应不于１６ｃｍ，以下降式采脂方法为宜。     

气相色谱法分析松脂

提出了一种气相色谱方法进行松脂全分析。在同一根DB-5化学结合相熔凝硅石毛细管柱(30米×0.32毫米)和同一色谱条件下,松脂不需预分离和甲酯化,就可以分析其化学组成。所用时间仅需30分钟。用此法定量测定了七个松树树种的松脂中所有主要的单萜、倍半萜和双萜类化合物,这些松树树种是墨西哥的Pinus nubicola sp.Nova、粉枝五针松(P.pseudostrobus)、大果粉枝五针松(P.pseudostrobus var.megacarpa)和光叶松(P.leiophylla)和危地马拉的中美高地松(P.oaxacana)、P.donnell、粗糙枝松(P.montezumae)。同时在分析中发现,在中美高地松的松脂中含有一些十九个碳的树脂酸,这对于树种的变种研究将有一定帮助。     

中国松香松节油的研究概况

中国有丰富的松脂资源,其产量50多万t/a,居世界第一位.本文提到了中国松脂工业的3个发展阶段和主要的研究单位.于1960年成立的林产化学工业研究所松脂化学研究室是全国松香松节油研究中心.回顾了松香松节油再加工产品的生产情况,目前中国已基本上能生产世界上现有的再加工产品,其生产能力已达10多万t/a.同时,也回顾了最近在高分子材料、精细化学品、新型催化剂和香料等方面的研究成果.最后提到了由国家自然科学基金多次资助的基础研究工作,通过对近60个松树树种的松脂化学成分的系统研究,得到了松树化学分类的许多有用证据.     

广西松脂原料林发展现状、存在问题与对策研究

松脂产业是广西具有资源优势的产业。通过对广西松脂原料林发展的现状、存在问题的分析研究,指出广西松脂原料林的建设应以人工林定向培育和提高松脂基地建设的科技贡献率为发展方向。发展广西松脂原料林基地应从选育松树高产脂良种,开展营造高产脂原料林速生丰产综合配套技术研究,推广先进采脂技术,以最终达到提高单位面积松脂产量,降低采脂劳动强度,提高采脂劳动生产率,实现松脂产业的可持续发展。     

The characteristics of oleoresin exudation amount from the trunks of pine trees

The amounts of oleoresin exudation from artificially-marked wounds on the trunks of pine trees were measured, and several characteristics of the oleoresin exudation amount (OEA) were elucidated. OEA showed no regular diurnal change and had no relation to both heights and directions of the wounds marked on the trunks, but differed between individual trees and between locations on the same tree. The exudation of oleoresin from each wound stopped after several hours. Mean OEA per wound decreased with increase in the number of wounds per given area. When the exudation of oleoresin from a wound was exhausted, further oleoresin was scarcely exuded even from a new wound made close to the initial one. In response to wounding, therefore, primary oleoresin exudation seems to occur by releasing the resin stocked in the resin canal.     

Modelling the Growth and Management of Mixed Uneven-aged Maritime Pine - Broadleaved Species Forests in Galicia,North-western Spain

The state of mixed forests of maritime pine ( Pinus pinaster Ait.) and broadleaved species in the coastal region of Galicia (north-western Spain) was described using data from 213 circular sample plots selected among the available 4700 plots of the Spanish National Inventory. A matrix model was developed for this forest type to obtain information about the productivity and potential for sustainable management. The broadleaved species had a diameter distribution close to the inverted J-shape typical of the uneven-aged forests but for maritime pine there were many medium-sized trees and a lack of trees in the first diameter class of 15 cm. The matrix growth model was used to predict the development of mixed forests for three different management options: no harvesting in a well-stocked stand, a regime with a 5 yr harvest cycle and a residual basal area of 15 m 2 ha -1 in a well-stocked stand, and a rehabilitation management applied to an understocked stand. The results showed the possibility of applying uneven-aged silvicultural systems to these forests, leading to the production of high-value timber and to the maintenance of continuous cover and a biodiverse forest.     

Tropical reptiles in pine forests: Assemblage responses to plantations and plantation management by burning

Worldwide, the land area devoted to timber plantations is expanding rapidly, especially in the tropics, where reptile diversity is high. The impacts of plantation forestry and its management on native species are poorly known, but are important, because plantation management goals often include protecting biodiversity. We examined the impact of pine (Pinus caribaea) plantations, and their management by fire, on the abundance and richness of reptiles, a significant proportion of the native biodiversity in tropical northern Australia, by (i) comparing abundance and diversity of reptiles among pine plantations (on land cleared specifically for plantation establishment), and two adjacent native forest types, eucalypt and Melaleuca woodlands, and (ii) comparing reptile abundance and richness in pine forest burnt one year prior to the study to remove understorey vegetation with pine forest burnt two years prior to the study. We also examined the influence of fire on reptile assemblages in native vegetation, by comparing eucalypt woodland burnt two years prior to the study and unburnt for eight years. To quantify mechanisms driving differences in reptile richness and abundance among forest types and management regimes, we measured forest structure, the temperatures used by reptiles (operative temperature) and solar radiation, at replicate sites in all forest types and management regimes. Compared to native forests, pine forests had taller trees, lower shrub cover in the understorey, more and deeper exotic litter (other than pine), and were cooler and shadier. Reptile assemblages in pine forests were as rich as those in native forests, but pine assemblages were composed mainly of species that typically use closed-canopy rainforest and prefer cooler, shadier habitats. Burning did not appear to influence the assemblage structure of reptiles in native forest, but burning under pine was associated with increased skink abundance and species richness. Burned pine was not warmer or sunnier than unburned pine, a common driver of reptile abundance, so the shift in lizard use after burning may have been driven by structural differences in understorey vegetation, especially amounts of non-native litter, which were reduced by burning. Thus, burning for management under pine increased the abundance and richness of lizard assemblages using pine. Pine plantations do not support the snake diversity common to sclerophyllous native forests, but pine may have the potential to complement rainforest lizard diversity if appropriately managed.     

广西湿地松松脂化学组成的研究

用气相色谱法测定广西湿地松松脂的化学成分，通过大量的分析数据探讨影响其化学成分变化的气候、地理与环境因素。对比了湿地松松脂与马尾松松脂的成分差异。