2001-2014年新疆阿尔泰地区积雪时空分布特征研究

基于2001-2014年的MODIS10A2积雪产品数据,对新疆阿尔泰地区积雪的年际变化特征、年内变化特征及空间分布进行了分析研究,得到以下结论:1)年内积雪一般由10月中旬左右便开始累积建立,在第二年1月份积雪覆盖面积到最大值,7月份积雪覆盖面积达到最小值,其中,冬季积雪面积所占比例最大,夏季最小。2)2001-2014年新疆阿尔泰地区积雪覆盖面积呈减少趋势。阿尔泰地区积雪空间分布极不均匀,北部积雪分布明显多于南部,山区及高海拔地区为积雪频次分布的高值区,平原及流域地区为积雪覆盖频次的低值区。3)永久性积雪主要分布在阿尔泰山北部的高海拔区(3000-3923m),且面积较小。     

内蒙古积雪面积时空变化及其对气候响应

区域尺度积雪信息的时空监测,对确定雪灾的影响范围及灾情等级划分具有重要意义。利用2002-2012年10个积雪季节的Terra Aqua/MODIS积雪产品(MOD10A2),按月最大面积合成,分析了内蒙古积雪覆盖面积的时空变化特征及气候响应。结果表明:时间上,近10年内蒙古积雪面积年内变化整体上呈现双峰和单峰的波动特点,最大积雪面积发生在12月和1月份,最小积雪面积发生在10月份。近10年内蒙古积雪面积年际变化呈现波动的特点,整体上积雪面积有减少的趋势。空间上大兴安岭西麓、呼伦贝尔高原以及乌珠穆沁盆地是积雪长时间覆盖区,锡林郭勒草原和乌兰察布草原的积雪面积变化主导着内蒙古的总体积雪面积波动,1月份之前是积雪面积增加的阶段,之后是积雪消融阶段。内蒙古的积雪面积变化与当地的气候条件变化趋势相关,气温的明显上升引起暖冬化,可能导致积雪面积的减少,说明内蒙古积雪面积的变化主要受气温的影响。     

河西走廊东部积雪的时空演变特征分析

利用河西走廊东部5个气象站1961—2007年近47 a的逐月积雪深度和积雪日数的常规观测资料,分析河西走廊东部最大积雪深度和积雪日数月、季节和年的空间分布以及时间变化特征。结果表明:受海拔高度、地理位置以及天气系统等影响,河西走廊东部积雪日数、最大平均积雪深度和极端最大积雪深度的分布从东南向西北递减,高海拔地区多于低海拔区,山区多于平原区。时间变化上,积雪日数47 a来呈平稳变化趋势,震荡减少,变率很小,积雪深度呈增加趋势;河西走廊东部积雪日数最多出现在1月,最少出现在9月,积雪深度最大出现在3月,最小出现在12月;积雪日数冬季最大,春季次之,秋季最小;积雪深度春季最大,秋季次之,冬季最小;相关系数法分析表明,积雪日数和积雪深度都是冬季的变化主导了年尺度的变化;河西走廊东部积雪日数1990s中期以前以6~7 a、9~10 a和2~3 a的周期为主,1990s中期以后周期主要表现为6~7 a和2~3 a;积雪深度1970s中期以前以6~7 a和2~3 a周期为主,1970s中期~1990s中期9~10 a、12~13 a和2~3 a反应明显,1990s中期以后周期又表现为6~7 a和2~3 a。     

近60年科尔沁沙地的气候变化

处于季风边缘带的科尔沁沙地气候变化具有复杂性和敏感性特征,文中采用线性倾向估计、非参数检验等方法探讨了其变化规律。结果表明:近60年研究区的年均气温呈上升趋势,变化速率为0.37℃/10a,尤其是20世纪80年代中后期以来增温趋势更为明显。且年际极端最高、最低气温也呈上升趋势。在季节变化中,春、冬季增温明显,夏季和秋季变化略小。而年降水量呈稳中有降的总趋势,变化速率为-13.54mm/10a。且年际、季节的降水日数也出现减少趋势。在季节变化中,除了春季以外其它季节均有减少趋势,与SPI变化一致。气温与降水量总体上呈负相关关系,即气温上升与降水的减少相对应,因而该区气候变化呈暖干化总趋势。夏季气候变化与东亚夏季风强弱有一定联系。     

天山北坡典型内陆河流域积雪年内分配与年际变化研究——以玛纳斯河流域为例

以500m分辨率的MOD10A2积雪遥感影像和气象站点数据为基础,以积雪覆盖率和初雪日与积雪日数为变量对玛纳斯河流域积雪的年内分配(2007年10月-2008年9月)与年际变化(1960年-2006年)进行了分析探讨.结果表明:水文年内玛纳斯河流域积雪变化较大,北部开阔的河谷地带积雪覆盖呈现明显的季节性变化;南部山区海...     

50年来靖远县气候变化趋势分析

根据靖远县气象站1951-2004年气温、降水观测资料,运用累积滤波器法和Kendall秩次相关法,对不同时间尺度的气温和降水量变化趋势进行分析.结果表明:靖远县年平均气温呈现显著升高趋势,降水量有微弱增加,但增加趋势很不明显;春季、秋季和冬季气温均呈增加趋势,冬季增温趋势显著,夏季气温有降低趋势;各个季节降水量变化趋势较为复杂,春季和夏季降水量呈微弱增加趋势,而秋季和冬季变化趋势相反;各时段气温和降水量也反映了同样的变化规律.     

近50年来新疆莎车县气候变化特征及其成因

利用莎车县气象站1956-2005年气温和降水观测资料,以回归分析、趋势线分析、5年滑动平均等方法,探讨莎车县气温和降水的年际变化、季节变化及变化特征。结果显示:①近50年来,莎车县年平均气温总体呈增加趋势,线性倾向率为0.19℃/10 a。从20世纪50年代中期至60年代末期,气温在平均值附近波动降低,自70年代以来波动较大,并明显升高,气温波动基本上与我国西北地区气温变化趋势一致。年内气温变化存在季节差异,秋、冬、春三个季节气温均呈上升趋势,夏季的气温呈下降趋势,其中,秋和冬两季对全年平均气温增加贡献较大。②近50年来,莎车县年降水量总体呈增长趋势,年均降水量线性倾向率约为7.44 mm/10 a。20世纪50年代中期至70年代末期年降水量在多年平均值附近波动,没有明显增减。自80年代以来年际降水波动较大,而且变湿趋势较明显。年内降水量变化有明显的季节差异,除了冬季外,夏、春、秋三个季节降水量均呈增长趋势,增长幅度从大到小依次是夏季、春季和秋季,其中,夏、春两季对全年降水量增长贡献较大,秋季降水贡献较小。     

石羊河流域径流量分布特征及对气候变化的响应——以西营河为例

利用1961-2009年石羊河流域西营河径流量和气象资料,分析了近49年来径流量变化趋势、年内分配特征及与气象因素的内在关系.结果表明:近49年来西营河径流量总体呈减少趋势,冬、夏季减幅大于秋、春季;90年代四季径流量衰减明显,特别是年、春、夏季径流出现明显突变;年径流量补给主要以汛期雨水补给为主,雨水补给比例在逐渐增加,冬季积雪融水对径流量的补给比例在减少;流域内降水量呈较小的增加趋势,但是夏季降水增幅不明显.气温呈明显升高趋势,特别是冬季气温趋势系数最大,受其影响蒸发量均呈增大趋势;径流量与6-9月降水量呈显著正相关,但与7、8月气温、蒸发呈显著负相关.分析了未来气温、降水变化在不同情形下对径流量的可能影响,表明气温对径流量的负效应占据着主导作用,汛期气温的升高且伴随着蒸发的增大使年总径流量减少,气候变暖总体不利于流域径流量的增加.     

1961-2009年辽宁省气温、降水变化特征及突变分析

利用辽宁省28个均一化气象站点1961-2009年逐日平均气温、最高气温、最低气温及降水量资料,采用趋势分析和Mann-Kendall检验方法,分析了辽宁省近49年的气温和降水变化特征及突变特征。结果表明:辽宁省年平均气温、年平均最高气温和年平均最低气温均呈升高趋势,升温速率分别为0.32℃/10a、0.26℃/10a和0.46℃/10a,年平均最低气温的升温最为显著,增温速率是年平均最高气温增温速率的1倍多。四个季节的升温速率冬季最大,春季次之,秋季略低于春季,夏季最不明显。年平均气温1989年发生了突变,年平均最高气温1992年发生了突变,年平均最低气温1985年发生了突变。年降水量整体上有减少的趋势,但变化并不显著。四季降水量呈冬春季增加、夏秋季减少的趋势。年降水量发生了三次突变,1967年由偏多转为偏少,1983年降水量开始大幅度增加,1996再次由多变少。     

东北林区积雪空间分布与变化特征

使用东北林区156个气象观测站的1961 ～ 2008年逐日积雪深度资料,对该区积雪平均空间分布特征及时空变化规律进行详细分析.结果表明:东北林区自北向南、自东北向西南主要呈现出积雪初日逐渐推迟,积雪终日逐渐提前,积雪期、积雪日数逐渐增长,年最大积雪深度逐渐加深的空间分布特征;1961-2008年积雪初日以1.8天/10a的速度显著推迟,积雪终日明显提前,平均每10a提前1.9天,积雪期平均每10a缩短3.5天,积雪日数无明显趋势性变化,年最大积雪深度随时间变化呈不明显增加趋势;全区88％站点的积雪初日呈推迟趋势,积雪终日提前站点占总站点的95％,97％的区域积雪期呈缩短趋势,积雪日数缩短的地区占总区域的58％,71％地区的年最大积雪深度增加;积雪初日、积雪终日、积雪期、年最大积雪深度均在20世纪90年代发生突变,积雪日数未出现显著突变点,但均表现出2a、4a及6-8a的周期特征.     

秦岭主峰太白山积雪时空变化规律及驱动机制分析

利用2000-2017年LandsatTM数据,基于SNOMAP算法提取秦岭主峰太白山积雪面积,同时结合研究区地形数据及10个气象站点的气象观测数据,分析太白山积雪变化特征及其与地形、气候因素的关系.结果表明:(1)2000-2017年冷季太白山积雪面积在波动中减少.积雪面积消减率为24.15％;(2)影响太白山积雪变...     

Monitoring and analysis of snow cover change in an alpine mountainous area in the Tianshan Mountains,China

Estimating the snow cover change in alpine mountainous areas(in which meteorological stations are typically lacking) is crucial for managing local water resources and constitutes the first step in evaluating the contribution of snowmelt to runoff and the water cycle. In this paper, taking the Jingou River Basin on the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains, China as an example, we combined a new moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer(MODIS) snow cover extent product over China spanning ...     

Snow resisting capacity of Caragana microphylla and Achnatherum splendens in a typical steppe region of Inner Mongolia,China

Snow resisting capacity of vegetation is important for secondary distribution of water resources in seasonal snow areas of grassland because it affects the regeneration,growth and nutrient circulation of vegetation in grassland.This study investigated vegetation characteristics(canopy height,canopy length and crown width)of Caragana microphylla Lam.(shrub)and Achnatherum splendens(Trin.)Nevski.(herb),and snow morphologies(snow depth,snow width and snow braid length)in a typical steppe region of Inner Mongolia,China in 2017.And the influence of vegetation characteristic on snow resisting capacity(the indices of bottom area of snow and snow volume reflect snow resisting capacity)was analyzed.The results showed that snow morphology depends on vegetation characteristics of shrub and herb.The canopy height was found to have the greatest influence on snow depth and the crown width had the greatest influence on snow width.The canopy length was found to have little influence on morphological parameters of snow.When the windward areas of C.microphylla and A.splendens were within the ranges of 0.0-0.5 m2 and 0.0-8.0 m2,respectively,the variation of snow cover was large;however,beyond these areas,the variation of snow cover became gradually stable.The potential area of snow retardation for a single plant was 1.5-2.5 m2 and the amount of snow resistance was 0.15-0.20 m3.The bottom area of snow and snow volume(i.e.,snow resisting capacity)of clumped C.microphylla and A.splendens was found to be 4 and 25 times that of individual plant,respectively.The results could provide a theoretical basis both for the estimation of snow cover and the establishment of a plant-based technical system for the control of windblown snow in the typical steppe region of Inner Mongolia.     

基于GIS的东北及邻近地区积雪深度空间化方法

根据近50 a东北及邻近地区122个地面测站逐日积雪深度观测资料,采用REOF方法划分为5个气候区,利用DEM资料建立经度、纬度、海拔高度3个宏观地形因子以及坡度、坡向和开放度3个微观地形因子的数据库,并结合三维二次趋势面方法对研究区域雪深进行GIS模拟。结果表明：宏观地形因子与雪深呈较好的正相关关系,大、小兴安岭是东北地区积雪分布较多区域,大致按山脉走向分布,海拔高、纬度高的地区雪深较大。分区模拟,微观地形因子对积雪深度的影响增大,突出积雪深度分布的局地特征,同时相对误差显著减小。     

Change features of time-series climate variables from 1962 to 2016 in Inner Mongolia,China

Detecting change features of climate variables in arid/semi-arid areas is essential for understanding related climate change patterns and the driving and evolution mechanism between climate and arid/semi-arid ecosystems.This paper takes Inner Mongolia of China,a unique arid/semi-arid ecosystem,as the study area.We first detected trend features of climate variables using the linear trend analysis method and then detected their trend-shift features using the breaks for additive seasonal and trend method based on the time-series of monthly precipitation and monthly mean temperature datasets from 1962 to 2016.We analyzed the different change features of precipitation and temperature on a regional scale and in different ecological zones to discover the spatial heterogeneity of change features.The results showed that Inner Mongolia has become warmer-wetter during the past 54 years.The regional annual mean temperature increased 0.4°C per decade with a change rate of 56.2%.The regional annual precipitation increased 0.07 mm per decade with a slightly change rate of about 1.7%,but the trend was not statistically significant.The warmer trend was contributed by the same positive trend in each season,while the wetter trend was contributed by the negative trend of the summer precipitation and the positive trend of the other three seasons.The regional monthly precipitation series had a trend-shift pattern with a structural breakpoint in the year 1999,while the regional monthly mean temperature series showed an increasing trend without a periodical trend-shift.After the year 2000,the warmer-wetter trend of the climate in Inner Mongolia was accelerated.The late 20th century was a key period,because the acceleration of the wetter trend in some local zones(I and II)and the alleviation of the warmer trend in some local zones(Ⅶ,Ⅷand IX)occurred simultaneously.Moreover,the change features had a strong spatial heterogeneity,the southeastern and southwestern of Inner Mongolia went through a warmer-drier trend compared with the other areas.The spatio-temporal heterogeneity of the climate change features is a necessary background for various types of research,such as regional climate change,the evolution of arid/semi-arid ecosystems,and the interaction mechanisms between climate and arid/semi-arid ecosystems based on earth-system models in Inner Mongolia.     

气候变化对内蒙古东北部森林草原火灾的影响

近50年来,内蒙古东北部的年平均气温呈直线上升的趋势,年增温率为0.375℃/10a;多年平均降水量为399.5mm,最大值出现在1998年,增加率达21.27mm/10a;多年平均风速呈减小趋势,减小率为（0.20m/s）/10a。通过气侯变化状况与历史火灾次数的统计分析得出,在气候变暖的背景下,内蒙古东北部森林草原...     

Spatiotemporal variation in snow cover and its effects on grassland phenology on the Mongolian Plateau

Snow cover is an important water source for vegetation growth in arid and semi-arid areas,and grassland phenology provides valuable information on the response of terrestrial ecosystems to climate change.The Mongolian Plateau features both abundant snow cover resources and typical grassland ecosystems.In recent years,with the intensification of global climate change,the snow cover on the Mongolian Plateau has changed correspondingly,with resulting effects on vegetation growth.In this study,using MOD10A1 snow cover data and MOD13A1 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI)data combined with remote sensing(RS)and geographic information system(GIS)techniques,we analyzed the spatiotemporal changes in snow cover and grassland phenology on the Mongolian Plateau from 2001 to 2018.The correlation analysis and grey relation analysis were used to determine the influence of snow cover parameters(snow cover fraction(SCF),snow cover duration(SCD),snow cover onset date(SCOD),and snow cover end date(SCED))on different types of grassland vegetation.The results showed wide snow cover areas,an early start time,a late end time,and a long duration of snow cover over the northern Mongolian Plateau.Additionally,a late start,an early end,and a short duration were observed for grassland phenology,but the southern area showed the opposite trend.The SCF decreased at an annual rate of 0.33%.The SCD was shortened at an annual rate of 0.57 d.The SCOD and SCED in more than half of the study area advanced at annual rates of 5.33 and 5.74 DOY(day of year),respectively.For grassland phenology,the start of the growing season(SOS)advanced at an annual rate of 0.03 DOY,the end of the growing season(EOS)was delayed at an annual rate of 0.14 DOY,and the length of the growing season(LOS)was prolonged at an annual rate of 0.17 d.The SCF,SCD,and SCED in the snow season were significantly positively correlated with the SOS and negatively correlated with the EOS and LOS.The SCOD was significantly negatively correlated with the SOS and positively correlated with the EOS and LOS.The SCD and SCF can directly affect the SOS of grassland vegetation,while the EOS and LOS were obviously influenced by the SCOD and SCED.This study provides a scientific basis for exploring the response trends of alpine vegetation to global climate change.     

近50年内蒙古中东部地区春夏季干旱特征分析

选取内蒙古地区累年平均降水量>200mm的75个气象站点1961～2010年逐日平均气温、逐日降水量资料,基于综合气象干旱指数(CI指数)计算方法,建立了各站历年春季和夏季CI指数序列。利用EOF方法,分析了内蒙古中东部地区春季和夏季干旱的时空分布特征,得出:1)内蒙古中东部地区春旱和夏旱均分为三种类型,且均具有全区一致干旱或不旱型、东西反相干旱型和南北反相干旱型的分布规律。但春季和夏季干旱或反向干旱的中心分布区域略有不同。2)内蒙古中东部地区春季干旱均出现在1980a以前,1980a后全区性的春季重旱减少,但局部重旱有所增加。夏旱在1980a以后呈两年或以上持续发展的态势,且近年来全区性夏旱发生频率增高、强度增加。3)内蒙古地区气候变暖出现在20世纪80年代中期之后。气候变暖后内蒙古地区降水分配格局发生了变化,使内蒙古中东部地区春季干旱减轻,而夏旱加重,应引起相关部门的重视。