小麦小穗不同粒位粒重形成的生理特性差异

为探明小麦小穗上不同粒位籽粒粒重形成的生理机制,明确限制小穗上位弱势粒充实的主要原因,本试验选用大穗型小麦品种泰农18(TN18)和多穗型小麦品种山农20(SN20)为材料,调查检测了灌浆过程中小穗上不同粒位籽粒内源激素、可溶性糖、全氮含量的动态变化以及籽粒与籽粒柄连接处横面的组织结构与不同粒位籽粒粒重的关系。花后籽粒灌浆过程中灌浆速率与籽粒内GA和IAA含量呈极显著或显著相关,小穗基部籽粒中较高的GA和IAA含量可使蔗糖向淀粉转化开始早,籽粒分化快,灌浆速率高,是小穗基部籽粒粒重高的生理机制;扫描电镜图显示小麦籽粒灌浆初期小穗基部籽粒柄维管束横面面积明显大于上位籽粒,微观空隙小且排列较整齐,有利于同化物和生理活性物质的运输,是小穗基部籽粒粒重增长快、灌浆速率高的解剖学基础。     

氮素水平对不同基因型小麦旗叶光合特性和子粒灌浆进程的影响

在池栽条件下，研究了不同施氮水平对强筋小麦8901和弱筋小麦1391生育后期旗叶叶绿素含量、光合速率、灌浆速率和产量的影响。结果表明，两品种表现为随施氮量的增加，叶绿素含量、光合速率都有增加的趋势，但是过量氮肥又使它们降低。在本试验条件下，两品种均以中氮处理(240kg／hm^2)光合速率大，灌浆进程合理，产量水平高。研究发现，强筋和弱筋小麦生育后期叶光合特性和子粒灌浆进程差异显著；旗叶光合速率和叶绿素含量及子粒产量呈正相关。     

不同源库型小麦品种生理特点及其与穗粒重的关系

以大粒小麦新品种兰考８６（７９）（源限型）、豫麦１８号（库限型）和大穗小麦新品系黄８１２４（源库素作型）为材料,对其生理特点及其与穗粒重的关系进行了研究。结果表明,源限型和源库素作型品种“源”的形成和发展较库限型品种更为合理,其光合势大,叶面积技续时间长,光合生产率高,叶版光合性能强,粒重增长快,穗部性养优良;子粒灌浆速度前期增加快,后期下降平缓,粒重与灌浆速度吁显著的正相关,面库限型品种这种相关关系不明显。叶片对源限型品种,叶鞘对源库互作型品种、茎行对库限型品种子粒增重贡献较大。     

不同粒型小麦品种籽粒内源激素变化与籽粒灌浆特征的比较

选用2个粒重差异较大的小麦品种济麦20(小粒型)和山农710331(大粒型),对比研究其籽粒发育过程中4种主要内源激素(IAA,GAs,ZR和ABA)的含量变化及籽粒灌浆特征。结果表明,2个品种内源激素含量变化动态趋势基本一致,但品种间内源激素含量存在基因型差异。在籽粒发育过程中,IAA,GAs和ZR含量呈籽粒发育前期高、后期低的趋势,而ABA含量呈“V”型曲线变化。用Logistic方程拟合籽粒灌浆过程可以看出,籽粒灌浆启动时间、灌浆速率以及灌浆持续时间共同决定小麦最终籽粒重的高低。与小粒型品种济麦20相比,大粒型品种山农710331籽粒发育初期较高的ZR含量使其籽粒灌浆启动时间早;在整个籽粒发育过程中较高的GAs,ZR和ABA含量与较高的籽粒灌浆速率相联系;籽粒发育后期较高的ZR含量及相对较低的ABA增幅,可能是其籽粒灌浆持续时间较长的一个重要原因。     

川西北大穗大粒型小麦灌浆规律研究

摘要：本文研究大穗大粒小麦籽粒灌浆干物质积累模型及灌浆特性与粒重的相关分析。结果表明：小麦籽粒干重变化呈“S”曲线,灌浆速率和籽粒水分含量均呈正态曲线。最大灌浆速率Rmax,渐增期(R1)快增期(R2)和缓增期速率(R3),渐增期持续天数(T1)是影响粒重的重要参数,各阶段灌浆速率与持续时间呈显著负相关。因此在大穗大粒高产小麦栽培和育种中可通过选育高灌浆速率,尤其是高快增期灌浆速率的品种;通过适当的栽培措施协调灌浆速率与持续时间的矛盾,增加缓增期灌浆速率而提高粒重     

起垄栽培对不同基因型冬小麦生理特性及子粒蛋白质含量的影响

以3个不同基因型冬小麦品种为材料，研究了起垄栽培对冬小麦生理特性及子粒蛋白质含量的影响，结果表明，起垄栽培可以提高灌浆初期小麦旗叶及子粒中游离氨基酸含量，提高灌浆后期旗叶硝酸还原酶活性和子粒蛋白质含量，但不同基因型品种之间存在差异。起垄栽培可以显著提高藁麦8901和郑麦975子粒蛋白质含量，而对弱筋品种豫麦50号影响不显著。     

氮肥水平对不同棱型大麦品种子粒灌浆及产量的影响

以六棱型大麦品种驻大麦4号和二棱型大麦品种驻大麦5号为材料,设置4个氮肥水平,测定不同氮肥水平下大麦的灌浆速率和子粒蛋白质含量,分析子粒灌浆速率与粒重、子粒蛋白质含量的关系。结果表明,在灌浆高峰前,不施氮和施氮75kg/hm~2处理的灌浆速率高于施氮125、225kg/hm~2处理;灌浆高峰后,灌浆速率随着施氮量的提高而升高。在同一氮肥水平下,花后35d驻大麦5号灌浆速率高于驻大麦4号。驻大麦4号的灌浆速率与千粒重在花后7、14、21d呈显著或极显著正相关,在花后35d则呈显著负相关;驻大麦5号的灌浆速率与千粒重相关性不显著。两种棱型大麦品种在花后21d前的灌浆速率与子粒蛋白质含量均呈显著或极显著负相关,最大灌浆速率、平均灌浆速率均与子粒蛋白质含量呈极显著负相关。     

黄淮麦区不同习性小麦籽粒灌浆特性分析

以目前河南省生产上大面积推广的高肥小麦品种和洛阳农科院新培育的小麦品种为材料，研究不同习性小麦籽粒灌浆的特性及其灌浆特性比较。用Logisitic方程对不同习性小麦品种的籽粒灌浆过程进行了拟合；用变异系数法分析了灌浆各参数的变异大小，用相关分析研究了灌浆参数与粒重的关系。结果表明：1、对所有品种来说，T3，R3的变异系数较大，其次是R1和R，Tmax和T品种间差异小，相对稳定；对春性品种来说，品种间变异较大的是T3和R3，相对稳定的是Tmax和T；相对于半冬性品种，T3和R3的变异大，其次是R1和T1，T和R max的变异小。2、对所有品种来说最大灌浆达到时间Tmax、最大灌浆速率Rmax、平均灌浆速率R和各阶段灌浆速率是影响粒重的主要因素，而且R对粒重的影响达极显著水平；而对春性品种，与粒重显著相关的灌浆参数为Rmax、R、R2；半冬性品种，平均灌浆速率R、R1和T2与粒重显著相关。针对河南省小麦灌浆后期常有干热风的气候特征，通过栽培措施协调不同习性小麦品种灌浆速率与持续时间的矛盾，选育平均灌浆速率较高的高肥小麦品种，从而达到增加粒重、获得高产的目的。     

花后高温、弱光及其双重胁迫对小麦籽粒内源激素含量与增重进程的影响

在田间试验条件下研究了花后不同时期高温、弱光和温光双重胁迫对小麦籽粒内源激素含量与增重进程的影响。结果表明,灌浆中期温光双重胁迫处理对小麦粒重的影响最为显著,不同时期3种处理后,单粒重的降低主要是缓增期灌浆速率和平均灌浆速率显著降低所致,而灌浆持续期对其影响较小。灌浆进程中籽粒GA₃含量的降低或ABA含量的升高可能是导致平均与最大灌浆速率以及渐增期、快增期和缓增期灌浆速率变化的生理原因。对籽粒各内源激素变化速率之间及其与籽粒平均灌浆速率的相关分析表明,对籽粒灌浆速率的调节作用GA₃主要体现在灌浆前期（开花后7~12 d）和后期（开花后19~28 d）;而ABA主要是在灌浆中期（开花后12~19 d）,且籽粒平均灌浆速率与ABA之间的关系要比其与GA₃的关系相对密切。整个籽粒灌浆过程,ZR和IAA含量变化与籽粒平均灌浆速率的相关性均不显著。     

不同耕作方式下春小麦子粒灌浆特性分析

对新疆春小麦品种新春6号在不同耕作方式下的子粒灌浆特性进行了研究。结果表明,不同耕作方式下新春6号的子粒灌浆规律均符合Logistic自然生长曲线。各方程的决定系数R2都在0.998 1以上,均达到显著水平。不同耕作方式可影响子粒各阶段灌浆持续天数T、子粒灌浆速率和粒重。小麦留茬免耕处理渐增期的持续时间明显长于传统耕作;在灌浆各阶段,免耕各处理的灌浆速率均比传统耕作高,在快增期,小麦免耕留茬处理灌浆速率比传统耕作的高7.7%,小麦免耕不留茬处理比传统耕作的高7.4%。因此选择合适的耕作方式,可提高小麦各阶段灌浆速率,对增加粒重、提高产量有重要意义。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Evolution under domestication involving disturbance of genic balance

Summary An hypothesis is developed that the rapid change from wild plants into domesticated crops principally involves the selection of alleles with non-functional gene products which leads to reduced control of the highly integrated metabolism and morphogenesis previously accumulated by lengthy natural selection. Such disturbance of the genome produces altered physiological and morphological development which, although deleterious in nature, serves mankind better and has been selected.     

Genetic variation for disease and nematode resistances and forage quality in perennial diploid and tetraploid lucerne populations (Medicago sativa L.)

Summary Twenty-five lucerne populations of the Medicago sativa complex, which were either diploid or tetraploid and wild or cultivated, were analysed for their resistance to four different fungal diseases and to stem nematode. Forage quality, including stem digestibility and saponin content, was also tested.Populations varied in susceptibility to the diseases caused by Colletotrichum trifolii, Verticillium albo-atrum, Sclerotinia trifoliorum and Pseudopezizza medicaginis, and to the nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci. Except for Sclerotinia rot, sativa and falcata subspecies differed in susceptibility, but this grouping of populations did not account for the full range of variation among them. However, the resistance to P. medicaginis was much lower in the sativa than in the falcata populations.Populations also varied significantly in stem fiber content and digestibility. Stem digestibility was negatively correlated to forage yield. Wild sativa and falcata populations had lower fiber content and higher digestibility than cultivated sativa populations. The medicagenic acid was the sapogenin responsible for the anti-nutritional effect of the lucerne measured by the yellow mealworm larvae Tenebrio molitor. The medicagenic acid content was lowest for the pure sativa populations, highest for the pure falcata populations, and intermediate for the French sativa varieties that have some traits originating from falcata germplasm. Some populations could be used in breeding programs to improve disease and nematode resistance, and forage quality.     

Review of Effects of Active Components of Gastrodiae Rhizoma on Central Nervous System

In order to explore the pharmacological effects of active components of Gastrodiae Rhizoma on the central nervous system,through consulting related literatures,...     

Effects of Pb on Rhizosphere Soil Enzyme Activity and Chemical Constituents of Achyranthes bidentata Blume

[Objectives]The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Pb on rhizosphere soil enzyme activity and chemical constituents of Achyranthes bidentat...     

不同P-Zn配比对小麦幼苗微量元素营养的影响

采用了螯合-缓冲营养液培养方法对小麦进行了苗期培养试验,在3个P水平(0,0.6,3.0 mmol/L)和3个Zn水平(0,3,30 μmol/L)的完全组合下对小麦苗期生长及Zn、Fe、Cu、Mn营养进行了研究,旨在为小麦微肥施用提供理论依据.结果表明,P、Zn的正常供应促进了小麦生长,二者的缺乏与过量均会抑制小麦发育,且这种影响在冠部表现得更为明显.在小麦苗期,Zn与Cu的吸收存在明显的拮抗作用,但供Zn则促进了Zn和Cu的转运,而Mn转运则受到了抑制;过量供Zn时,大量Zn被转运到冠部,同时明显抑制了(Fe+Cu+Mn)的吸收总量;P的供应显著地抑制了Fe的吸收,但P的供应提高了Zn、Cu、Mn的转运率;P、Zn在对Zn与Fe、Cu、Mn间吸收竞争的影响中,Zn本身的影响要比P的影响更为明显,供Zn明显促进了小麦幼苗对Zn的吸收;在小麦幼苗冠部,Zn与Fe的竞争中,供P利于Zn的吸收,缺P则利于Fe的吸收;而Zn与Cu以及Zn与Mn间的竞争中,缺磷时利于Zn的吸收,供磷后则利于Cu和Mn的吸收.总之,小麦幼苗Zn、Fe、Cu、Mn营养中,P、Zn的不同配比会不同程度地改变Zn与Fe、Cu、Mn的协同或拮抗效应.     

Isozyme variation between diploid and tetraploid cytotypes of Glycine tabacina (Labill.) Benth.

Summary Glycine tabacina (Labill.) Benth. is a wild perennial species related to the cultivated soybean, G. max (L.) Merr. It is composed of diploid (2n=40) and tetraploid (2n=80) cytotypes. Currently, to differentiate the cytotypes, plants are grown out in the greenhouse and chromosome counts made on pollen mother cells. It is a laborious and time consuming process. The objective of this study was to determine whether electrophoretic techniques could be utilized to separate the cytotypes. Electrophoretic examination of seven isozyme systems from seed of 67 G. tabacina accessions revealed banding patterns that could be used to differentiate between diploid and tetraploid cytotypes in the species. Among the tetraploid accessions, the number of bands observed were always greater than the diploids. Some tetraploid banding patterns consisted of bands similar to the diploid tabacina and/or additional bands previously identified in other Glycine species. The patterns of isozyme multiplicity and variation in the tetraploid tabacinas suggests more than one mode of origin for the tetraploids.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.