Two filamentous microalgae as feed ingredients improved flesh quality and enhanced antioxidant capacity and immunity of the gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio)

A 40‐day experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of two filamentous microalgae as feed ingredients on growth performance, tissue fatty acid profiles, pigmentation and immunity of gibel carp (204.83 ± 2.17 g, mean ± SD). Three diets (control, Oedocladium sp. and Tribonema sp.) were formulated. In the control diet, no microalgal meal was added and into the Oedocladium and Tribonema diets were added 40 g/kg Oedocladium sp. meal and 50 g/kg Tribonema sp. meal, respectively. Compared to the control, the addition of Oedocladium sp. and Tribonema sp. had significant effects on tissue fatty acid profiles, antioxidant capacity and immunity without compromising growth, body composition and pigmentation. The addition of Tribonema sp. and Oedocladium sp. significantly increased the EPA, DHA profiles and the ratio of n‐3/n‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and simultaneously decreased the n‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acids profile in fish muscles. Moreover, addition of Tribonema sp. to the diet significantly increased muscle palmitoleic profile and EPA + DHA contents. Furthermore, the addition of either microalga significantly increased the total superoxide dismutase activity level and the complement 3 and immunoglobulin M contents in the plasma. These results demonstrate that Oedocladium sp. and Tribonema sp. can be used as feed ingredients to improve flesh quality and increase the immunity of fish.     

Effect of different dietary microalgae combinations on growth and survival of black‐lip pearl oyster (Pinctada margaritifera) larvae and the feasibility of replacing microalgae with a dietary lipid emulsion

A 10‐day experiment was performed to examine different mono, binary and ternary dietary combinations on survival and growth of D‐shaped and umbone black‐lip pearl oyster, Pinctada margaritifera, larvae. The three tropical microalgae species were the flagellate Isochrysis galbana clone T. Iso (CS‐177) and diatoms Chaetoceros calcitrans (CS‐178) and Chaetoceros muelleri (CS‐176) which were fed to D‐shaped and umbone larvae at a density of 7000 and 14 000 cells mL^?1, respectively. A second experiment was performed to investigate the feasibility of replacing T. Iso with a lipid emulsion for both D‐shaped and umbone larvae for 10 and 12 days, respectively. The treatments included only T. Iso, unfed and lipid emulsion to substitute T. Iso at levels of 10% (LIP10), 30% (LIP30) and 100% (LIP100). In the first experiment, results showed that a monospecific diet of T. Iso led to significantly higher (P < 0.05) survival and growth of D‐shaped larvae than all the other treatments. Meanwhile, D‐shaped larval survival was significantly lower when only fed C. calcitrans as well as growth for those fed C. calcitrans or in combination with C. muelleri. However, for umbone larvae, survival and growth were significantly higher when fed a binary combination of T. Iso and C. muelleri or the ternary combination of T. Iso, C. muelleri and C. calcitrans compared with all other treatments. For the second experiment, results showed that with increasing lipid emulsion replacement, survival of both D‐shaped and umbone larvae significantly decreased (P < 0.05); however, the LIP100 treatment was not significantly different (P > 0.05) from the unfed treatment. For D‐shaped larvae, no significant growth difference was detected (P > 0.05) between the T. Iso and LIP10 fed treatments while for umbone larvae, the T. Iso, LIP10 and LIP30 were not significantly different (P > 005). These results indicate that microalgae combinations appear more necessary for later staged P. margaritifera larvae. In addition, the use of a lipid emulsion appeared to provide some nutrition to the larvae, although more research should be conducted to improve the use of such replacements.     

接种密度对产油微绿球藻和三角褐指藻生长及油脂性能的影响

微藻生物柴油是新能源开发的热点之一.为了提高微藻作为生物柴油原料的性能,研究了接种密度对两种产油微藻(微绿球藻Nannochloropsis oculata和三角褐指藻Phaeodactylum tricornutum)生长性能及细胞油脂特性的影响.结果表明,两种微藻细胞采收密度或采收生物量与接种密度正相关,而细胞增殖效率与接种密度负相关(P＜0.05).微绿球藻和三角褐指藻细胞油脂含量随接神密度升高而降低,微绿球藻和三角褐指藻分别在接种密度为6.0×106 cell/mL和3.0×106 cell/mL时,其细胞内中性脂比例最高.微绿球藻、三角褐指藻的饱和脂肪酸(SFA)和单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)比例随着接种密度的提高先升高后显著下降(P＜0.05).从生产生物柴油的效率及其品质等因素综合考虑,室验条件下,培养微绿球藻适宜接种密度为6.0×106 cell/mL;三角褐指藻适宜接神密度为2.0×106 cell/mL.     

微藻的分离技术及其应用

介绍了微藻分离的几种常用方法,包括样品系列稀释法、水滴分离法、微吸管分离法、固体培养基分离法,分析了这几种分离方法的特点和适用范围;另外,还对这几种分离技术的应用进行了简单概述,以期能对微藻分离工作的开展有所裨益。     

凡纳滨对虾标准化生态养殖全程管理系统

阐述了基于Web的凡纳滨对虾标准化生态养殖全程管理系统的研发过程。该系统立足数字农业发展与新农村建设的基本国情,采用B/S系统结构、Windows 2000/2003 Server平台、SQL Server 2000数据库、ASP技术和Dreamwaver MX 2004开发环境;依据凡纳滨对虾标准化生态养殖生产工艺过程,采用面向对象的分析和设计方法,最终实现水产养殖环境、苗种放养、渔药使用、饲料投放和产品销售等环节全过程标准化管理。系统包括日常管理、基础信息、系统管理、个人工具、信息查询和报表打印等6大功能模块。广大养殖用户可借助覆盖全球的无线广域通信网络,使用架设在Internet上的管理系统,进行所辖池塘的日常生产信息维护。     

刺参人工筑礁高产高效养成技术要点

刺参(又称仿刺参)Apostichopusjaponicus(Selenka) ,属棘皮动物,主要分布于我国辽宁、河北及山东沿海,因其味道鲜美、营养丰富、滋补和药用价值极高,所以经济价值显著、市场前景看好。近几年在北方沿海地区广泛养殖,已成为海水养殖的新兴产业。现结合生产实践,探讨养殖技术要点     

Replacement of living microalgae with spray-dried diets for the marine mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis

Growth experiments were carried out in which juvenile mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis were fed diets composed of spray-dried algal products (Sanders Brine Shrimp) which included Schizochytrium sp. (SZ; Docosa Gold), Spirulina platensis (Sp) [=Arthrospira platensis] and Hematococcus pluvialis (H) either alone or in combination with partial rations of living microalgae. Growth of mussels fed 1/4 ration of living algae plus a mixed supplement of 50/50% w/w SZ:Sp grew significantly (SNK; P<0.05) faster than mussels fed a full live algal ration. Furthermore, growth (both wet weight and dry organic weight increase) of mussels fed diets composed of either 70/30% w/w SZ: ground Sp (GSp; <20 μm) or 25/50/25% w/w H:SZ:GSp was significantly (PLSD; P<0.05) greater than that of mussels fed an equal ration (by dry weight) of living Tahitian Isochrysis galbana.     

Testing the yield of a pilot‐scale bubble column photobioreactor for cultivation of the microalga Rhodomonas salina as feed for intensive calanoid copepod cultures

A dual column photobioreactor (PBR) (2 × 47 L) with mixed CO₂/air bubbling was tested for cultivation of the microalga Rhodomonas salina as food for live feed copepods. In the continuous growth phase, the cell density was relatively stable at 2.40 ± 0.13 × 10⁶ cells/ml at an average dilution rate of 0.46 ± 0.02 per day throughout the 30‐day experiment. The produced algae had a high content of both total fatty acids (TFA) and free amino acids (FAA). Especially, the harvested algae contained a high proportion of poly‐unsaturated fatty acids that made up 80% of the TFA and of essential amino acids (35% of all FAA), implicating desirable components as feed for copepods. The current PBR was sufficient to feed a culture of the calanoid copepod Acartia tonsa at a density of 2,500 adult/L in ca. 500 L culture with a daily yield of approximately 17 × 10⁶ eggs. To be able to sustain the integrated copepods production, the suggested volume of the algae cultures should be ca. 20% of the copepod culture volume.     

Design and performance of a low-cost,automated, large-scale photobioreactor for microalgae production

Microalgae feed production is a major cost in bivalve aquaculture. Its efficiency is increased by scaling it up under automated control of environmental conditions. The initial cost of commercially available systems can be prohibitive. Therefore, a large volume full-scale photobioreactor built of low-cost, readily available materials was developed and tested. A cone-bottom, polyethylene tank was internally illuminated with submersible fluorescent lamps and equipped with a monitoring and control system that measured temperature, pH and optical density of the microalgal culture. Injection of CO₂ was automated to maintain pH within a target range. System performance was evaluated by growing four batch cultures of Tetraselmis chuii. Temperature inside the photobioreactor was 29.5 ± 2.38 °C (mean ± SD, range 21−35 °C) and pH was 7.56 ± 0.87 (mean ± SD, range 5.29–8.97). Optimal harvest time was after 300 h (12.5 days) of growth, yielding 1700 L of microalgae at a density of 2500 cells/ μl (1200 cells/ μl/ m² illuminated surface area). With 24 h illumination, the fluorescent lights, air pump and monitoring/ control device consumed 14.9, 1.9 and 0.1kwh/ day, respectively. Assuming the microalgae are harvested at their optimal density after 12.5 days, each batch would consume 211kwh or 0.124kwh/ liter. The photobioreactor described provides an economical option for growing large amounts of microalgae for aquaculture feed and other purposes.     

小水体高密度轮虫快速培养技术

<正>轮虫是多种水产养殖动物苗种阶段优良的活 体饵料。目前国内轮虫的来源,主要是室外土池 人工养殖或室内水泥池培育。但前者受自然条件 影响大,后者培养周期长,产量低,往往不能满足 生产需要。近年来,国内从韩国引进小水体高密 度轮虫快速培养技术,在大菱鲆等名贵鱼类的早 繁生产中发挥了重要作用。该技术利用1~2m~3     

泥蚶规模化繁育与增养殖技术

文登市位于胶东半岛东部,海岸线长155.88公里,滩涂总面积15.4万亩,泥滩占44%,泥沙滩占32%,滩质肥活,贝类分布种类较多,是滩涂贝类的天然栖息繁衍场所。五垒岛湾和埠口湾水流畅通,无污染,滩质稳定,自然条件优越,环境良好,     

The consequences of density-dependent individual growth for sustainable harvesting and management of fish stocks

Density dependence is likely to act as a regulatory mechanism in fish stocks that are recovering from overfishing. In general, density dependence in fish stocks is assumed to only occur in reproduction and early life stages and is therefore usually modelled as a stock-recruitment relationship. Recent research shows that density dependence can also reduce individual growth in body size later in life. In this study, we show how optimal fishing effort changes with the strength of density dependence in individual growth for four stocks of North Sea flatfish species. Using size-structured population models we show that density dependence arises due to a mechanistic link between the resource availability and life history processes at the individual level. We furthermore show that the stock response to harvesting is either driven by changes in individual reproduction when density dependence in individual growth is weak or by changes in individual growth rate when individual growth is strongly affected by density dependence. These two types or regimes are separated by a sudden shift in dynamics. It is therefore of great importance to account for density dependence in growth when managing fish stocks.     

Development of lipid microbeads for delivery of lipid and water-soluble materials to Artemia

Lipid spray beads (LSB) containing high concentrations of phospholipids were produced in order to improve their dispersion in both fresh and saltwater. The beads were developed to deliver both fat-soluble and water-soluble micronutrients to Artemia and other suspension feeders. LSB were prepared by spraying molted lipid into a chamber that was cooled with liquid nitrogen in order to solidify the lipid beads. Addition of soy lecithin to LSB did not affect retention of glycine when the beads were suspended in distilled water. There was an initial loss of 80% incorporated glycine after LSB were suspended in water for 20min. Artemia readily ingested riboflavin-containing LSB and their full guts were evident within 30min of feeding. The riboflavin content of Artemia could be increased from 55 ±  0.6 mg kg^− 1 (dw) to 329 ± 62 mg kg^− 1 (dw) after 1h enrichment. LSB prepared with phospholipids are promising vehicles for enrichment of suspension-feeding organisms used as feed for larval marine fish and crustaceans as well as other suspension feeders.     

高水平烟酸对吉富罗非鱼脂代谢和体脂沉积的影响

为探讨高水平烟酸对鱼类脂代谢和体脂沉积的影响,本研究以吉富罗非鱼(Oreochromisniluticus)为研究对象,设计了2个实验。在实验I中,为确定烟酸是否具有改善血脂作用及其适宜水平,首先通过高糖高脂饲料喂养初始体重(15.28±0.23) g的实验鱼40 d,建立高血脂模型,随后改投添加500 mg/kg、1000 mg/kg、2000 mg/kg烟酸的饲料。结果发现添加500～2000mg/kg的烟酸,均有降低实验鱼血清胆固醇和甘油三酯水平的作用,但以1000～2000 mg/kg的效果较为显著。在实验Ⅱ中,采用2×2双因素实验设计,研究了2种饲料类型(对照组和高糖高脂饲料)和2个烟酸水平(100 mg/kg和1000 mg/kg)对初始体重(24.45±0.07) g实验鱼生长、饲料利用、血脂水平和体成分的影响。养殖8周。结果发现,饲料类型或烟酸水平未对实验鱼的末体重、增重率、特定生长率、肥满度、脏体比和肠脂比,以及全鱼粗脂肪、粗蛋白、水分和灰分含量等生长性能指标产生显著影响(P0.05);对饲料粗蛋白和粗脂肪的表观消化率、饲料系数、摄食率等饲料利用指标也未产生显著影响(P0.05)。与投喂对照组饲料的相比,投喂高糖高脂饲料的实验鱼对饲料干物质和总能的表观消化率,及其血清胆固醇、甘油三酯和游离脂肪酸水平,肝脏、内脏、腹肌的粗脂肪含量显著升高(P0.05);而投喂高水平烟酸实验鱼的血清低密度脂蛋白、胆固醇和游离脂肪酸水平,肝脏粗脂肪含量则显著降低(P0.05)。饲料类型和烟酸水平仅对实验鱼血清的高密度脂蛋白和胆固醇水平存在显著的交互作用(P0.05)。结果表明,饲料中添加1000 mg/kg烟酸不会影响吉富罗非鱼的生长性能和饲料利用,并具有降低血脂水平和肝脏脂肪含量的作用。     

浅海围网养殖鱼类捕捞网箱的设计与试验

为解决浅海围网设施养殖鱼类的捕捞和分级,以浮绳式围网养殖为研究对象,根据养殖围网设施的结构和大小、敷设技术和主要性能,结合围网养鱼方式和养殖生产的特点,设计并制作了一种分级捕捞网箱。网箱由框架钢筋、网衣、绳索、分级栅等构件制作而成,网箱网身呈圆柱形,顶部呈倒圆台形,整体高1 515 mm,体积约为1 m3,分为入鱼口、分级栅、取鱼口等3部分。在实验室用鲫鱼对分级栅进行了试验,结果表明,分级栅间距为15 mm和20 mm时,小规格鱼残留率平均为7.78%和4.75%,大规格鱼逃逸率平均为2.38%和3.00%。海上试验结果显示,大规格鱼捕获率90%以上。研究表明,通过日常投饵养鱼驯化将养殖鱼引诱至网箱内,通过提升网箱、驱使箱内小规格鱼群从分级栅游离,剩下的大规格鱼提出水面后迅速放入活鱼舱,从而达到捕大留小的目的。     

Establishment of medium for laboratory cultivation and maintenance of Fredericella sultana for in vivo experiments with Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae (Myxozoa)

The freshwater bryozoan Fredericella sultana (Blumenbach) is the most common invertebrate host of the myxozoan parasite Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae, the causative agent of proliferative kidney disease in salmonid fish. Culture media play an important role in hatching of statoblasts and maintaining clean bryozoan colonies for Malacosporea research. We developed a novel culture medium, Bryozoan Medium C (BMC), for the cultivation and maintenance of F. sultana under laboratory conditions. Statoblasts of F. sultana were successfully hatched to produce transparent‐walled, specific pathogen‐free (SPF) colonies that were maintained >12 months in BMC at pH 6.65. Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae was successfully transmitted from infected brown trout, Salmo trutta L., to newly hatched F. sultana colonies in BMC, then from the infected bryozoan to SPF brown trout. This study demonstrated the utility of BMC (pH 6.65) for hatching statoblasts, long‐term cultivation of clean and transparent bryozoan colonies and maintenance of the Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae life cycle in the laboratory for molecular genetic research and other studies such as host–parasiteinteraction.     

Diet and harvesting regimen for the production of mud crab Scylla olivacea in brackish water ponds

ABSTRACT:   The effects of diet (fish bycatch or a mixed diet of 75% brown mussel flesh and 25% cooked cracked corn) and harvesting regimen (bimonthly selective harvesting, or single terminal harvesting) on growth, survival and production of mud crab Scylla olivacea (Herbst) in brackish water ponds were determined in a replicated factorial experiment. The crabs were stocked at 0.6 individuals per m² for 118 days. There was no significant interaction ( P  > 0.05) between the diet and harvesting regimen treatments. Regardless of diet, the survival rate and net production of mud crabs were significantly higher ( P  < 0.05) when crabs were subjected to bimonthly selective harvesting than at single terminal harvest. Comparative cost–return analysis showed that bimonthly selective harvesting and mixed diet treatments attained higher net return and return on investment, and lower cost of production than the other treatments. Partial budgeting analysis showed that bigger profits can be earned by using a bimonthly selective harvesting and a mixed diet of 75% fresh or fresh-frozen brown mussel flesh and 25% cooked cracked corn.     

Comparison of rotifer culture quality with yeast plus oil and algal-based cultivation diets

The culture quality of rotifers, Brachionus plicatilis, was compared for yeast and algal-based cultivation diets. The rotifer quality was evaluated based on factors which may affect survival and growth of marine fish larvae, including individual length and biomass, nutritional value, bacterial content, and rotifer viability. The diets used were monocultures of Tetraselmis sp., Isochrysis galbana, Pavlova lutheri, and baker's yeast plus capelin oil.Rotifers grown to early stationary phase with equal food rations exhibited equal length distribution, but the rotifer individual biomass was 10–25% higher for yeast-grown rotifers than for algal-grown rotifers.All diets gave equal protein content of individual rotifers. The lipid content was slightly higher and the ratio of protein to lipid was slightly lower with yeast plus capelin oil than with algae. The fatty acid composition of the rotifers was closely related to that of their dietary lipids and the 3 fatty acid content was not systematically different for the two types of diets.Use of yeast plus capelin oil resulted in considerably higher numbers of both suspended and rotifer-associated bacteria than with use of algal diets. No differences were found for the algal species involved. The viability of the rotifers in a temperature and salinity test was far better in groups fed algae than in groups fed yeast plus capelin oil.The results indicated an overall better quality of rotifers cultivated with algae than for rotifers cultivated with yeast and oil. Questions related to proteins and the microflora of rotifers should be further emphasized in future research.     

Comparative growth and survival of spat of the Caribbean pearl oyster,Pinctada imbricata cultivated indoor with microalgae diets and outdoor with natural diet

We report the results of survival and growth in size and dry mass of spat of the Caribbean pearl oyster Pinctada imbricata cultivated under outdoor (field culture) and indoor (Laboratory) conditions. Field group fed on environmental seston. Laboratory groups were fed with mono, binary and ternary mixtures of three cultivated algae: Isochrysis galbana (Ig), Tetraselmis chuii (Ig) and the Chaetoceros sp. (Ch‐A, isolated from north‐eastern Venezuela). After 30 days of trial, fatty acid profiles of spat were determined along with growth in length and height shell, adductor muscle and soft tissue dry mass. During the field grow‐out phase (field culture), samplings were performed at days 1, 15 and 30 to measure environmental variables of phytoplankton biomass (chlorophyll a), dissolved oxygen, seston, temperature and salinity. A significant increase in size and soft tissue mass occurred in spat fed the diets including the tropical diatom (Chaetoceros sp.). In contrast, monoalgal diets of Tc and Ig yielded no significant differences in size and mass of spat, compared with the field culture. These results suggest that nutritional requirements of cultivated spat for specific fatty acids of physiological importance for marine bivalves, such as: 16:0, 16:1n‐7, 18:2n‐6, 20:4n‐6, 18:3n‐3 and 20:5n‐3, were satisfied from microalgal diets with Ch‐A, alone or in combination, compared with spat fed from the field culture.     

水产动物锌营养生理及其与脂类代谢相关研究进展

实验旨在探究高脂饲料中添加α-硫辛酸 (α-LA)对大口黑鲈生长性能和肝脏脂质代谢的影响,配制3组等氮实验饲料,分别为粗脂肪14%的基础饲料组 (D1),粗脂肪14%添加α-LA组 (D2),粗脂肪16%添加α-LA组 (D3),投喂大口黑鲈幼鱼[初体质量 (5.01±0.02) g],养殖实验持续8周。结果显示,D3组与D1组之间的鱼体增重率和特定生长率差异不显著,显著高于D2组;D3组的蛋白质效率和蛋白沉积率显著高于D1和D2组;D2和D3组血清甘油三酯、谷草转氨酶和谷丙转氨酶活性比D1组显著降低,各组间总胆固醇含量差异不显著。D2和D3组的肝脏空泡化面积和脂肪含量显著低于D1组;D2和D3组肝脏的脂肪甘油三酯脂肪酶和肉碱棕榈酰转移酶Ⅰ活性显著提高,脂肪酸合成酶和乙酰辅酶A羧化酶的活性显著降低;肝脏代谢组学结果显示,D3组不饱和脂肪酸的生物合成代谢通路相比D1组显著上调。D3组肌肉十五烷酸、十七烷酸和二十一碳酸含量显著升高,D2和D3组花生四烯酸 (ARA)、二十碳五烯酸 (EPA)和二十二碳六烯酸 (DHA)的含量显著升高。研究表明,高脂饲料中添加α-LA,通过不饱和脂肪酸的生物合成代谢通路增强脂质分解并抑制脂质合成,减少肝脂积累,促进肝脏健康,增加肌肉ARA、DHA和EPA的沉积。