Money for nothing: The possible use of recycled fish farm material as habitat for lumpfish

The use of lumpfish in salmon farming allows the removal of sea lice all year round, without the use of chemicals or mechanical treatments. For cleanerfish to perform effectively, husbandry is key. Within the husbandry requirements is the placement of habitats in salmon cages, to allow the cleanerfish to rest and shelter. Habitats currently used can be costly, and require manual labour efforts to be removed from salmon pens to dry biofoulants, which could potentially be an unwanted food source for the cleanerfish. This study analysed preference of different materials from a recycled fish farm source (walkway, feed pipe, cut feed pipe, plastic sheet), to develop a cost effective, easy to use, lumpfish hide for sea pen deployment. Preference for different colours of the preferred substrate was subsequently investigated. Initially the juvenile lumpfish preferred the thin sheet of plastic over the recycled substrates, but towards the end of the trial there was no significant difference found between the plastic sheet and the recycled feed pipe tubes and walkway tubes. This indicates that it is possible to use low-cost, recycled material as substrate, and hides, for lumpfish in salmon farms. The colour trial indicated a clear preference for the colour black by lumpfish.     

秀丽高原鳅自然栖息地及人工驯养池水质评价研究

2015年全年对秀丽高原鳅(Triplophysa venusta)主要分布流域漾弓江上游鹤庆段开展水质调查,对洗马池、白龙潭、清水河、寺庄龙潭、美龙潭、西龙潭、人工驯养池及驯养池水源8个监测点的水温(T)、pH、溶解氧(DO)、氨氮(NH3-N)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)7个指标进行采样监测,采用模糊综合评价法和综合水质标识指数法对采样点水质现状进行评价;分析了人工驯养池和自然栖息地水质差异。结果显示:驯养池与自然栖息地部分水质指标差异显著;自然栖息地中,清水河夏季水质为Ⅲ类,主要污染物为TN,其余监测点各季节水质均满足水体环境功能区规划要求;驯养池夏季水质评价结果为Ⅳ类,主要污染物为TN。     

Effects of Haematococcus pluvialis on the water quality and performance of Litopenaeus vannamei using artificial substrates and water exchange systems

Two kinds of culture systems were constructed, namely, an artificial substrate system (novel sponge biocarrier, SB) and a water exchange system (WE), to evaluate the effects of the microalga Haematococcus pluvialis on the water quality and performance of whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). The results showed that the average NH₄⁺-N concentration with H. pluvialis was lower than those without it. The average concentration of NO₂^?-N and NO₃^?-N in SB system were significantly decreased than those present in WE system, but there was no significant difference in SB system. The growth performance of shrimp with H. pluvialis was superior to that without it. The final average weight and growth rate of shrimp in SB1 and WE1 tanks were differed significantly among that present in SB2 and WE2 tanks (p?<?0.05). SB1 tended to have the highest average weight gain and lowest feed conversion ratio. The shrimp survival was significantly higher in SB1 and WE1 tanks (89.06% and 82.29%, respectively) than that present in SB2 and WE2 tanks (78.13% and 48.44%, p?<?0.05). The high-throughput sequencing results showed that the diversity of bacterial communities and the abundance of bacteria related to the nitrogen cycle and the degradation of organic matter were increased. The present study showed that H. pluvialis had positive effects on shrimp culture in using artificial substrate system and water exchange system.

     

不同类型附着基对刺参栖息趋向性的影响分析

利用单位体积平均聚集数量(Average Gathered Number of Unit Volume,AGNUV)和平均聚集率(Mean Attractive Rate,MAR)统计分析了刺参对10种附着基(石块、三角瓦、U形瓦、遮阳网、网笼附着基、竹制附着基、三孔砖、涡流式异形瓦、大多棱瓦、小多棱瓦)和8种栖息分布区域(池壁面、池棱角、池底面、附着基上、附着基下、附着基棱角凹槽处、附着基内、附着基外)的选择趋向差异性。结果表明,不同类型附着基诱集刺参的效果为:大多棱瓦>石块>三孔砖>小多棱瓦>U形瓦>涡流式异形瓦>三角瓦>网笼附着基>遮阳网>竹制附着基,且大多棱瓦集参效果与三角瓦、网笼附着基、遮阳网、竹制附着基、涡流式异形瓦差异极显著。本研究还发现刺参在水泥池棱角处的MAR(21.02%)高于池壁面MAR(8.23%)和池底面的MAR(15.68%);刺参在附着基下方和附着基内部的MAR分别高于在附着基上方和附着基外部的MAR。此外,实验结果也表明,1)大多棱瓦附着基对刺参具有最佳诱集效果;2)刺参对栖息位置具有选择趋向性,且不同时间刺参对栖息位置的选择存在显著性差异;3)石块、网笼附着基、遮阳网不宜作为附着基。     

不同材料类型人工鱼礁建设的经济效益浅析

对不同人工鱼礁造礁材料的成本和投放成本的调查,从经济学成本管理的角度出发,对不同造礁材料的人工鱼礁产生的经济效益进行了初步的测算和分析,进一步阐明不同人工鱼礁造礁材料的优越性,为人工鱼礁建设事业的可持续健康发展提供依据。同时对人工鱼礁建设所面临的问题及解决问题的具体措施也作了简要的阐述。研究结果表明：钢筋混凝土鱼礁、石料鱼礁可以作为较好的增殖型鱼礁、渔获型鱼礁、游钓型鱼礁的建礁材料;工程塑料鱼礁可以作为浮鱼礁的建礁材料;钢制鱼礁可以将其作为石块或混凝土等鱼礁的钢制框架或筋材,做成增殖型鱼礁、渔获型鱼礁以及游钓型鱼礁;旧轮胎鱼礁建议不要作为鱼礁材料使用;木竹制鱼礁不建议大规模选用为建礁材料。     

不同滤料在循环水工厂化水处理系统中的应用效果分析

研究球形陶粒、无仿布、碳酸钙矿石3种不同滤料对工厂化循环水处理系统的处理效果比较,并对不同滤料组水处理后水体中氨氮、亚硝酸盐、磷酸盐的含量进行了比较分析,结果显示:在相同养殖环境条件下,3种不同滤料经过6个月的运行试验,水体中氨氮、亚硝酸盐、磷酸盐的含量最低组为无纺布滤料组,其次为球形陶粒组,研究还发现无纺布滤料组,杂交鲟增重最大,成活率最高,而且操作管理都要优于其他组。     

Treatment of shrimp farm effluent with omnivorous finfish and artificial substrates

Long‐term environmental sustainability and community acceptance of the shrimp farming industry in Australia requires on‐going development of efficient cost‐effective effluent treatment options. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a shrimp farm treatment system containing finfish and vertical artificial substrates (VAS). This was achieved by (1) quantifying the individual and collective effects of grey mullet (Mugil cephalus L.) and VASs on water and sediment quality, and (2) comparing the retention of N in treatment systems with and without the presence of finfish (M. cephalus and the siganid Siganus nebulosus (Quoy & Gaimard)), where light was selectively removed. Artificial substrates were found to significantly improve the settlement of particulate material, regardless of the presence of finfish. Mullet actively resuspended settled solids and reduced the production of nitrate when artificial substrates were absent. However, appreciable nitrification was observed when mullet were present together with artificial substrates. The total quantity of N retained by the mullet was found to be 1.8– 2.4% of the incoming pond effluent N. It was estimated that only 21% of the pond effluent N was available for mullet consumption. When S. nebulosus was added, total finfish N retention increased from 1.8% to 3.9%, N retention by mullet also improved (78±16 to 132±21‐mg N day^?1 before and after siganid addition respectively). Presence of filamentous macroalgae (Enteromorpha spp.) was found to improve the removal of N from pond effluent relative to treatments where light was excluded. Denitrification was also a significant sink for N (up to 24% N removed). Despite the absence of algal productivity and greater availability of nitrate, denitrification was not higher in treatments where light was excluded. Mullet were found to have no effect on the rates of denitrification but significantly reduced macroalgal growth on the surface of the water. When mullet were absent, excessive macroalgal growth led to reduced dissolved oxygen concentrations and nitrification. This study concludes that the culture of mullet alone in shrimp farm effluent treatment systems does not result in significant retention of N but can contribute to the control of macroalgal biomass. To improve N retention and removal, further work should focus on polyculturing a range of species and also on improving denitrification.     

Optimization of fertilization rate for maximizing periphyton production on artificial substrates and the implications for periphyton-based aquaculture

The effects of four rates of application of fertilizer, with cow manure (3000 kg ha⁻¹), urea (100 (kg ha⁻¹) and triple super phosphate (TSP) (100 kg ha⁻¹) (treatment F)), treatment F × 0.5 (treatment 0.5F), treatment F × 1.5 (treatment 1.5F) and treatment F × 2 (treatment 2F), on periphyton, plankton and water quality in tropical freshwater ponds were studied. The highest periphyton biomass in terms of dry matter (3.27 mg cm⁻² substrate), ash-free dry matter (2.06 mg cm⁻² substrate) and chlorophyll a (7.49 µg cm⁻² substrate) developed in treatment 1.5F. The ash content of periphyton was lower in treatment 1.5F (38% of dry matter) than in other treatments (57–66% of dry matter). Total ammonia and chlorophyll a of water increased with fertilization rate. Treatment 1.5F (cow manure, urea and TSP at rates of 4500, 150 and 150 kg ha⁻¹ respectively) appears to be the optimum, yielding high quantity and quality periphyton. By supplying a substrate area for periphyton equivalent to the pond surface, it was estimated that this level of fertilization could support a fish production of around 5000 kg ha⁻¹ y⁻¹, without recourse to supplementary food.     

人工鱼巢材料选择及实施效果影响因素分析

为找出最适合的人工鱼巢材料,形成产黏性卵鱼类产卵场修复技术,该研究于2019年3—5月在西江肇庆江段利用芦竹(Arundo donax)、芒草(Miscanthus sp.)、象草(Pennisetum purpureum)、蒲葵(Livistona chinensis)、仿真水草、尼龙网布共6种材料制作人工鱼巢,分析了材料及环境因素对鱼巢实施效果的影响。结果表明,鲤(Cyprinus carpio)鱼卵对黏附介质具有较强的偏好性,芦竹制作的鱼巢有卵黏附的比例和单件鱼巢黏附鱼卵数量均显著高于其他材料制作的鱼巢(P<0.05),可知芦竹是制作鱼巢的最佳材料。有卵黏附的比例和鱼卵数量均随着入水天数的延长而下降,主成分分析表明鱼巢入水天数是影响实施效果的最主要因素,径流量和水位的上涨可促使鲤到鱼巢产卵,而天气状况对鱼巢效果影响不大。此外,还讨论了鱼巢投放时间、地点对实施效果的影响。     

Use of artificial substrates in the culture of Litopenaeus vannamei (Biofloc System) at different stocking densities: Effects on microbial activity,water quality and production rates

Although the use of artificial substrates can favor shrimp culture, some studies indicate that their presence in growth tanks does not improve water quality or the performance of the animals. One objective of this study was to evaluate whether the presence of artificial substrates modifies the microbial activity and the water quality of the culture of Litopenaeus vannamei with bioflocs. The substrate effects on the shrimp performance and the relationship between these effects and the stocking density/biomass of shrimp were also evaluated. The experiment consisted of four treatments: D238: 238 shrimp m⁻³; D238 + S: 238 shrimp m⁻³ + substrates; D473: 473 shrimp m⁻³; D473 + S: 473 shrimp m⁻³ + substrates. Twelve experimental units of 850 L were stocked with juvenile L. vannamei (2.6 g) that were grown for 34 days. The substrates did not appear to affect water quality since the concentrations of orthophosphate, ammonia and nitrite were not significantly different in tanks with or without substrates. The periphyton biomass was low and the biological activity on the substrates was not significant, indicating that the water quality variables were mainly controlled by the microbial community associated with the suspended bioflocs. The shrimp grown in the presence of the substrate exhibited greater weight gain (D238 + S = 1.40 ± 0.05 and D473 + S = 1.20 ± 0.04 g week⁻¹) than those grown without substrates (D238 = 0.73 ± 0.04 and D473 = 0.44 ± 0.13 g week⁻¹). The final biomass was 314% greater in the tanks with substrates. The shrimp survival was significantly higher in the tanks with substrates (93.9 ± 2.4%) than in the tanks without substrates (42.5 ± 35.9%). The results indicate that the substrates served to increase the surface area of the tank and to reduce the relative stocking density, which appears to reduce the stress levels of shrimp, indicated by higher shrimp performance. In tanks with higher biomass, where the negative effects of intensification were most severe, the presence of the substrates had a positive effect on the production indices.     

Intensive production of juvenile tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon: An evaluation of stocking density and artificial substrates

Tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon were intensively grown from PL₁₅ for 56 d in tank systems at stocking densities of 1000 and 2000 shrimp m^− 3, with and without the addition of artificial substrates (AquaMat® (buoyant and non-buoyant) and polyethylene mesh) at each density. Shrimp growth was significantly greater at the lower density and when substrates were added. Mean shrimp weight at harvest ranged from 0.64 ± 0.06 g (2000 shrimp m^− 3, no added substrate) to 1.17 ± 0.01 g (1000 shrimp m^− 3, added substrate). Survival was high and averaged 79.5 ± 2.7% across all treatments. The addition of substrates significantly increased survival at both stocking densities; however, survival was not significantly affected by stocking density. A maximum harvest density of 1645 shrimp m^− 3 and biomass of 1.27 kg m^− 3 were produced at a stocking density of 2000 m^− 3 with added substrates. Both harvest density and biomass significantly increased with stocking density and addition of substrates. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) of formulated feed was significantly lower when substrates were added. The results show that growth of P. monodon juveniles was inversely related to stocking density during intensive production. However, production output was significantly increased by addition of artificial substrates, which enhanced both growth and survival.     

两种不同材质网箱养殖对水环境影响的比较研究

根据物料平衡规律,通过对鱼苗至成鱼养殖过程中增加的总氮、总磷、铜、锌含量及养殖期间投喂饵料中总氮、总磷、铜、锌含量的检测,估算获得残饵中总氮、总磷、铜、锌含量,以此来估算进入水环境中总氮、总磷、铜、锌含量。研究结果显示,合成纤维网衣网箱养殖过程中残饵中总氮、总磷、铜、锌相对投喂饵料的比值分别为12.5%、22.5%、21.3%、33.1%,金属网衣网箱养殖过程中残饵中总氮、总磷、铜、锌相对投喂饵料的比值分别为4.5%、9.7%、-11.4%、28.8%。表明金属网衣网箱养殖对水环境的影响要小于合成纤维网衣网箱养殖。     

Water quality,production parameters and nutritional condition of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) grown intensively in zero water exchange mesocosms with artificial substrates

The effect of artificial substrates on the water quality, production parameters and nutritional condition was assessed in experimental intensive cultures of Litopenaeus vannamei grown in mesocosm units with zero water exchange. The initial stocking densities in triplicate 1000 L tanks were 600 and 800 g of juvenile shrimp (2.7 g) per unit, with (W) and without (WO) artificial substrates. There were no significant differences between the water quality parameters of the four treatments. In the tanks with the lower stocking biomass, the best survival (96.7% vs. 87.0%), growth rate (1.69 vs. 1.35 g week⁻¹), final biomass (1969.6 vs. 1516.0 g m³) and feed conversion ratio (1.30 vs. 1.90) were obtained with artificial substrates. Similar results were observed for the higher stocking biomass (90.9% vs. 74.5%, 1.50 vs. 1.13 g week⁻¹, 2221.6 vs. 1560.8 g m³, and 1.50 vs. 2.60 respectively). The nutritional condition of shrimp was improved using artificial substrates. The protein content in muscle was higher (21.6% and 20.4%) in ponds with substrates as compared with the control (21.2% and 15.9%).     

流速和放网模式对金枪鱼围网网具形态的影响

网具形态是金枪鱼围网作业性能的一个重要指标,受网线材料、沉子配重、海流等诸多因素影响。为探究放网模式和流速对金枪鱼围网网具形态的影响,本研究依照上海开创远洋渔业有限公司金枪鱼原型围网,根据田内准则制作模型网,在日本下关西日本日网公司专业动水槽进行模型实验。实验设置3种放网模式（顺流放网、侧流放网、背流放网）,3种流速（0 cm/s、5 cm/s、8 cm/s）,比较各放网模式下,流速对金枪鱼围网网具沉子纲沉降深度、纵向网衣轮廓、浮沉子纲水平包围面积和浮沉子纲水平包围形状的影响。结果显示：（1）0 cm/s流速下放网,网具沉子纲沉降深度最大（1.21 m）,浮沉子纲水平包围面积最大（8.44 m²,9.89 m²）,纵向网衣轮廓最佳;（2）顺流5 cm/s条件下放网,网具浮沉子纲水平包围形状最佳;（3）顺流、背流放网,网具最大沉降深度随着流速增加逐渐减小[1.21 m（0 cm/s） > 1.17 m（5 cm/s） > 1.13 m（8 cm/s）,1.21 m（0 cm/s） > 1.16 m（5 cm/s） > 1.10 m（8 cm/s）],网具最大沉降深度与流速显著相关（>0.05）;（5）3种放网模式下,流速与网具浮沉子纲水平初始包围面积不相关（<0.05）。综上建议,有流时为确保网具形态最佳及网具沉降深度最大,应首先采用侧流放网。     

温度和水流对扁吻鱼胚胎发育的影响

探讨了温度及水流对扁吻鱼(Aspiorhynchus laticeps)胚胎发育的影响。结果表明:在水温15~25℃条件下,扁吻鱼胚胎发育均可以完成,并且温度x与发育时间y呈负相关关系,y=667.72 e-0.0996x,R2=0.9829;与积温的关系为y=-91.017x+3662.3,R2=0.7996。胚胎发育的适宜水温为15~23℃,最适水温为15~21℃。孵化期间辅助于一定的充气条件可缩短出苗时间、提高出苗率,降低畸形率。     

莱州湾芙蓉岛西侧人工鱼礁建设对周边海域潮流场和水交换的影响研究#br#

为探究人工鱼礁建设对周边海域潮流场和水交换产生的影响,基于Mike21HD潮流模型,对莱州湾芙蓉岛西侧人工鱼礁建设前后周边海域潮流场和水交换变化情况进行了数值模拟研究。结果表明,相较于鱼礁建设前,涨急时,从平面分布上,鱼礁区东西向流速呈增加趋势,南北向流速呈递减趋势;从垂向分布上,流速变化:底层>中层>表层,底层流速最大增加量8.6cm·s^-1、最大减小量4.3cm·s^-1,增加量大于1cm·s^-1的区域与鱼礁区最远距离为303m,减小量大于1cm·s^-1的区域距鱼礁区最远距离为574m。落急时,平面流速变化趋势与涨急时基本一致;垂向分布上,底层流速最大增加量7.9cm·s^-1,最大减小量3.6cm·s^-1,增加量大于1cm·s^-1的区域与鱼礁区最远距离为271m,减小量大于1cm·s^-1的区域与鱼礁区最远距离为333m。鱼礁建设后周边海域水交换率增加约0.1%。人工鱼礁投放后,只改变了礁区局部海域的水动力环境,对湾内其他海域没有影响。     

Ingestion and utilization of periphyton grown on artificial substrates by Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus L.

The study was carried out to quantify the periphyton biomass developed on glass substrates over time, to investigate the effects of periphyton quantity and fish size on the ingestion rate by fish, and to determine the feed conversion ratio (FCR) of periphyton by tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Periphyton was grown in two fertilised 1000‐l tanks on glass slides and monitored as dry matter (g), ash‐free dry matter (g) and chlorophyll a concentrations (mg) per unit surface area (m²) over a six week period. Ingestion rate was determined for two sizes of tilapia (7 and 24 g) which were provided with four different periphyton densities. Determination of FCR was made after feeding three individual fish ad libitum with periphyton for two weeks. Periphyton ash‐free dry matter increased sharply during the first half of the trial with a peak being recorded at week 3 (75.5 g m^?2). Productivity was 2.4 g ash‐free dry matter m^?2 d^?1 during the first three weeks. Mean chlorophyll a concentration showed a cyclic pattern throughout the study with the lowest value being measured during the last week. Ingestion rates were 0.90 and 0.18 mg dry matter g fish body weight^?1 h^?1 for small and medium fish respectively. Ingestion rate among small fish increased significantly (P < 0.05) with periphyton density, but not for medium size fish. Although periphyton ash content was high (55% dry matter), fish growth was sustained. Fish harvested 70% of total periphyton dry matter that was offered to them. The FCR for periphyton was 2.81 on a dry matter basis and 1.34 on an ash‐free dry matter basis.     

Assessment of the new generation aeration systems efficiency and water current flow rate,its relation to the cost economics at varying salinities for Penaeus vannamei culture

The selection of aerators and correct numbers can play an essential role in reducing the cost of production in aquaculture. The new generation aerators, namely spiral leaf, air‐jet, submersible and impeller, used in aquaculture, were assessed for its aeration efficiency and energy cost compared with the commonly used paddle wheel aerator. Of the aerators tested, the impeller had the highest aeration efficiency of 2.098 kg O₂/kW hr, followed by paddle wheel with 1.436 kg O₂/kW hr at 20‰ salinity. The spiral and air‐jet aerators had maximum aeration efficiency of 1.326 and 1.419 kg O₂/kW hr, respectively, at 35‰ salinity. The submersible aerator was not efficient as its maximum efficiency was 0.380 kg O₂/kW hr. The water flow by paddle wheel was 3 ft/sec and also provides better coverage than other types of aerators. The efficiency of aerators was high in optimum salinities (20‰ and 35‰) than the low or high saline condition. The average energy cost of shrimp pond aeration per hectare was lowest for impeller, followed by paddle wheel aerator. The study provided economic comparisons of vannamei culture using different aeration systems by keeping a uniform set of economic assumptions. Shrimp farms with impellors can give 14%–25% high returns across salinities, whereas spiral leaf can provide 5% high returns at 35‰ salinity. The combination of the type of aerators and the calculated use based on the salinity of the culture systems can result in energy‐saving and also a reduction in the production cost.     

人繁长江蟹与天然长江蟹养殖效果比较

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