鳗鲡脂肪酸组成和胆固醇含量分析

对日本鳗鲡（Anguilla japonica）、欧洲鳗鲡（Anguilla anguilla）及其制品烤鳗进行胆固醇、脂肪含量和脂肪酸组成分析。结果表明，鳗鲡的胆固醇含量与其他鱼类接近，日本鳗鲡和欧洲鳗鲡及其烤鳗制品的胆固醇质量比分别为0.852、0.832mg/g和1.15、1.12mg/g。鳗鲡各食用部位中除腹部的胆固醇较高外，其他部位没有明显差异。鳗鲡的脂肪质量分数16％-24％，日本鳗鲡和欧洲鳗鲡高度不饱和脂肪酸质量分数分别为18.9％和19.0％，EPA DHA质量比分别为22.66mg/g和29.27mg/g。     

克氏原螯虾卵巢发育时期组织脂肪含量及脂肪酸组成

为了研究组织脂肪含量及脂肪酸组成在克氏原螯虾(Procambrus clarkii)卵巢发育过程中的变化,采用粗脂抽提及气相色谱分析法对卵巢发育5个不同时期肝胰腺和卵巢组织中脂肪含量及脂肪酸组成进行测定和分析,结果表明:(1)随着卵巢发育,卵巢指数由0.12%显著(P≤0.05)增加到6.64%,而肝胰腺指数由7.95%降至5.31%.(2)卵巢干重百分含量从Ⅰ期的22.29%增至Ⅴ期的55.16%,而干物质中的脂肪含量仅在Ⅱ期(32.38%)到Ⅲ期(41.90%)有一个显著增加过程,后期没有增加.(3)肝胰腺和卵巢中主要脂肪酸都有C16:0、C16:1n7、C18:0、C18:1n9、C18:1n7、C18:2n6和C18:3n3等,不同的是卵巢中的C20:4n6及C20:5n3含量也较高.在主要脂肪酸中,C16:0、C18:1n9和C18:2n63种脂肪酸占绝大比例.(4)在卵巢发育过程中,卵巢中的3种高不饱和脂肪酸C20:4n6、C20:5n3及C22:6n3含量呈显著降低趋势(P≤0.05),而C18:2n6含量一直在增加.由此可见,在克氏原螫虾卵巢发育过程中肝胰腺中脂肪有转运到卵巢的可能,在卵巢发育后期各营养物质按一定比例积累,相比于高不饱和脂肪酸,C18:2n6可能在克氏原螯虾卵巢发育及胚胎发育过程中的作用更加重要.本研究旨在通过了解克氏原螯虾组织中脂肪含量及脂肪酸组成与卵巢发育之间的关系,深入探讨亲虾在繁殖期的脂肪代谢机制.     

南海8种低值小杂鱼脂肪含量和脂肪酸组成分析

采用氯仿-甲醇法提取南海盛产的8种低值小杂鱼肌肉、鱼头、内脏中的粗脂肪,利用气相色谱分析其脂肪酸的组成。结果表明,低值小杂鱼头部粗脂肪含量为2.7%～9.7%,内脏粗脂肪含量为2.9%～6.2%,肌肉部分粗脂肪含量为2.0%～8.5%;不同低值小杂鱼的脂肪酸组成基本相同,但其含量有所差异,饱和脂肪酸含量最高,都在40%以上,内脏粗脂肪中的饱和脂肪酸含量较头部和肌肉中的含量高;多不饱和脂肪酸含量差异较大,粗脂肪含量较高的鱼中多不饱和脂肪酸的含量较低;不同鱼种不同部位的粗脂肪中EPA、DHA含量有所差异。蓝圆鲹的头部粗脂肪中DHA和EPA最高,含量达到28.4%,而双带海鲱鲤内脏粗脂肪中的EPA和DHA含量仅为7.26%。     

Variability in growth rates of freshwater eels (Anguilla spp.) in New Zealand

Abstract— Both species of New Zealand freshwater eels (the shortfinned eel Anguilla australis and the longfinned eel A. dieffenbachii ) are widespread and abundant, supporting important commercial and recreational fisheries. This article reviews growth studies from 35 widely distributed sites throughout New Zealand and discusses factors that influence growth rates. Length at given age is characterized by high intra- and inter-population variability; growth rates for eels >30 cm are typically slow (2–3 cm per year) and linear, with females generally growing faster than males. Water temperature affects the length of the growing season, although growth rates are not correlated with latitude. Other factors suggested as affecting growth rates are eel density, quantity and quality of food, and interactions between both eel species. Al though growth of some New Zealand eel populations is the slowest recorded for any species of Anguilla , growth in culture can be rapid, similar to that of other temperate eel species.     

成体瘤背石磺脂类和脂肪酸组成

测定和比较了成体瘤背石磺的肌肉、肝胰腺、两性腺和卵黄腺指数、水分含量、总脂（TL）含量、脂类和脂肪酸组成。结果表明：（1）瘤背石磺的肌肉指数为57131％,显著高于其他3种组织（P〈0．05）;肌肉和两性腺中的水分含量为80％左右,肝胰腺中的总脂／湿质量含量为8．23％,显著于其他3种组织（P〈0．05）。（2）成体瘤背石磺各种组织总脂主要由磷脂（PL）、胆固醇（Cho）、游离脂肪酸（FFA）、甘油三酰（TG）和甘油-酰（MG）组成;肌肉中的PL／TL高达85．24％,显著高于其他3种组织（P〈0．05）;肝胰腺中PL／TL含量仅为41．77％,显著低于其他组织（P〈0．05）;肝胰腺中的FFA/TL达44．99％,显著高于其他组织。（3）成体瘤背石磺肝胰腺中的总饱和脂肪酸（∑SFA）含量达34．93％,显著高于其他3种组织（P〈0．05）;两性腺中总单不饱和脂肪酸（∑MUFA）含量仅为18．96％,显著低于其他3种组织,总多不饱和脂肪酸（EPUFA）含量从大到小顺序依次为：两性腺（40．60％）、卵黄腺（33．21％）、肌肉（30．85％）、肝胰腺（21．00％）。肌肉中C20：4n6（AA）含量显著高于其他组织,两性腺中的C22：5n3（DPA）含量高达10．34％,4种组织中的C20：5n3（EPA）含量均显著大于C22：6n3（DHA）含量。由此可见,PL和PUFA对于瘤背石磺的两性腺发育具有十分重要作用,肝胰腺中高含量的FFA可能与其旺盛的脂类代谢有关,肌肉、卵黄腺和两性腺具有较高的脂类营养价值。[中国水产科学,2008,15（3）：431-438]     

Lipid content and fatty acid composition in female American shad,Alosa sapidissima,at different stages of ovarian development under reared conditions

The fatty acid accumulation in broodstock influences the fecundity of spawners as well as egg quality. A comprehensive understanding of the lipid and fatty acid changes in broodstock during the reproductive period can increase our knowledge of the nutritional requirements in artificial breeding programs. The study assessed the lipid and fatty acid compositions of muscle, liver and ovary of American shad at different stages of reproductive development under reared conditions. The results indicated that there were significant differences in lipid content among ovary, liver and muscle. Mean total lipid levels in ovary, liver and muscle were 15.92%–10.87%, 13.62%–6.89%, 10.39%–6.11% respectively. During the development season, the total lipid content in muscle in stages V and VI were significantly lower than those in stages II and III. The total lipid content in liver in stages IV, V and VI was significantly lower than in stages II and III, whereas the total lipid content in the ovary increased significantly as the gonad developed and reached its highest value at stage V. From II to VI stage, the liver content of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) decreased and the ovarian content of DHA increased, whereas the content of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) remained relatively constant. The content of C16:0 and C18:1n‐9 decreased in muscle and liver, but significantly increased in ovary. It is therefore suggested that the lipids were preferentially transferred from muscle and liver to ovary beginning in stage IV as the gonad matured. At stage IV, the lipid transfer accelerated, and saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, such as C16:0, C18:1n‐9, DHA, EPA and arachidonic acid, were selectively transferred to and conserved in ovaries.     

Effect of hormone injection frequency on the lipid content and fatty acid compositions in gonad,muscle and liver of Anguilla japonica during artificial maturation

Two groups of Anguilla japonica were treated with hormone, one on a weekly basis, the other on a biweekly basis. Intramuscular injection was applied at a dose of 0.75 mg/kg BW carp pituitary extract (CPE) plus 150 IU/kg BW human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) for female fish, while males received half of this dose. The average total lipid content of the gonads from the weekly treated group, i.e. 20.6 ± 1.2 % for females and 18.0 ± 2.3 % for males, was significantly higher than the biweekly treated group, 16.8 ± 0.7 and 15.5 ± 1.3 %, respectively (p < 0.05). For both muscle and liver, the readings were not significantly different. The gonads from the weekly treated fish had more fatty acids, particularly saturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, highly unsaturated fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3, EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3, DHA) and arachidonic acid (20:4n-6, ARA). Histological examination showed that the ovaries of both the weekly and the biweekly treated fish were mainly at stage IV. However, the weekly treated females had bigger oocyte diameter (722.0 ± 60.9 μm) than the biweekly females (611.6 ± 22.6 μm). These results suggest that CPE and hCG promoted the maturation process for both scheduled induction and that the frequency of hormone injection influenced the biochemical composition of gonads, especially their lipids. Our study describes for the first time the effect of hormone injection frequency on the lipid content and fatty acid composition in the gonads of A. japonica during artificial maturation.     

Modification of essential fatty acid composition in broodstock of cultured European eel Anguilla anguilla L

Farmed eels had lower levels of arachidonic acid (20:4 n‐6) (ARA) and higher ratios of eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5 n‐3) (EPA):ARA compared to wild European eels collected from the Baltic Sea and southern Norwegian coast. Eels fed a formulated feed (JD) with a distribution of essential fatty acids (EFA) resembling wild European eel were sampled after 0, 5, 10, 14 and 44 weeks of feeding to examine changes in fatty acid composition (FAC) in ovaries, visceral fat and muscle. The results showed a slow but steady incorporation of EFA. Lipids are incorporated in the oocytes early in oogenesis, and the leading cohort of oocytes is rich in lipid droplets before the onset of vitellogenesis. This indicates that feeding with optimized broodstock feeds should start early to allow the incorporation of EFA in the first cohort of oocytes. At least 14 weeks of feeding is required to change lipid EFA in broodstock eel to resemble EFA in the diet or in wild fish. After 44 weeks of feeding, ARA was significantly higher in the neutral lipids of ovaries (1.9%) compared to visceral fat (1.2%) or muscle (1.0%). EPA:ARA ratios decreased two‐ to threefold in all tissues examined during that time. ARA and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6 n‐3) (DHA) had accumulated in ovarian polar lipids.     

Site fidelity,diel and seasonal activities of yellow‐phase Japanese eels (Anguilla japonica) in a freshwater habitat as inferred from acoustic telemetry

Japanese eels (Anguilla japonica) perform large‐scale oceanic migrations between their spawning ground and growth habitats in continental waters during life history. However, between these migrations, they spend most of time in growth habitats such as rivers. To investigate the diel and seasonal activities, homing behaviour and home range of yellow‐phase Japanese eels in the lower reach of the Tone River, we tracked them throughout a year using a fine‐scale positioning system (VPS) based on acoustic telemetry. The tracked eels were generally nocturnal, but not exclusively. They were mainly mobile from spring to autumn, with little or no activity observed during winter. A transport‐release experiment showed that most eels returned to their original capture area within 13 days after release. The eels had very small home ranges (mean ± SD = 0.085 ± 0.068 km²), core areas (0.014 ± 0.014 km²) and linear home ranges (744 ± 268 m). They also tended to be distributed on one particular side of the river (right or left bank) and in one particular shore type (revetment or vegetation), rarely moving from one to the other. This study provides evidence for nocturnal, dormancy, homing behaviours, limited habitat use and small home range size in Japanese eels. The eels clearly showed strong fidelity to a “familiar” site, which contrasts with the long distances travelled during upstream and downstream migration phases in the river, and during spawning migrations in the ocean.     

Proximate and fatty acid composition of 13 important freshwater fish species in central Europe

We aimed to investigate proximate and fatty acid composition of important freshwater fish species in the Czech Republic. Sampled fish include seven species from intensive farming: African catfish, rainbow trout, Wels catfish, Nile tilapia, brook trout, northern whitefish, and pikeperch; eight species from semi-intensive culture systems: common carp, northern pike, pikeperch, grass carp, European perch, tench, silver carp, and catfish; and three species from extensive culture systems: rainbow trout, tench, and common carp. The fat content and fatty acid composition were highly influenced by the culture systems. Simultaneously, we observed a significant dependence of fatty acid composition on the fat content. The content of saturated fatty acids was below 34% in all analyzed fish. Northern pike, pikeperch, and European perch contained with over 50% the highest proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Intensively cultured fish reached the highest content of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic fatty acid. Nutritional quality was determined by atherogenic and thrombogenic indexes which ranged from 0.27 to 0.63 and 0.20 to 0.61 and by ratios n-3/n-6 (0.54–3.45) and polyunsaturated/saturated fatty acids (0.67–2.01). Results demonstrated that the flesh of all studied species are of high nutritional quality.     

海捕灰鲳亲鱼不同组织中脂肪及脂肪酸分析

灰鲳(Pampus cinereus)是一种近海暖温性鱼类,分布于我国沿海和日本、东南亚等地[1].灰鲳生长迅速,肉质肥厚,口味鲜美,是上等的食用鱼,具有很高的经济价值.关于灰鲳的研究,大多集中在形态特征与分类[2-4].     

Lipid digestion in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus). I: Lipid class and fatty acid composition of digesta from different segments of the digestive tract

The lipid content and lipid composition of digesta from the stomach, foregut, hindgut and rectum of juvenile turbot fed a commercial diet were determined in order to examine the process of lipid digestion in this species. The moisture content of the digesta increased along the digestive tract from 71.5% in the stomach to 89.6% in the rectum. The lipid content of the digesta increased initially from 15.7% of the dry weight in the stomach to 36.1% in the foregut but thereafter decreased through 23.2% in the hindgut to 9.1% in the rectum. The proportion of triacylglycerols (TAG) in the total lipid of the digesta decreased from 63% in the stomach to 17.4% in the rectum whereas that of free fatty acids (FFA) increased from 10016 to 48.9%. The highest proportions of monoacylglycerols (MAG), diacylglycerols (DAG) and most phospholipids were observed in the lipid of the hindgut digesta. In addition, a fall in levels of neutral and phospholipid classes as digesta moved from hindgut to rectum signified absorption. Analysis of the fatty acid composition of the lipid classes TAG, DAG and MAG suggest a polyunsaturated fatty acid specificity for hydrolysis may exist. Saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) accounted for 17.9%, 45.4% and 37.0%, respectively of the FFA present in the foregut whereas the corresponding values for the rectum were 32.6%, 51.9% and 16.3%. Overall, the results suggest a PUFA specifity for hydrolysis may exist alongside the positional non-specific lipolytic activity associated with the hindgut regions of the digestive tract of turbot and that PUFA, released by lipolysis are more effectively absorbed from the digesta than monounsaturated and saturated fatty acids.     

日本七鳃鳗肌肉脂肪酸的组成分析

日本七鳃鳗Ｌａｍｐｅｔｒａｊａｐｏｎｉｃａ ,隶属于圆口纲 (Ｃｙｃｐｏｓ ｔｏｍａｔａ) ,七鳃鳗目 (Ｐｅｔｒｏｍｙｚｏｎｉｆｏｒｍｅｓ) ,七鳃鳗科 (Ｐｅｔｒｏｍｙ ｚｏｎｔｉｄａｅ )。主要分布在太平洋北部 ,南至日本、朝鲜沿岸 ,北至阿纳德尔和阿拉斯加。在中国主要分布于黑龙江、松花江、乌苏里江和图们江水系。目前 ,对日本七鳃鳗的研究仅局限于形态结构、生态分布以及生活习性[1～ 6] ,有关日本七鳃鳗脂肪酸组成的分析研究 ,尚未见报道。为了合理开发、利用这一特种水产资源 ,本文分析了日本七鳃鳗肌肉中脂肪酸的组成 ,为日本…     

Lipid class and fatty acid composition of phospholipids from the gonads of skipjack tuna

ABSTRACT:   Lipid class and fatty acid composition of phospholipids from the gonads of skipjack tuna were examined to evaluate effective utilization of the processing of by-products. The predominant phospholipids in the ovaries were phosphatidylcholine (PC; 47.9%), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE; 19.3%) and lyso-phosphatidylcholine (LPC; 19.1%). In contrast, those in the testes were PC (40.1%), PE (29.3%) and phosphatidylserine (PS; 9.6%). The percentage of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was markedly high at more than 50% in LPC of the ovaries, and PE and PS of the testes were also high. The percentages of DHA at sn-position 2 of the predominant phospholipids, except for PC in the testes, were more than 60%, in particular PE in the testes was remarkably high at 81.9%. After storage for 2 days at 5°C, the LPC content in the ovaries increased twofold and the DHA level of LPC was the same as before, though the contents of other phospholipids decreased.     

Lipid composition and deposition of cultured yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata muscle at different anatomical locations in relation to meat texture

ABSTRACT:   The present study was undertaken to assess the lipid composition and deposition in muscle at three anatomical locations in cultured yellowtail and to investigate the effect of lipid composition and deposition on meat texture. Lipid deposition in muscle was studied by histochemical staining of lipid with Sudan dye. Lipid class composition analysis showed that neutral lipids were the main constituents of lipid in cultured yellowtail and accounted primarily for the variation in muscle lipid content with the anatomical location of meat, as well as with season, whereas the polar lipid content remained almost constant. Furthermore, muscle neutral lipid content was correlated negatively with meat breaking strength; however, no correlation was observed between muscle polar lipid content and meat breaking strength. The histochemical study revealed that, in yellowtail muscle, lipid is preferentially deposited in the myosepta and, with increases in muscle lipid content, additional fat is deposited along sparsely distributed thin connective tissue. It was also observed that the greater the lipid deposition in collageneous connective tissue, the lower the meat breaking strength; presumably, higher lipid deposition in the connective tissue resulted in weakening of the muscle structure.     

The use of fyke nets as a quantitative capture technique for freshwater eels (Anguilla spp.) in rivers

Abstract  Fyke netting is a convenient and effective technique for capturing freshwater eels, and catch-per-unit-effort is usually assumed to be an index of eel abundance. The present study investigated the potential of depletion fishing using baited fyke nets to obtain population estimates of longfin eels Anguilla dieffenbachii Gray, in a river in the South Island of New Zealand. The probability of capture (capture efficiency) of a single night's fishing increased with increasing size of eel, and ranged from 0.2 to 0.9 for eels <400 mm, to 0.7–0.9 for eels ≥500 mm. The capture efficiency of baited vs unbaited nets was assessed in a small stream that was electric fished after netting trials were completed. Baited nets proved to be an effective method of assessing abundance of longfin eels (>400 mm) but not shortfins ( A. australis Richardson); capture efficiency of the population of longfins (the sum of fyke caught and electric fished eels) was 0.4 for a single night's fyke netting, increasing to 0.8 over four nights. Comparable efficiencies for shortfins were <0.1 and 0.3 respectively. Unbaited nets were markedly less efficient for both species.     

Testosterone improves the transition of primary oocytes in artificial maturation eels (Anguilla japonica) by altering ovarian PTEN expression

In mammals, androgens appear to enhance the development of primary ovarian follicles, but PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinases) pathway is well recognized as one of the critical pathways in early follicular development. Roles of the PI3K were revealed by deletion of PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog on chromosome 10). PTEN is demonstrated to play an important role in the early stage of follicle development. In the Japanese eel, two forms of PTEN have been cloned, but what their functions on the development of early ovarian follicles are still not clear. The natural blockage and inducible of ovarian development was a benefit to address this question in the eel. Testosterone (T) shows to ameliorate the early ovarian development in the eel. The aims of this study were to elucidate the two forms of PTEN by cellular and physiological criteria and to study the effects of T on the ovarian PTEN production in the exogenous pituitary extracts-stimulated eel. Our results suggested that two forms of PTEN are existing in the Japanese eel, and eel ovarian development corresponded to the decrease in ovarian PTEN expression, vice versa. In addition, the supplement of T on eel early ovarian development can be attributed to its PTEN inhibitor role.     

美国金鳟和日本鳗鲡精浆的化学组成和渗透压

本研究采用原子吸收分光光度法(AAS)和气相渗透压仪测定了人工养殖美国金鳟和日本鳗鲡精浆的化学组成和渗透压。研究结果表明,Na+、K+是精浆中的主要离子,可能在维持精浆渗透压和精子活动能力中有重要的作用。人工养殖美国金鳟与日本鳗鲡相比,精浆离子含量各项指标除K含量较高之外(P<0.01),其它各项指标均无显著性差异。本实验的两种鱼与其它种类海淡水鱼类比较,各种离子含量均较高;美国金鳟精浆渗透压值与其它鱼类相似,均保持在300 mOsm/kg的水平。     

Changes in oil content,lipid class and fatty acid composition of the microalga Chaetoceros calcitrans over different phases of batch culture

The diatom Chaetoceros calcitrans is a microalgal species used as food for larva in aquaculture for many species worldwide. Chaetoceros calcitrans is an important source of omega 3 long chain (C ≥ 20) polyunsaturated fatty acids (n‐3 LC PUFA), chiefly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n‐3). This article reports lipid content, lipid class composition and fatty acid profiles of each lipid class during the growth cycle of batch cultures of C. calcitrans. Total lipid content and the concentration of neutral lipid were highest in the late stationary growth phase (day 12). However, the amount of EPA was highest during the logarithmic growth phase (1.24 pg/cell on day 4). EPA was initially concentrated in the glycolipid fraction, but this fraction decreased during logarithmic growth, coinciding with the increase in neutral lipid. Docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n‐3, DHA) (0.91 pg/cell) was reported as a major fatty acid (>10 mg/100 g) in all lipid classes on day 1. DHA was depleted quickly from the neutral lipid and glycolipid classes, but at a slower rate from the polar lipid fraction. This work confirms that C. calcitrans is a good source of lipid, in particular EPA, for larval and adult filter feeders in aquaculture.