犬眼病的临床病理研究

眼是视觉系统中最重要的器官,随着宠物医疗技术的高度发展,犬的眼科疾病日益被临床兽医所重视。事实上眼部疾病常囊括部分全身疾病的局部体征,虽然相关的眼科检查仪器逐步导入临床,使视诊范围日益增宽,但由于缺乏对眼科生理、病理的认识,势必影响对眼科疾病的诊断能力。国外小动物眼科学发展很快,各种高科技检查仪器早已成为临床医生的诊察手段。     

Intraocular lead foreign bodies in four canine eyes

Retained intraocular lead foreign bodies are well tolerated by the canine eye. Three cases (four eyes) of intraocular lead shot are the subject of this report.     

犬樱桃眼的简易手术疗法

犬樱桃眼系犬的第三眼睑腺增生,犬第三眼睑腺软组织突出于眼内角的眼球面,轻者呈扁平粉红色,重者呈深红色,似樱桃悬于眼内角而得名。所有品种的犬均易发生,但     

Mast cell numbers in normal and glaucomatous canine eyes

Numbers of mast cells in the cornea, sclera, choroid, ciliary body, iris, and retina of sections of globes from 35 clinically normal dogs and 34 dogs with secondary glaucoma was determined. Fixed globes were trimmed along a vertical midsagittal plane and embedded in paraffin. Tissue sections, approximately 6 microns thick, were stained with toluidine blue for identification of mast cells. In normal globes, most of the mast cells were observed in the anterior portion of the uvea, and fewer mast cells were seen in the choroid and sclera. Mast cells were not observed in the retina and were seldom observed in the cornea of dogs with or without glaucoma. In sections of glaucomatous globes, mast cells were distributed evenly in the uvea and sclera, and fewer mast cells were present than in normal globes, regardless of the cause of glaucoma.     

Subcellular location of corticosteroid-induced alkaline phosphatase in canine hepatocytes

Dogs received either 4 mg/kg of prednisone or sterile saline daily for 32 days. Serum samples were assayed every 4 days for total alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and corticosteroid-induced ALP isoenzyme (CIALP) activity. The initial and major increase of serum ALP was attributed to the liver isoenzyme of ALP (LALP), however, CIALP began to increase by day 8 and was significantly increased by day 24. Prior to treatment and on day 32, sections of liver from control and prednisone-treated dogs were stained for ALP activity after blocking the staining activity of LALP with levamisole. The staining activity of CIALP was compared to the staining activity of LALP in liver sections from control dogs and from dogs in which the bile duct was ligated. It was determined that CIALP was located in that area of the hepatocyte membranes which comprise the bile canaliculi.     

Lenticular invasion by a ciliary body adenocarcinoma in a dog

Ciliary body adenocarcinomas are well-recognized tumors in dogs; however, invasion of the lens by the tumor has not been described in veterinary species. Evaluation of the right eye of a 10-year-old Labrador Retriever revealed a ciliary body mass spanning from the 10 o'clock to 2 o'clock position that was impinging on the lens. Histologic evaluation of the enucleated eye revealed a ciliary body adenocarcinoma with lens invasion. Where the tumor encroached on the lens, the lens capsule was absent and there was scrolling of the broken ends of the capsule. Tumor cells were juxtaposed to the lens fibers and dissecting between the lens fibers. There were no inflammatory cells within the lens associated with the breaks in the capsule or within the anterior chamber. To our knowledge this is the first report of lens invasion by a tumor in any veterinary species.     

A feasibility study of low-dose total body irradiation for relapsed canine lymphoma

Seven client owned dogs with confirmed relapsed lymphoma were enrolled in a prospective feasibility study investigating the effects of low‐dose total body irradiation (LDTBI) delivered in a single 1 Gy fraction. LDTBI for relapsed lymphoma was safe and well tolerated. The only major side‐effect of LDTBI was asymptomatic thrombocytopenia in all dogs. The median platelet nadir was 17 000/μL (range 4000–89 000), which occurred a median of 10 days (range 8–30) post irradiation. Three dogs had short‐term partial responses, two stable disease and two progressive disease (PD). Six dogs were euthanatized for PD, and one dog died while in partial remission. No dogs had clinical complications. Survival analysis was not performed, because the study design did not allow for evaluation of survival time. Larger studies incorporating LDTBI in the induction/consolidation phase of treatment need to be performed to determine the therapeutic efficacy of LDTBI.     

Effects of 4% pilocarpine gel on normotensive and glaucomatous canine eyes

A 4% pilocarpine gel applied topically to eyes was evaluated in glaucomatous Beagles and normotensive Miniature Schnauzers to determine its efficacy in reducing intraocular pressure (IOP) and to assess any side effects. Pilocarpine gel significantly (P less than 0.05) reduced IOP for 24 hours after treatment, compared with baseline (pre-drug) values, untreated fellow eyes, and placebo-treated eyes. The IOP remained significantly lower (P less than 0.05) during 3 treatment days, as well as the first 2 days after treatment. The pupil sizes were significantly smaller (P less than 0.01) in all treated dogs after the first administration of pilocarpine, compared with baseline values, untreated eyes, and placebo-treated eyes. The subsequent pilocarpine gel administrations induced significant miosis (P less than 0.01), compared with baseline values, but the extent of miosis and duration were significantly less (P less than 0.01) as the number of treatments increased. Conjunctival irritation and blepharospasm were observed mainly in the first 2 days of treatment and were minimal after subsequent applications. There was no contralateral effect on IOP or pupil size, compared with baseline values and placebo-treated eyes.     

A study of the morphology of canine eyes enucleated or eviscerated due to complications following phacoemulsification

This study was undertaken to describe the histopathologic abnormalities observed in canine eyes enucleated or eviscerated due to complications following phacoemulsification; to correlate these findings with the clinical abnormalities reported, and to suggest, if apparent, likely causes and effects of these abnormalities. Sixty-six canine globes or evisceration samples received for histopathologic interpretation over a 10-year period (1990-2000) were studied. All globes and evisceration samples were obtained from clinical patients examined by board-certified ophthalmologists. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and alcian blue/periodic acid Schiff (PAS) stained sections were examined by light microscopy in every case. A tissue Gram stain was used when indicated. Clinical information obtained from the pathology submission form was reviewed in all cases, and obtained from questionnaires completed and returned by an ophthalmologist for 51 cases (77%). The most frequent histopathologic diagnoses were glaucoma (76%) and retinal detachment (64%). The most frequently reported clinical abnormalities in this series were glaucoma (86%) and uveitis (82%). Five problem areas were identified that appear to make a significant contribution to the failure of canine cataract surgery and merit further investigation: pre-iridal fibrovascular membranes; lens fiber regrowth; lens epithelial membranes; endophthalmitis, and the health of the corneal surgical incision.     

比格犬埃立克体病病理学研究

为了观察比格犬埃立克体病的病理学变化,用常规病理学方法,对6只人工感染埃立克体(Ehrlichia)的比格犬进行病理解剖学和病理组织学观察。结果:眼观所见最显著的病变是主要器官和皮下出血、淤血,脾、肝肿胀;病理组织学变化的主要特征是淋巴结的严重水肿,脾、肝、肺和肾的血管内及肝血管周围存在浆细胞和淋巴细胞灶性增生,皮肤表皮层变薄、皮肤皮脂腺腺泡上皮和毛囊变性坏死。比格犬埃立克体病的眼观和病理组织学变化与国外文献报道的基本吻合,不同之处是眼观病变更为明显,这可能与分离株的致病性不同有关。     

Morphologic alterations in the anterior lens capsule of canine eyes with cataracts

OBJECTIVE: To examine the morphologic changes in the anterior lens capsule and lens epithelium of canine eyes with cataracts. SAMPLE POPULATION: Anterior lens capsules from the eyes of 25 dogs with cataracts and from an additional 10 canine globes with lenses subjectively assessed to be normal. PROCEDURE: Thickness of each anterior lens capsule was measured by use of a digital microscopic camera and imaging software. All 25 capsules from eyes with cataracts were submitted for light microscopy; 4 were also submitted for electron microscopy. RESULTS: Thickness of the anterior lens capsule increased with age for the normal lenses and the lenses with cataracts; the change with age was similar for both groups. Light microscopy revealed fibrous metaplasia of lens epithelial cells in 7 of 25 anterior lens capsules with focal thickenings of the posterior aspect of the capsule. Electron microscopy revealed deposition of collagen and basement membrane-like material by fibroblast-like cells. CONCLUSIONS: Results indicate that thickness of the anterior lens capsule in dogs increases with age and that this increase in thickness is not significantly different between normal lenses and lenses with cataracts. In addition, epithelial cells from lenses with cataracts may undergo metaplasia to form plaques composed of fibrous tissue and ectopic basement membrane produced by epithelial cells.     

Canine ocular tumors following ciliary body ablation with intravitreal gentamicin

Iridociliary tumors are the second most common primary ocular tumor in dogs and are usually benign. A review of the Comparative Ocular Pathology Laboratory of Wisconsin (COPLOW) database in 2009 suggested a potential correlation between malignant iridociliary epithelial tumors and ciliary body ablation by intravitreal gentamicin injection for the treatment of glaucoma. The purpose of this case series was to determine whether there is evidence of such a correlation in the COPLOW collection. Mining of the COPLOW database revealed that a significant number (39.5%) of canine globes with a history of ciliary body ablation were subsequently diagnosed with primary ocular tumors at enucleation, most commonly iridociliary epithelial tumors and melanocytic tumors. It is possible that neoplasia was present but unrecognized at the time of ciliary body ablation. These tumors had a higher than expected incidence of malignancy. These cases underscore the importance of reserving ciliary body ablation with gentamicin for disease‐free eyes.     

Immunohistochemical staining patterns of canine eyes affected with chronic superficial keratitis

Fourteen limbal biopsy specimens from 11 dogs with chronic superficial keratitis (CSK) were examined histologically and immunohistochemically. Ten of the 14 specimens had corneal epithelial hyperplasia and/or atrophy. Eleven of the 14 specimens had thickened epithelial basement membranes. Each specimen had cellular infiltration and lamellar disruption of the stroma. An avidin-biotin immunoperoxidase complex stain was used to detect immunoglobulin (Ig) deposition. Twelve of the 14 specimens stained positive for Ig. The staining pattern was consistent and characterized by diffuse deposition of stain in the superficial conjunctival stroma near the limbus. Four of the 12 Ig-positive specimens also stained positive in the superficial corneal stroma with 1 of these 4 also staining positive along the epithelial cell basement membrane. The diffuse pattern of stain deposition and the absence of staining of specific epithelial structures indicated that CSK is not a classical autoimmune disease similar to any disease in the pemphigus group or similar to systemic lupus erythematosus. Although the results may implicate CSK as an immune-mediated disease, nonspecific factors could not be ruled out.