Speciation of sulphur in soils and soil particles by X-ray spectromicroscopy

Current wet chemical methods for the speciation of sulphur (S) in soils are inaccurate and do not allow one to assess the S speciation of individual soil particles and colloids. X-ray microscopy and Near Edge X-ray Absorption Fine structure Spectroscopy (NEXAFS) can be used to study individual species of S at the K-adsorption edge. We have used these techniques to identify and quantify S species in bulk soil, soil particles and colloids from Oh and Bh horizons of two forested Podzols. The partitioning of soil sulphur as determined on bulk samples of the Oh horizons by X-ray spectromicroscopy agreed fairly well with the results of a conventional S speciation for the soil at Schluchsee, and reasonably well for that at Rotherdbach. The NEXAFS analyses on individual soil particles revealed that they are richer in reduced organic sulphur than the bulk soil for the Schluchsee Oh and richer in sulphate for Rotherdbach Oh. The techniques can be used reliably to separate and quantify sulphur species with different oxidation states in the soil. The combination of X-ray transmission and sulphur fluorescence images with unfocused and focused NEXAFS spectra at the K-adsorption edge of sulphur at specific microsites allowed us to compare the distribution of S species in bulk soil with that of distinct soil particles and soil colloids. Moreover, we can use it to assess the spatial distribution of different S species on soil particles on a scale of a few hundred nanometres.     

Influence of sulphur and nitrogen fertilizer applications and within‐season sampling time on measurement of total sulphur in orchardgrass by six different methods

Abstract

Six different methods for measuring total sulphur concentrations in plant material were applied to orchardgrass samples derived from three cuts of a field trial with combinations of sulphur and nitrogen fertilizer applications. The results from the methods were grouped into three pairs of high, intermediate and low measured total sulphur concentrations. Highest concentrations were obtained using an oxygen flask and the LECO CNS‐2000 automated dry combustion methods, intermediate concentrations with an alkaline digestion and the Fisher automated dry combustion instrument, and lowest with two perchloric acid digestion methods. The low results with the two perchloric acid methods likely occurred from sulphur volatilization and incomplete organic sulphur compound destruction. The results from the pairs of methods with similar total concentrations did not yield the same significant cut, sulphur and nitrogen main and interaction effects when analysis of variance was applied to the treatment results. The two dry combustion methods agreed reasonably closely regarding the main and interaction effects, but calculated recovery of applied sulphur varied. It is apparent that current methods do not agree precisely in their ability to measure total sulphur in plant material types, and for the same type of plant grown under different climate conditions and fertilizer treatments. It was concluded that values by LECO CNS‐2000 instrument provided the best measurement of total sulphur for fertilizer response trials.     

紫色土增施单质硫对大蒜生长发育和硫素营养的影响

对紫色土施用单质硫条件下大蒜生长发育及硫素营养吸收和代谢进行了研究。结果表明,大蒜株高、叶面积、经济产量(蒜头)和经济系数以中等供硫水平最高,而茎粗和生物产量则以高硫水平最大。大蒜能耐高浓度的硫素供应,在0～120kghm-2供硫情况下,其全硫(TS)、水溶性硫(SS)和无机硫(Io-S)含量均随供硫量的增加而上升,小分子水溶性含硫氨基酸含量(Ws-S)以低硫水平最高,而大分子蛋白质硫含量(Wis-S)以中等供硫水平时最高,与大蒜素含量的变化一致。大蒜素含量与不同硫组分比率的关系分析发现,大蒜素含量与Ws-S/TS呈极显著的正相关(r=0.752 ),与Io-S/SS呈显著的正相关(r=0.702 )。全氮含量与全硫含量变化趋势一致,全磷含量以低硫水平时最高,全钾含量以中等供硫水平时最高。     

硫和白云石对皖中黄褐土铅形态分布的影响

通过室内土壤培养试验,应用连续浸提分组方法,研究了S与白云石用量对黄褐土中重金属Pb形态分布的影响.结果表明,高S处理条件下,土壤pH下降,可交换态Pb有升高的趋势:白云石处理条件下,土壤pH升高,显著促进了可交换态Pb向碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化态转化,这种形态分布与白云石用量无明显关联,S的添加不足以改变白云石粉对黄褐土中Pb形态的影响.     

应用~（35）S示踪技术研究油菜对硫的吸收与运转

将（３５）￣ＳＯ应用于土壤、叶面和荚表面，根据对成熟植株各部位放射性的测定，了解不同时期油菜对硫的吸收、运转和分配。试验表明，油菜对施于土壤中（３５）￣Ｓ的吸收以花期最高，苔期其次，移栽期最低。除苔期外，其他时期有４０％从土壤吸收的（３５）￣Ｓ运往籽粒。应用于顶部４叶的（３５）Ｓ，在成熟植株中回收约５０％，包括留在标记叶的２０％左右。从荚中的回收率除苗期较低外，其他时期在２１％～２３％范围内，其中大部分在分枝荚。开花后不同时期应用于主茎荚表面的（３５）Ｓ，有１３％～１６．８％转移到主茎荚内籽粒中，运往分枝荚籽粒中的不到１０％。     

Studies on Nutrient Distribution in Some Zambian Soils with Special Reference to Sulphur Using GIS (Geographic Information Systems) II. Evaluation of Plant-Available Sulphur and Its Distribution in Major Zambian Soils

Relationship between the contents of soil sulphur and plant sulphur was studied in order to evaluate the distribution of plant-available sulphur in Zambian soils. Four soils series with distinct differences in texture and organic carbon content had been selected among representative benchmark soil series and used to cultivate maize (Zea mays L.) as a test plant in pots. From the results of the pot experiment, critical levels of sulphur deficiency in plants and soils were evaluated and the levels of available sulphur for maize nutrition were rated into four classes using data on the relative yield of maize. The optimum method to determine the available sulphur content of the soils was applied to the analysis of other benchmark soils. Satisfactory regression models for assessing the relation between the content of available soil sulphur with other soil constituents among benchmark soil could not be identified. A distribution map for available sulphur was drawn in a step-by-step format by using a different scale of the soil map, soil units and the legends of soil map databases. As a result, it was confirmed that sulphur-deficient and marginal areas were widely distributed throughout the country. Finally, soil acidity problems associated with sulphur application, the inconsistency of the content of available sulphur with that of total sulphur and limitation of the map utility were examined.     

Studies on Nutrient Distribution in Some Zambian Soils with Special Reference to Sulphur Using GIS (Geographic Information Systems) II. Evaluation of Plant-Available Sulphur and Its Distribution in Major Zambian Soils

Relationship between the contents of soil sulphur and plant sulphur was studied in order to evaluate the distribution of plant-available sulphur in Zambian soils. Four soils series with distinct differences in texture and organic carbon content had been selected among representative benchmark soil series and used to cultivate maize ( Zea mays L.) as a test plant in pots. From the results of the pot experiment, critical levels of sulphur deficiency in plants and soils were evaluated and the levels of available sulphur for maize nutrition were rated into four classes using data on the relative yield of maize. The optimum method to determine the available sulphur content of the soils was applied to the analysis of other benchmark soils. Satisfactory regression models for assessing the relation between the content of available soil sulphur with other soil constituents among benchmark soil could not be identified. A distribution map for available sulphur was drawn in a step-by-step format by using a different scale of the soil map, soil units and the legends of soil map databases. As a result, it was confirmed that sulphur-deficient and marginal areas were widely distributed throughout the country. Finally, soil acidity problems associated with sulphur application, the inconsistency of the content of available sulphur with that of total sulphur and limitation of the map utility were examined.     

Use of a sulphite containing desulphurization product as sulphur fertilizer

Use of a sulphite containing desulphurization product (TASP) as a sulphur fertilizer had no negative effects on germination or growth of oilseed rape or white cabbage when applied in an amount corresponding to 48 kg sulphite-S as calcium sulphite per ha, neither when used alone, nor when mixed with animal slurry. The product increased the plant yield when applied on soils poor in available sulphur.     

硫杆菌和元素硫在治理重金属污染中的应用研究进展

硫杆菌和元素硫在治理土壤和沉积物中重金属已经有了较多的研究。本文论述了利用硫杆菌和元素硫治理土壤和沉积物中的重金属污染的应用进展。主要包括了利用硫杆菌和元素硫去除重金属的优缺点及主要的影响因素,如温度、pH、细菌种类、元素硫浓度等。     

土施有机添加剂和硫磺对小白菜生长和养分吸收的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了土施粗氨基酸、风化煤、L-TRP、L-PHE和硫磺对小白菜干物质积累、叶绿素含量、硝酸盐含量、硝酸还原酶活性(NRA)以及N、P、K、Fe吸收的影响。结果表明,土施风化煤、硫磺以及L-TRP和L-PHE混施可以显著提高小白菜生物量。当风化煤的用量为20g/kg干土时,能显著提高小白菜的叶绿素含量和N的吸收量,改善氮素营养状况。当硫磺的施用量为0.2g/kg干土和0.4g/kg干土时,可使小白菜体内的硝酸盐含量分别比对照降低41.6%和47.4%。供试条件下,硫磺可以提高小白菜对P、K、Fe的吸收,而粗氨基酸、风化煤、L-TRP、L-PHE以及L-TRP和L-PHE混施处理抑制了P、K、Fe的吸收或促进作用不明显。研究结果还表明,土施有机添加剂和硫磺与对照相比,能显著提高小白菜体内的NRA,但是各处理硝酸盐含量与NRA之间不存在显著的相关关系,NRA提高可能是由于植物激素或有机酸和硝酸盐共同作用的结果。     

Use of undisturbed cores of surface soil for investigating leaching losses of sulphur and phosphorus

Undisturbed soil cores 10 cm long were collected using a precisely constructed 8.5-cm diameter soil sampler. To study the loss of sulphur and phosphorus from these cores due to leaching, a technique was developed for encasing the walls of the cores in a microcrystalline wax.Distilled water was applied to the surface of the cores at the rate of 2 ml/min and the loss of native plus applied sulphur and phosphorus was determined for successive 20 ml aliquots that percolated through the soil. When water equivalent to 90 mm of rainfall was added to the soil cores, losses of 2.0 kg S/ha and 0.30 kg P/ha occurred due to leaching.     

Effect of combined nitrogen and sulphur fertilization on yield and qualitative parameters of Camelina sativa [L.] Crtz. (false flax)

Abstract

Camelina (Camelina sativa (L.) Crtz., false flax) is described as a species requiring fewer inputs than other oilseed crops thus making it an interesting alternative in sustainable cropping systems. As information on the combined effects of nitrogen and sulphur on camelina yield and quality parameters is meagre, a pot fertilization experiment was carried out with nitrogen applied as NH₄NO₃ at three increasing rates equivalent to a range from 63 up to 127 kg ha^?1. These treatments were combined with sulphur additions applied as (NH₄)₂SO₄ to achieve a soil sulphate content of 25 or 45 mg kg^?1, respectively (equivalent to 75 and 135 kg S ha^?1). The medium and high nitrogen rates combined with the low sulphur fertilization level increased the number of branches per plant compared with the lowest nitrogen fertilization at the same sulphur rate. Camelina seed yield increased with increasing nitrogen doses at the same low sulphur level, whereas straw yield increased only at the highest rate of nitrogen. Thousand-seed mass increased at the highest nitrogen dose and with the low sulphur application rate. In addition, the increase in nitrogen fertilization reduced seed oil content from 39.8% to 37.1%. A highly negative correlation was observed between oil and protein content of seeds. Nitrogen fertilization increased total oil yield and total protein yield. Differences in crop parameters between the sulphur treatments were not significant statistically, although the higher sulphur treatment tended to increase seed yield as well as oil and protein content compared with the low sulphur treatment. Thus, the combined application of N and S as mineral fertilizers is only recommended when growing camelina on sulphur-deficient soils if the aim is to achieve both high oil and protein production.     

The content and quality of protein in winter wheat grains depending on sulphur fertilization

Abstract

On soils lacking in water-soluble sulphur, the sulphur fertilization of winter wheat, in general, increases the yields. There are not sufficient investigations about the influence of sulphur on the quality of yield. The objective of this work was to investigate the content and quality of protein in wheat grain depending on sulphur fertilization. The present study relies on field trials conducted on two different soils during 2004–2009. Sulphur was applied with NS-fertilizer Axan or Axan Super at the rate of S 10 or 13.6 kg ha^?1 accompanied by a nitrogen background of N 100 kg ha^?1. The rates of N- and NS-fertilizers were divided and applied at the beginning and at the end of tillering. At harvest, the grain samples from trial variants in four replications were taken, and the contents of crude protein, wet gluten, amino acids (lysine, threonine, cysteine, methionine) and gluten index in wheat grain were determined. Besides, the contents of amino acids were recalculated on their concentrations in protein. The protein and wet gluten contents in grain varied significantly depending on weather conditions of the trial years. On break-stony soil, sulphur increased the yield by 1.16 t ha^?1 on average, i.e. by 21.7%. With increasing yields the protein and wet gluten concentrations in grain decreased. Under the influence of sulphur, the gluten index increased significantly – from 58 to 74, i.e. by 27.6%. In 2004 and 2005, sulphur increased the cysteine and methionine content in wheat grain. Although sulphur application in many cases decreased the protein and wet gluten contents in wheat grain, it improved the biological quality of protein because the concentrations of above-mentioned amino acids recalculated on their concentrations in protein increased significantly. The sulphur application in pseudopodzolic soil had a weaker effect on the grain quality than in break-stony soil.     

Efficiency of soil-applied 67Zn-enriched fertiliser across three consecutive crops

A very small amount of applied zinc (Zn) is taken up by crops, resulting in low recovery by plants. Adding elemental sulphur to zinc oxide (ZnO) fertiliser could improve Zn solubilisation and exert a higher residual effect on crops than soluble Zn sources. We produced an isotopically labelled Zn-elemental sulphur fertiliser and evaluated its performance in comparison to traditional Zn sources during sequential crop cultivation. Three ⁶⁷Zn-labelled fertilisers, ZnO, zinc sulphate (ZnSO₄), and ZnO co-granulated with elemental sulphur (ZnOS⁰), were soil applied, and their contributions to the uptake of Zn by three consecutive crops, wheat, ryegrass, and corn, were assessed in a 294-d pot experiment. The contributions of Zn fertilisers followed the order:ZnSO₄ > ZnO=ZnOS⁰. The relative contributions of Zn fertilisers were lower in the first crop than in the subsequent crops. The overall recovery of applied Zn by the three crops was higher for ZnSO₄ than for ZnO and ZnOS⁰, reaching 1.56%, 0.45%, and 0.33% of the applied Zn, respectively. Zinc recovery by plants was very low, regardless of the source of Zn. Adding elemental sulphur to ZnO did not increase its effectiveness up to 294 d after application. Fertiliser contribution was higher for the subsequent crops than for the initial crop, indicating the importance of assessing the residual effects of Zn fertilisers.     

Effects of future N deposition scenarios on the Galloway region of SW Scotland using a coupled sulphur & nitrogen model (MAGIC-WAND)

The Galloway region of Southwest Scotland has been subject to decades of acidic deposition which has resulted in damage to soils, surface waters and aquatic biota. A survey of lochs was conducted in 1979, 1988, and 1993, over which time there have been dramatic changes in total sulphur and nitrogen deposition. The MAGIC model successfully reproduced the major chemical changes in water chemistry from 1979 to 1988 during which time there was a rapid decline in sulphur deposition. A new coupled sulphur and nitrogen model (MAGIC-WAND) has been used to evaluate the regional hydrochemical response to changing patterns of N & S deposition from the period 1988 to 1993. Details of the model structure and parameterisation are discussed. The model under-predicts the response of non-marine sulphate in the region suggesting that there has been a slight increase in deposition over this period. Future hydrochemical responses to different nitrogen deposition scenarios are presented, indicating that the potential increase of nitrogen in surface waters is closely linked to the age and extent of different mosaics of commercial afforestation within the individual catchments.     

Effect of sulphur fertilization on grain yield and yield components of winter wheat

Abstract

The effect of sulphur application on winter wheat yield and yield components on two different soils in northern Estonia and southern Estonia during 2004–2009 was investigated. Sulphur was applied with NS-fertilizer Axan or Axan Super at the rate of S 10 or 13.6 kg ha^?1 accompanied with nitrogen background of N 100 kg ha^?1, which effect was compared to effect of ammonium nitrate at the same rate of N. The rates of fertilizers were divided into two portions and applied at the growth stages 21–22 and 25–30. The effect of sulphur fertilization on the formation of wheat yield varied on a quite large scale depending on soil and weather conditions of trial locations. The yield components were closely related: when one component was changed, the other components sometimes compensated for grain yield.

Sulphur deficiency symptoms appeared on the break-stony soil at Saku in a somewhat stronger form than on the pseudopodzolic soil at Auksi. The results of field trials conducted at Saku during the four years can be summarized as follows: the application of sulphur increased the number of ears per unit area by an average of 14.0% and the number of grains per ear by an average of 18.6%. At the same time, sulphur decreased the 1000-grain weight. As a final result, sulphur application on break-stony soil increased the wheat yield by 1.16 t ha^?1 on average, i.e. by 23.0%. Sulphur application in trials conducted on pseudopodzolic soil at Auksi during years with different weather conditions in growing season proved highly effective in three of five trials. As an average of all trials in Auksi, the sulphur application increased the number of ears per unit area and the number of grains per ear by 23.9% and 7.7%, respectively. The grain yield increased under the influence of sulphur on the average of all trials conducted on pseudopodzolic soil by 1.25 t ha^?1, i.e. by 22.4%.     

长期施用含硫化肥对稻田土壤养分含量及剖面分布的影响*

在红壤水稻田每年施用等量氮、磷、钾养分条件下,设每年施硫量分别为0、112、604 kg/hm2 3个处理,进行了长期（33年）施硫与不施硫土壤碳、氮、磷、钾、硫等养分含量变化及其在土壤剖面的分布特征和含硫化肥长期施用的生态环境效应的定位试验。结果表明,长期施硫土壤有效硫含量显著升高,并在土壤剖面（0100 cm）上累积; 高硫（HS）、低硫(LS)处理有效硫含量比无硫(NS)处理平均增加85.6%和12.8%; 施硫处理土壤耕层有机质、全氮、全磷含量升高,其中高硫处理土壤有机质、全氮和全磷含量分别比试验开始时增加17.7%、25.6%和250.0%。长期施硫的土壤有机质增加速率显著高于不施硫处理,高硫处理其含量比无硫处理增加了11.5%,说明施用硫肥有利于提高耕层土壤有机质,促进土壤养分累积。在南方红壤硫素养分缺乏的地区,施用硫肥有显著的培肥效应,生产中应重视硫肥的施用。     

Dry Deposition of Sulphur at a High-Altitude Background Station in South Africa

Water, Air, &; Soil Pollution - The inferential method is applied to estimate dry deposition rates of sulphur at a remote rural site on the South African south-eastern escarpment. Two 2-week...     

土壤有机硫形态分配的季节变化与作物效应

江淮丘陵地区下蜀黄土母质发育的水稻土油 稻轮作试验表明:油菜收获后土壤比试验前土壤总有机硫及碳键硫、硫酸酯和惰性硫组分含量分别下降了51.3% 、60.2% 、29.3%和73.4%;水稻收获后土壤比油菜收获后土壤总有机硫及碳键硫、硫酸酯和惰性硫组分含量分别增加了129% 、302% 、78%和203% 。与试验前土壤比较,油菜收获后土壤有机硫、碳键硫和惰性硫占总硫百分数分别下降了12.6、3.2和18.7个百分点,碳键硫和惰性硫占总有机硫百分数分别下降了2.3和18.7个百分点;而硫酸酯形态硫占总硫和有机硫百分数则分别增加了8.9和20.7百分点。与油菜收获后土壤比较,水稻收获后土壤总有机硫、碳键硫和惰性硫占总硫百分数分别增加了7.4 、6.9和7.7个百分点,碳键硫和惰性硫占总有机硫百分数分别增加了7.7和7.2个百分点;而硫酸酯形态硫占总硫和总有机硫百分数则分别减少了21.2和14.9个百分点。与同期不种作物处理相比,油菜收获后和油 稻轮作后土壤硫酸酯形态硫含量、占总硫及占有机硫百分数分别增加12.4个百分点和64.1个百分点,7.2和14.5个百分点及10.8和17.9个百分点而土壤惰性硫占总硫百分数下降9.6和13.6个百分点,占有机硫百分数则增加12.8和18.6个百分点。虽然油菜种植导致耕层土壤有机硫有显著下降,而其在水稻种植期间被逆转。因此,油-稻轮作制度是维持该地区土壤硫肥力的一种较好耕作措施之一。     

Soil organic matter fractions as sources of plant-available sulphur

Pot culture experiments are described which attempt to identify the organic fractions of soil sulphur that decompose during the growing season to provide plant-available sulphur.Soil organic matter was labelled with ³⁵S by incubating soil with labelled sulphate and several organic sulphur fractions were determined before and after the growth of Sorghum vulgare and following a fallow treatment. The effect of moisture stress on the uptake of sulphur by plants was also investigated; this treatment had little effect.Changes occurred in both hydriodic acid-reducible and carbon-bonded sulphur fractions, 60 per cent of the sulphur taken up by the plants being derived from the latter. The changes in carbon-bonded sulphur involved changes in both Raney nickel-reducible and non-reducible sulphur fractions. All of the sulphur fractions investigated thus contributed available sulphur for plant uptake, and none of them are likely to be of any value for predicting the sulphur requirements of plants.