Advances in FIV vaccine technology

Advances in vaccine technology are occurring in the molecular techniques used to develop vaccines and in the assessment of vaccine efficacy, allowing more complete characterization of vaccine-induced immunity correlating to protection. FIV vaccine development has closely mirrored and occasionally surpassed the development of HIV-1 vaccine, leading to first licensed technology. This review will discuss technological advances in vaccine designs, challenge infection assessment, and characterization of vaccine immunity in the context of the protection detected with prototype and commercial dual-subtype FIV vaccines and in relation to HIV-1.     

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes from cattle immunized against Theileria parva exhibit pronounced cross-reactivity among different strain-specific epitopes of the Tp1 antigen

The protozoan parasite Theileria parva causes a usually fatal disease in cattle, known as East Coast fever. Cattle can be vaccinated by injecting live parasites simultaneously with long acting oxytetracycline (the infection and treatment method, ITM). The immunity induced by ITM is believed to be mediated by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). Although effective, the ITM vaccine has disadvantages such as the need for a liquid nitrogen cold chain and a complex production process, which may be overcome by the development of a subunit vaccine. However, the high level of antigenic polymorphism among different strains of T. parva may hinder the development of a subunit vaccine aimed at induction of a protective CTL response. In this study, the CTL cross-reactivity among T. parva strains was examined. The Tp1(214-224) epitope has previously been shown to be recognized by cattle of the A18 BoLA type. Three different variants of this epitope have been identified from different T. parva strains. Here, bulk CTL and CTL clones were generated from two animals using both the live sporozoite vaccine composed of three different strains and a Muguga strain for immunization. The cross-reactivity of these CTL with the three variant Tp1 epitopes was examined in interferon gamma ELISPOT assays and CTL killing assays. CD8(+) cells from both animals cross-reacted with the three variant CTL epitopes in interferon gamma ELISPOT assays, although the CD8(+) cells from the Muguga-immunized animal showed a more epitope restricted response. Clones from the vaccine immunized animal showed diverse response patterns with clones responding to each variant peptide. Although some variability in the cytotoxic response was observed, overall strong cross-reactivity among the variant Tp1 epitopes was seen in both animals. Such epitope polymorphism does not, in this case, serve as a potential challenge in a putative subunit vaccine as it would be sufficient to only include one of the variant epitopes.     

细胞的抗原表位研究方法

多表位疫苗有望成为预防多种病原体感染的理想疫苗,因而被认为是将来疫苗的发展方向。抗原表位是研究抗原的免疫机制和表位疫苗的基础,近年来在表位研究方面取得了一些可喜的进展,特别是抗原表位的研究方法。B细胞表位的研究方法已经不局限于通过交叠合成多肽进行研究,又诞生了噬菌体随机肽库以及表位预测等方法;在T细胞抗原表位的研究方面也有了相应的预测方法,尤其是将ELISPOT试验、体外抗原提呈试验等应用于T细胞表位活性的鉴定,极大的促进了T细胞表位的研究进展。文章全面系统地对B细胞表位与T细胞表位的研究方法的进展进行了综述。旨在为表位和表位疫苗的研究提供先进的多种技术方法。     

Isolation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against an attenuated vaccine strain of equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1)

The production and differentiation of monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against the Rac-H strain of EHV-1 used as an attenuated live vaccine to prevent rhinopneumonitis and abortion is described. Seven different antigenic sites were detected by the 15 mabs produced. EHV-1 specific mabs as well as EHV-1 and -4 common mabs could be established, allowing easy typing of EHV isolates. One mab recognized the vaccine strain only. This reaction was used to investigate a possible involvement of the vaccine strain in cases of abortion. Common antigenic determinants with EHV-1,-3,-4 and BHV-1 could also be detected, indicating the presence of highly-conserved epitopes of alpha-herpesviruses.     

B细胞抗原表位预测方法的研究进展

抗原表位是抗原分子的主要功能单位。B细胞抗原表位的准确定位对疫苗设计、诊断试剂的研发及高通量抗体的制备均具有重要意义。作者对目前常用的B细胞线性表位预测方法和B细胞构象表位预测方法进行概述,并对不同预测方法进行比较,旨在为病原微生物抗原表位研究提供一定的理论参考。     

Advance on Prediction Methods of B-cell Antigen Epitope

Antigen epitopes are the basic functional units of antigen.B-cell antigen epitope prediction is important for vaccine design, development of diagnostic reagents and preparation of high-throughput antibody.This paper summarized the recent advances on prediction methods of B-cell linear epitopes and B-cell conformational epitopes, and compared these prediction methods in order to provide theoretical references for the researches of antigen epitopes.     

基于免疫信息学方法设计针对猪急性腹泻综合征冠状病毒S、M及E蛋白的多表位疫苗

【目的】设计针对猪急性腹泻综合征冠状病毒(Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus, SADS-CoV) S、M及E蛋白的多表位疫苗。【方法】本研究选用IEDB预测SADS-CoV S、M及E蛋白T淋巴细胞主要组织相容性复合体Ⅰ(MHCⅠ)类分子结合表位;用NetMHCIIpan 4.0 Serve预测T淋巴细胞MHCⅡ类分子结合表位;用Immunomedicine Group、IEDB预测B淋巴细胞表位。将各个服务器预测结果筛选出重叠表位区域作为优势表位,运用IEDB、AllerTOP v 2.0 Servers筛选出高保守性、非致敏性的优势表位区域,通过柔性linker串联成多表位疫苗。对构建的多表位疫苗进行抗原性、理化性质、N-糖基化位点、二级结构和三级结构预测。使用分子对接评估多表位疫苗与免疫受体的结合能力,最后进行基因克隆。【结果】经筛选后的高保守性、非致敏性优势表位构建的多表位疫苗相对分子质量为35.30 ku,为稳定亲水蛋白,具有良好的抗原性,存在1个N-糖基化位点,在二级结构中α-螺旋、β-折叠、无规则卷曲和β-转角分别占22....     

弓形虫DOC2基因C-端的克隆及序列分析

为研究弓形虫DOC2基因作为弓形虫疫苗候选抗原分子的可行性,本试验用RT-PCR技术扩增DOC2基因编码区的C-端并测序。将该基因片段用生物信息学软件翻译为氨基酸序列后,预测弓形虫DOC2蛋白C-端的生物学特性、高级结构和B细胞抗原表位。结果表明,DOC2基因C-端片段长度为1887 bp。将其翻译成氨基酸序列后预测含有11个亲水区域和7个跨膜区。二级结构中含有19个α-螺旋、1个β-转角和17个无规则卷曲。结合柔性区域等分析,DOC2蛋白C-端共含有12个线性B细胞抗原表位。结果表明DOC2蛋白C-端可作为弓形虫疫苗候选分子,为研制新型弓形虫DNA疫苗或表位肽疫苗提供理论基础。     

转基因植物疫苗研究进展

众多研究表明,病毒的抗原决定簇及细菌毒素亚单位均能在转基因植物中成功表达,并保持良好的免疫原性.与现有的疫苗生产体系相比,植物生产疫苗具有安全、经济、稳定、高效等优势.本文概述了利用不同受体植物生产疫苗的研究现状、免疫原性评价及免疫原基因的优化表达策略.     

马疱疹病毒1型gB糖蛋白线性B细胞表位的预测与鉴定

试验旨在应用生物信息学技术综合分析马疱疹病毒1型（equine herpesvirus 1,EHV-1） gB糖蛋白,预测B细胞表位,筛选出具有潜在诊断价值的线性B细胞表位。将EHV-1 gB糖蛋白的基因序列输入DNAStar软件中的Protean工作区中,经参数综合比较分析筛选潜在的B细胞表位,克隆、表达预测表位的基因片段,利用表达的融合蛋白作为抗原与马疱疹病毒阳性血清反应。经预测分析,gB糖蛋白的B细胞表位可能位于第6-10、23-32、53-65、72-98、111-120、152-166和173-180位氨基酸区域。本试验成功构建并原核表达含7个潜在B细胞表位的融合蛋白。Western blotting试验结果显示,其中5个融合蛋白能被马疱疹病毒阳性血清识别。本试验利用生物信息学技术结合分子生物学技术成功筛选到5个潜在的B细胞表位,为EHV-1表位诊断、表位疫苗抗原的设计奠定了技术基础。     

Prediction and Identification of Linear B-cell Epitopes in gB Glycoprotein of Equine Herpesvirus Type 1

The study was aimed to predict B cell epitopes in gB glycoprotein of equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) with bioinformatics, and select epitopes which had potential diagnostic value. The DNA fragments of gB glycoprotein were predicted by protean of DNAStar software. Screening potential B cell epitopes after parameter comparison, the target B cell epitopes were selected, cloned and expressed. The expressed fusion proteins serviced as an antigen were used to react with equine herpesvirus positive serum to screen and identify antigenic epitopes. The results showed that according to predictive and analysis, the areas of amino acid from 6 to 10, 23 to 32, 53 to 65, 72 to 98, 111 to 120, 152 to 166, 173 to 180 might be gB glycoprotein B cell epitopes. Seven epitopes were successfully cloned into a prokaryotic expression vector, and confirmed by DNA sequencing. After expression and purification, Western blotting was performed to detect the antigen, which could be recognized by equine herpesvirus positive sera. Bioinformatics technology and molecular biology techniques were used to successfully screen five potential B cell epitopes, which provided the foundation for the diagnosis of EHV-1 and design of the epitope vaccine.     

The GroES antigens of Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium paratuberculosis.

The GroES antigen provokes a strong immune response in human beings with tuberculosis or leprosy. We cloned and sequenced the Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium paratuberculosis GroES genes. M. avium and M. paratuberculosis have identical GroES sequences which differ from other mycobacterial species. This supports the current formal designation of M. paratuberculosis as M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Immunodominant epitopes from Mycobacterium tuberculosis GroES are conserved in M. avium, but some Mycobacterium leprae epitopes are distinct. GroES is unlikely to be specific as a serologic or skin test reagent, but may be an appropriate component of a broad mycobacterial vaccine.     

貉源阿留申病毒VP2和NS1蛋白的抗原性预测

旨在预测和分析貉源阿留申病毒（RFAV） VP2和NS1蛋白的抗原表位特征，筛选阿留申病毒属较保守的B、T细胞抗原表位。本研究对RFAV的近全长基因组进行克隆及测序，对其VP2和NS1基因编码蛋白的理化性质、二级结构、翻译后修饰位点和抗原表位进行预测，并将预测的修饰位点、抗原表位与其他阿留申病毒种的序列进行比较分析，筛选相对保守的修饰位点和抗原表位。结果显示，获得的RFAV基因组长4 327 bp，编码VP2蛋白的636个氨基酸，编码NS1蛋白的641个氨基酸。VP2和NS1蛋白均为亲水性蛋白，二级结构以无规则卷曲为主。在阿留申病毒属内，VP2蛋白有3个保守的B细胞抗原表位，3个保守的T细胞表位，8个保守的翻译后修饰位点；NS1蛋白有1个保守的B细胞抗原表位，2个保守的T细胞抗原表位和7个保守的翻译后修饰位点。本研究成功克隆了RFAV近全长基因组序列，全面对RFAV的VP2、NS1蛋白抗原表位、翻译后修饰位点进行预测，并分析其在阿留申病毒属内的保守和变异特征，为阿留申病毒免疫研究提供参考。     

猪圆环病毒2型Cap蛋白特异性抗原表位重组腺病毒的构建及鉴定

猪圆环病毒2型PCV2ORF2基因表达的Cap蛋白含有病毒的主要抗原表位,是PCV2基因工程苗研究的主要候选蛋白。根据GenBank公布的PCV2基因序列设计1对PCR引物,从感染有PCV2的PK-15细胞中扩增出包含2个特异性表位的Cap蛋白基因片段。把Cap蛋白基因目的基因克隆入腺病毒5型穿梭质粒中,构成重组穿梭质...     

猪瘟病毒多表位基因的表达及其免疫原性分析

体外表达猪瘟病毒(CFSV)T、B细胞表位,并对表达产物的免疫原性进行分析.人工合成CFSV的多个T、B细胞表位及表位之间的连接linker基因,并将该基因插入pGEX-6P-1表达载体,经酶切和测序鉴定获得重组阳性克隆,成功构建了CFSV复合多表位抗原基因的原核表达质粒pGEX-BT500,转化E.coli BL21,IPTG诱导表达,纯化表达产物并免疫兔.结果:通过IPTG诱导目的基因可高效表达,SDS-PAGE结果表明,以终浓度为0.9 mmol· L-1的IPTG进行诱导,7h后表达量最高,产物分泌表达,相对分子质量约43 ku,表达产量约占菌体总蛋白的30％.Western blotting检测表明,表达的融合蛋白能与猪瘟阳性血清发生特异性反应;兔攻毒试验表明所免疫表达产物可保护(根据发热反应评价)兔.结果表明表达获得的产物具有良好的反应原性,这为应用该融合蛋白制备CSFV免疫血清学诊断试剂和多表位疫苗研究奠定了基础.     

口蹄疫新型疫苗研究进展

口蹄疫是由口蹄疫病毒感染引起的偶蹄动物共患的急性、热性、接触性传染病,接种疫苗是特异性预防口蹄疫的有效手段,口蹄疫疫苗主要有弱毒疫苗、灭活疫苗及新型疫苗。自20世纪80年代开始,基因工程亚单位疫苗、合成肽疫苗、病毒活载体疫苗、基因缺失疫苗、重组表位疫苗、核酸疫苗等新型疫苗研究日趋活跃,现对各类型疫苗的研究进展作一综述。     

Antigenic relationships of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype Asia-1 isolates demonstrated by monoclonal antibodies.

A panel (26) of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) was elicited against three distinct isolates of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotype Asia-1. Each MAb was characterized according to the location of its epitope: Class I, restricted to the intact virion (140S); Class II, restricted to 140S and the virion protein subunit (12Sps); Class III, available on 140S, 12Sps and virus protein 1; Class IV, restricted to 12Sps. In addition, the MAbs were further categorized by isotype, neutralization of viral infectivity, capacity to bind in radioimmunoassay and precipitation in the Ouchterlony reaction. Neutralization of FMDV infectivity by a MAb of the IgA isotype is reported for the first time. A minimum of seven distinct neutralization epitopes were described on FMDV Asia-1. Some of the neutralizing MAbs bound FMDVs in addition to those that they neutralized. The MAbs defined epitopes common to FMDV serotypes Asia-1, A, O1 and C but neutralizing capacity was restricted to serotype Asia-1. Class IV MAbs defined epitopes highly conserved throughout the FMDV serotypes. Identification of FMDV neutralization epitopes makes possible the direct selection of optimal FMDV strains for vaccine fabrication. In addition, these data are crucial to the design of future synthetic vaccines.     

Evaluation of a monoclonal antibody-based approach for the selection of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccine strains

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus exists as seven serotypes within which are numerous variants necessitating careful selection of vaccine strains. Currently, a serological assay system based on the use of polyclonal vaccine antisera is widely used for this selection. However, inherent variability in the matching antisera used makes the tests poorly reproducible and difficult to interpret. In this study, we have explored the possibility of replacing or supplementing the polyclonal antibody (PAb)-based method with one based on use of monoclonal antibodies (MAb). Panels of MAbs raised against two serotype O vaccine strains were examined for reactivity with 22 field viruses, isolated over a 10-year period between 1991 and 2001. Antigenic site 2 was found to comprise more than one epitope. The sequence variation in capsid protein VP2 harbouring antigenic site 2 was analysed and the amino acid residues at positions 79 and 134 appeared to greatly influence the binding of site 2 MAbs. Prediction of antigenic match based on MAb reactivity did not correlate closely with the results of a PAb-based "gold-standard" method and it was concluded that a wider panel of MAbs are needed that recognise all protective epitopes present on the surface of FMD virus together with a better understanding of those epitopes which are important in conferring protection.     

A novel M2e-multiple antigenic peptide providing heterologous protection in mice

Swine influenza viruses (SwIVs) cause considerable morbidity and mortality in domestic pigs, resulting in a significant economic burden. Moreover, pigs have been considered to be a possible mixing vessel in which novel strains loom. Here, we developed and evaluated a novel M2e-multiple antigenic peptide (M2e-MAP) as a supplemental antigen for inactivated H3N2 vaccine to provide cross-protection against two main subtypes of SwIVs, H1N1 and H3N2. The novel tetra-branched MAP was constructed by fusing four copies of M2e to one copy of foreign T helper cell epitopes. A high-yield reassortant H3N2 virus was generated by plasmid based reverse genetics. The efficacy of the novel H3N2 inactivated vaccines with or without M2e-MAP supplementation was evaluated in a mouse model. M2e-MAP conjugated vaccine induced strong antibody responses in mice. Complete protection against the heterologous swine H1N1 virus was observed in mice vaccinated with M2e-MAP combined vaccine. Moreover, this novel peptide confers protection against lethal challenge of A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (H1N1). Taken together, our results suggest the combined immunization of reassortant inactivated H3N2 vaccine and the novel M2e-MAP provided cross-protection against swine and human viruses and may serve as a promising approach for influenza vaccine development.     

斯氏副柔线虫GP基因的克隆、抗原表位预测及生物信息学分析

试验旨在克隆斯氏副柔线虫糖蛋白（glycoprotein，GP）抗原基因，并对其进行生物信息学分析。提取斯氏副柔线虫组织RNA，反转录合成cDNA，设计特异性引物以扩增GP基因CDS区，同时将其插入到克隆载体pMD19-T后测序，并对该基因编码蛋白的抗原表位、理化性质、信号肽、跨膜结构域等进行生物信息学预测。结果表明，GP基因开放阅读框（ORF）全长1 149 bp，编码382个氨基酸，其分子式为C₁₇₆₀H₂₈₇₈N₄₅₈O₅₉₀S₁₇₆₀，理论分子质量约为40.15 ku，等电点为4.37，无信号肽，总平均亲水性为0.032，不稳定系数为42.43，是疏水、不稳定蛋白；其磷酸化位点分布位于丝氨酸（Ser）、苏氨酸（Thr）和酪氨酸（Tyr）残基上；二级结构分析显示，斯氏副柔线虫GP蛋白以α-螺旋和无规则卷曲为主，与三级结构预测结果一致；抗原表位预测表明，GP蛋白可能有6个B细胞抗原表位和8个T细胞抗原表位，有望用作免疫诊断抗原和疫苗候选抗原。本研究成功克隆了斯氏副柔线虫GP基因，同时进行了系统的生物信息学分析和抗原表位预测，为斯氏副柔线虫病iELISA诊断方法的建立和DNA疫苗的研究提供理论依据。