华东某省部分禽场重金属污染检测与分析

对华东某省部分家禽养殖场的水体、饲料及其粪便重金属含量进行了调查。共采集包括水样、饲料及粪样在内的49份样品,其中水样16份,饲料样24份,粪样9份。样品经微波消解处理,用原子吸收法测定了铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)、铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、铬(Cr)含量,用电感耦合等离子质谱法测定砷(As)、汞(Hg)含量。结果表明:水样中各元素含量均符合地表水环境质量标准中三类水质要求;部分饲料样品中铬和砷含量超过饲料卫生标准要求,超标率分别为33.3%和8.3%,其中铬元素最高含量达622.5mg/kg,砷元素含量最高为5.8mg/kg;粪样中除铜元素超标外,其余元素均在标准范围内。研究提示少数家禽养殖场存在一定的重金属污染,应加强对其饲料中铜、砷、铬的含量控制。     

猪场饲料与粪便中铜和锌含量的抽样分析

从规模猪场采集配合饲料和相应猪粪样品154份,其中饲料样品和猪粪样品各77份,采用原子吸收光谱法测定其中的铜和锌含量。结果表明:乳仔猪饲料中铜和锌含量最高,分别为175.41和2 204.83 mg/kg,对应的乳仔猪粪中铜和锌含量也最高,分别达到1 029.28和6 224.57 mg/kg;妊娠母猪和哺乳母猪阶段,饲料和粪中的铜和锌含量较低;育肥猪阶段,饲料和粪中铜和锌含量差异较大。总体上看,粪样中铜和锌含量显著高于饲料中的铜和锌含量,饲料和粪便中铜和锌的相关系数分别为0.87和0.89(P0.01)。建议饲料企业和养猪企业在配制饲料时,应参照猪饲养标准,尽量少加铜和锌制剂,或者使用有机微量元素代替无机微量元素。     

对市售猪饲料中铜、锌、铬含量的评测

铜、锌、铬是动物饲料中几种必需的微量元素，它们对于动物的生长、发育、繁殖有着不可替代的作用，如果饲料中这几种元素缺乏将会影响动物生产和经济效益。但如果饲料中的这几种元素的含量过多又会引起中毒，造成不良影响甚至严重后果。为了了解目前各饲料厂这几种元素的...     

5种牧草中铅、铬、锌、铜、铁、锰重金属污染的分析

 论文测定了陕西关中地区塿土紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa- Linn.）、白三叶(Trifolium repens- Linn.)、菊苣(Cichorium endivia- Linn.)、大麦(Hordeum vulgare Linn.)和无芒雀麦(Bromus inermis-Leyss.)地上部与根部铅、铬、锌、铜、铁、锰5种重金属元素的含量,评价了参试牧草对各种重金属的转运能力和饲草的安全性。结果表明：（1）5种牧草根部对所测六种重金属元素的吸收转运能力不同,对铅、铁、锰、锌、铜、铬的吸收能力有禾本科强于豆科的趋势;（2）白三叶对于铁,铜和菊苣对于猛、锌、铜的转运系数大于1,分别为1.70、2.55、1.57,属富积型植物;（3）菊苣的铅含量与种牧草的铬含量均已超过饲料标准;菊苣和大麦作为人类的蔬菜和粮食均已超过相应标准,但作为饲料基本接近相应标准。     

山东省奶牛饲料原料铜、铁、锌营养检测及日粮盈缺分析

研究根据山东省奶牛常用17种饲料,按照地理方位、地形与当地土壤特点相结合的方法,将山东省划分为4个区,并对奶牛常用饲料就地取材,对玉米、麸皮、玉米秸等6种饲料进行分别取样,每个地区取5个试样;其余11种饲料各取一样作为代表。用以对山东省奶牛常用饲料的铜、铁、锌等营养状况进行分析,结果显示:同一原料中铁、铜、锌3种元素含量在不同地区间差异较大;玉米、青贮玉米秸中铜、锌含量高于国标值,麸皮花生秧中铜、锌含量低于国标值,地瓜秧中铜含量低于国标值,锌含量高于国标值,饲料中铁的含量普遍高于国标值。与NRC(1988)比较,奶牛常用的8种日粮,锌平均缺少42.70%,而铁的水平达到是NRC(1988)推荐量的419.96%;花生秧+精料型日粮的铜可以超过推荐量的6.7%,小麦秸+精料型、青贮玉米秸+精料型、地瓜秧+精料型、小麦秸+地瓜秧+精料型、青贮玉米秸+地瓜秧+精料型、小麦秸+花生秧+精料型、青贮玉米秸+花生秧+精料型7种日粮类型的铜比推荐量平均低11.11%。因此,在目前奶牛的饲养过程中,日粮中普遍缺铜和锌,需要在日粮配方中添加铜制剂和锌制剂予以补充,以提高奶牛的生产性能。     

鲁西南地区奶牛饲料中铜铁锌营养状况分析

本研究在对鲁西南地区奶牛饲料资源调查的基础上,对17种饲料原料中的铜、锌、铁含量进行了比较分析,结果表明：同一常用原料中铜、锌、铁3种元素含量与中国饲料营养成分及营养价值表差异较大,青贮玉米秸中铜、锌、铁含量均高于国标值;麸皮、花生秧中铜、锌含量低于国标值;地瓜秧中铜含量低于国标值、锌含量高于国标值;所有饲料中铁含量普遍高于国标值。通过对8种奶牛常用日粮中铜、锌、铁盈缺情况分析,与NRC(1988)推荐量比较,结果表明:铜平均缺少16.40％,锌平均缺少39.0％,而铁水平是推荐量的479.8％;因此,在目前奶牛的饲养过程中,日粮中普遍缺铜和锌,需要在日粮配方中添加铜制剂和锌制剂予以补充,以提高奶牛的生产性能。     

不同地区玉米及其副产品中微量元素含量分析

本文分别对不同地区玉米及其副产品中铜、铁、锰、锌含量进行分析,探索并讨论其含量对配合饲料微量元素总量的影响。本研究收集了来自不同地区的玉米55份、玉米DDGS44份、玉米胚芽粕46份和玉米蛋白粉38份,共计183份样品。结果表明,玉米及其3种副产品中铜、铁、锰、锌4种微量元素的平均含量分别为4.6、172.7、12.5、31.2mg/kg。不同副产品间铜、铁、锰、锌含量差异较大,变异系数分别为66.4%、82.1%、92.7%、66.8%。不同地区玉米及其副产品中微量元素铜、铁、锰、锌含量参差不齐。本研究结果对饲料营养配方的优化起到重要参考作用,对环境保护和饲料安全生产起到推动作用,为合理使用微量元素添加剂产品提供数据支持。     

江西省规模化猪场中重金属含量及相关性研究

对江西省20个县(区)规模化猪场的饲料、饮水、猪粪和猪尿进行随机抽样,共采集样品440份,用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)分别检测铜、锌、铁、锰、铅和镉的含量,并进行相关性分析。结果:(1)饲料中铜、锌、铁和锰的平均含量分别为71.00、146.88、273.95和91.15 mg/kg,猪饮水的平均含量分别为24.15、169.12、177.46和78.58μg/L;饲料中铅和镉的含量平均为3.29和0.06 mg/kg,饮水中铅和镉的含量平均为0.45和0.1μg/L,饲料中铜和锌存在较大的超标风险。(2)不同猪场粪便和尿液中的重金属含量波动范围很大,粪便中铜、锌、铁和锰的平均含量分别为687.04、1 315.26、2 450.37和720.96 mg/kg,尿液中平均含量分别为0.44、1.43、1.58和0.58 mg/L,粪便中的铜和锌含量超标严重,镉的超标率为1.22%,铅未超标。(3)饲料中的铜、锌、铁与猪粪中的存在极显著性相关(P0.01),饮水中的铅会极显著的影响尿中的铜、锌、铁、锰和铅的含量,猪粪中的锌和铁、锰、铬存在极显著性相关(P0.01),尿液中的各元素之间存在极显著性相关(P0.01),说明猪粪和尿液中的重金属主要来源于饲料和饮水,粪污中各元素之间存在相互促进作用。     

山东省奶牛常用饲料铜、锌、铁含量调查

对山东省常用奶牛饲料进行取样调查，采用原子吸收分光光度法测定其中的铜、锌、铁含量。试验结果表明：（1）不同地区同种饲料问铜、锌、铁的含量存在不同程度的差异，与国标也有一定差异；（2）分析当前山东省生产中奶牛常用的日粮模型中铜、铁、锌含量可知，铜和锌均表现出匮乏状态，但铁是否缺乏有待进一步验证；（3）须结合当地饲料中铜、锌、铁实际含量制定当地奶牛饲料配方。     

猪复合预混合饲料中铜、锌含量及合规性分析

研究旨在分析猪复合预混合饲料中铜、锌微量元素含量的合规性。通过对2018—2021年在广西地区采集的1322批次猪复合预混合饲料,采用GB/T13885—2017《饲料中钙、铜、铁、镁、锰、钾、钠和锌含量的测定原子吸收光谱法》对饲料中的铜、锌元素的含量进行测定。结果表明,部分样品中铜、锌元素含量超出农业部公告第2625号《饲料添加剂安全使用规范》中的最高限量值。猪复合预混合饲料中铜、锌元素含量超过农业部公告第2625号中的最高限量的情况应高度重视。     

产奶量对热应激和非热应激期奶牛体内微量元素影响的研究

研究产奶量对热应激和非热应激期间奶牛血液、乳、和毛中微量元素的影响。结果表明,①测到全血中7种微量元素中,在非热应激期间,产奶量为10~20 kg时,奶牛血液中Zn、Mn的含量明显增加(P<0.05),Fe的含量减少,差异显著(P<0.05)。热应激期间,Fe、Cu的含量随产奶量增加逐渐减少,Zn含量增加,其它元素的含量无规律性变化。在热应激期,随奶牛的产奶量的增加,排泄到乳中的Zn也明显增加。非热应激反应的牛,随着产奶量的增加,而排泄到乳中的Cr明显增加(P<0.05),而热应激反应牛,Cr含量有明显下降的趋势(P<0.05),高产奶牛的乳中Se含量明显高于低产牛的(P<0.05),在产奶量为5-10 kg时排泄到乳中Mn的含量比其它产奶阶段有明显增加(P<0.05)。在非应激期,不同的产奶量对毛中Fe、Cr、Se有明显的影响(P<0.05)。对毛中的Zn、Co、Cu、Mn无明显影响。在热应激期,不同的产奶量对毛中Fe、Se、Co分布影响极明显(P<0.01)。     

Partitioning of nutrient and trace elements in feed between body retention,faeces and urine by growing dairy-breed steers

The partitioning of nutrients and trace elements from feeds, drinking water and mineral supplements on growth, faeces and urine of growing cattle was studied with eight steers in a balanced Latin square design with two replicates, each comprising four treatments (diet compositions), four periods and four animals. The treatments were four rations with a silage proportion of 15, 30, 60 and 100% of the dry matter. Records were taken of the individual intake of silage, concentrates, mineral supplements and water, and excretions by collecting all urine and faeces. All feeds, urine, faeces and water were analysed for their content of Al, Ca, Cd, Cl, Co, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, N, Na, Ni, P, S, Se, and Zn. Elements that were mainly excreted in faeces (Ca, Cd, Cu, Fe, P, and Zn) tended to have a constant uptake in amount. As there is a fairly good correlation between DM consumption and faeces production, it is possible to estimate the amount of these elements excreted at farm level by analysing a faeces sample. Elements that are excreted in significant amounts in both faeces and urine (Cl, K, Mg, Mo, N, Na, S, and Se) tended to have a constant uptake over treatments as a fraction of the feed content. It is more difficult to estimate the amounts of these elements at farm level because it is more difficult to predict urine production than faeces production.     

陕西省3种北极狐饲料中矿物质元素的含量分析

随机抽取陕西境内 3家养狐场哺乳期北极狐饲料 ,对其中的Ca、P、K、Mg、Fe、Cu、Zn、Mn、Co、Se 1 0种矿物质元素的含量进行了检测。结果表明 ,在 3种饲料样品中Ca、Mg、Mn、Co、Se的含量都明显偏高 ,Cu、Zn基本符合要求。另外 ,P在A样中含量较高 ,C样中基本符合要求 ,而B样中略低 ;但部分元素如Ca与P、Cu与Zn、Zn与Ca、P与Cu等之间的比例严重失调。     

空心莲子草对污泥重金属的响应与吸附效应

植物修复（Phytoremediation）是解决越来越突出的重金属污染问题的一种较好的方法,已成为生态学和环境学研究的重要课题,而植物对重金属的响应和吸附效应是该问题的科学基础。为此,本研究采用盆栽方法,设定污泥与沙壤土的不同体积配比（无污泥、5%污泥、10%污泥和20%污泥）作为生长基质,测定在含不同重金属的基质中生长不同时间（3-6月）的空心莲子草（Alternanthera philoxeroides）叶片的生理指标[叶绿素含量、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性、过氧化物酶（POD）活性]和在含重金属基质中生长6个月后的空心莲子草根、茎、叶中重金属元素（Cd、Cr、Mn、Ni、Pb、Cu、Zn）含量。结果表明,空心莲子草叶片中叶绿素含量总体上随生长基质中污泥体积比例升高而升高;空心莲子草叶片中SOD活性、POD活性总体随生长基质中污泥体积比例升高而升高,但在含重金属的生长基质中生长5个月后,叶绿素含量、SOD活性和POD活性均明显下降;在各处理下,空心莲子草对Mn、Ni、Cr、Pb、Cu和Zn的吸收主要分布在叶片,且空心莲子草的转运系数大于1。研究结果说明,空心莲子草对污泥重金属有较好的耐受性,且转运系数大于1。虽然该植物根、茎、叶的富集系数均小于1,不属于超富集植物,但在受重金属污染的土壤植物修复中仍有一定的参考作用。     

三七不同轮作年限土壤中几种重金属元素含量的探究

对种植三七后土壤中的几种重金属元素含量进行了检测,以了解三七不同轮作年限土壤中重金属元素的存在情况,从而为三七的再次种植提供参考依据。在三七产区选择一年生、三年生、五年生、七年生三七栽培土壤,采用火焰原子吸收法分别对其中的铜、锌、铅、铬、镍5种重金属元素进行检测分析。结果表明,土壤中的这几种重金属元素含量都符合国家土壤标准和三七GAP栽培标准,并且不同轮作年限土壤中的铜、锌、铅、铬、镍含量不呈现规律性变化。     

Toxic elements in the sex organs of the cow and their relationship to fertility

The content of heavy metals (Cd, Hg, Pb, Cr, Cu and Zn) has been determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry in parts of genital organs of cows with and without reproductive disorders, in blood, in placenta, in colostrum, and in the calf blood. The samples were collected in an industrially polluted area and in a relatively non-polluted area. It has been proven in the group of 99 cows that the biological quality of the oestrous cervical mucus is also influenced by toxic elements. The best conception rate after the artificial insemination (80.0%) has been found in cows with the cervical mucus without spermiotoxic properties. The genital organs of 49 cows culled because of reproductive disorders were examined. No significant differences in the content of heavy metals have been found in the separate parts of genital organs. There were also no differences between the cows with and without reproductive disorders. Toxic elements in blood have been found in cows after parturition and in newborn calves both in the polluted and the non-polluted areas. However, significant differences (p less than 0.01) were determined only in the content of Cd and Zn. The average content of all determined toxic elements in the samples of placenta in pluriparous and primiparous cows from the polluted and non-polluted areas was approximately at the same level. The content of Zn was 4.3 times higher than the hygienic standard in the colostrum of cows from the polluted area. The content of Zn exceeded the hygienic standard also in the non-polluted area, and the content of Cd and Hg was close to the hygienic standard there.     

甘肃陇东地区紫花苜蓿草地土-草矿质养分含量及其相关性

为明确甘肃陇东地区苜蓿草地土壤矿质养分亏缺及牧草养分水平,对环县、合水、庄浪、泾川的苜蓿和土壤的N、P、K、Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn含量及其相关性进行研究。结果表明:试验区土壤N含量略高于我国平均水平、P含量低于我国平均水平,K素略低于我国平均水平;土壤矿质元素含量为有效Mn极富、有效Zn中等、有效Fe、Cu缺乏。苜蓿中N含量适中,P、Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn含量较低,K素含量高;苜蓿对K素需求量高于所测其他矿质养分;苜蓿微量元含量由高到低为FeMnZnCu,且苜蓿对Fe的需求高于Mn,Zn和Cu。土壤与苜蓿的全P含量极显著相关(r=-0.738,P0.01),全N含量显著相关(r=-0.522,P0.05),有效Fe含量显著相关(r=0.61,P0.05),有效Zn含量呈高度相关(r=0.742,P0.05);土壤与苜蓿全K、有效Cu、有效Mn含量未呈现出显著关系。     

Chemical contamination of the cervical mucus in cows in relation to pregnancy and age factors]

Applying the method of absorption atom spectrometry (AAS), the contamination of cervical mucus by chemical elements (Cd, Pb, Hg, Cr, Cu, Zn) was demonstrated in the oestrus period of cows in different ecological agricultural regions of the North Moravian region. The results of observation revealed only a statistically significant difference (P less than 0.05) in Cd contents in the test groups; test group mean = 0.015 micrograms.g-1 Cd, control group mean = 0.006 micrograms.g-1. Cr findings in cervical mucus are of priority importance, the same applies to Cu findings. Zinc was found to be an element influencing negatively the conception of cows. The Zn values in cervical mucus of nonpregnant cows were demonstrated to be significantly higher (P less than 0.01) (conception--group = 0.841 micrograms.g-1, conception + group = 0.219 micrograms.g-1 Zn. So called sum of chemical elements: Cd + Pb + Hg + Cr + Cu + Zn was proposed and evaluated as a picture of the total contamination of cervical mucus. This characteristic was also influenced by the Zn findings in the group of pregnant and nonpregnant cows. Zn: Cd antagonism in cervical secretions of barren and pregnant cows was statistically highly significant (P less than 0.01). Chemical elements in cervical mucus were determined for the first time in a digested sample of cervical secretion. The correlation coefficients used for the cows (n = 99) from a contaminated region showed that the content of chemical elements in cervical secretion was not influenced by the age of cows. The content of chemical elements in cervical secretion was not increasing with the age.     

氮素运筹对皖草2号和墨西哥玉米吸收Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn的影响

为明确氮素运筹对皖草2号和墨西哥玉米吸收矿质元素的影响,本研究分析了两者茎、叶及整株的Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn元素含量、累积量以及产量的变化情况。结果表明,皖草2号和墨西哥玉米植株中,Fe的含量最高,且叶片中的Fe含量明显高于茎;皖草2号的Mn、Cu、Zn含量高于或显著高于墨西哥玉米,但Fe含量显著低于墨西哥玉米。不同氮素运筹比较,一次性施肥处理中,2种牧草均以300 kg/hm²(N1)处理的Fe含量最高;而分次施肥处理中,Fe含量有随施氮量的增加而增加的趋势;皖草2号的Mn含量以N1处理最高,Cu、Zn含量以低施氮量处理较高;而墨西哥玉米的Mn含量随施氮量的增加而增加,Cu、Zn含量均以底肥一次性施入的含量较高。N1处理的Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn累积量和产量最高,且墨西哥玉米的累积量和产量显著高于皖草2号。不同器官中4种元素的累积量和产量不同,皖草2号叶片中Fe的累积量和产量高于茎,而Mn、Cu、Zn的累积量和产量低于茎;墨西哥玉米叶片中Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn的累积量和产量均显著高于茎。刈割次数对2种牧草吸收4种元素的影响也不同,皖草2号的 Fe、Mn、Zn含量以头茬草最高,而Cu 含量以第3次刈割草的含量最高;墨西哥玉米则以头茬草的Mn、Cu含量和第3次刈割草的Zn含量最高。2种牧草再生草中4种元素的累积速率表现为Fe＞Mn＞Zn＞Cu,且均呈逐渐下降的趋势,墨西哥玉米的降低幅度大于皖草2号。综合分析认为,生产上选择皖草2号牧草类型,采取一次性施入氮肥300 kg/hm²的管理措施,可以获得矿质营养较高的优质牧草,且要重视头茬草的产量。     

The role of metallothionein and zinc in hepatic copper accumulation in cattle

The role of metallothionein (MT) and zinc (Zn) in hepatic copper (Cu) accumulation in calves from a region in North-West Spain has been investigated. In this region there is intensive pig farming, and animals with liver Cu concentrations above normal are not uncommon. Concentrations of hepatic MT were not related to Cu accumulation but were strongly dependent on the Zn status of the animal. When analysing the metal content bound to MT it was observed that Cu-MT values, in the same way as Zn-MT, were directly correlated with MT concentrations in the liver, indicating that although Cu is a poor inducer of MT synthesis, it can compete with Zn for MT binding sites. The ability of Cu to displace Zn from MT is highly dependent on the Cu:Zn ratio in the cell, Cu being the main metal in MT at the higher levels of Cu exposure in Galician cattle. In spite of this, the percentage of the total hepatic Cu bound to MT is very low in these animals, indicating that cattle have a very limited capacity to accumulate Cu-MT in the liver, and may therefore have a greater susceptibility to Cu toxicosis.