甲砜霉素对鸡巴氏杆菌病的预防性治疗及毒性试验报告

甲砜霉素为广谱性抗生素，对鸡巴氏杆菌病的预防性治疗效果试验，证实按每千克体重２０ｍｇ，拌料喂服，保护率可达１００％，按每千克体重２０００ｍｇ给药，未见中毒表现。     

复方甲砜霉素注射液对人工感染鸡巴氏杆菌病的临床疗效试验

用复方甲砜霉素注射液以高(0．8ml／kg．b．w)、中(0．4ml／kg.b．w)、低(0．2ml／kg.b．w)三个剂量对人工感染鸡巴氏杆菌病的鸡群肌内注射治疗，同时设立甲砜霉素对照组。试验结果表明：用药2d后，复方甲砜霉素注射液高、中剂量组的有效率分别为93．3％、93．3％，效果优于对照药物甲砜霉素(70．0％)，     

氟甲砜霉素与氯霉素抗菌作用比较

采用试管2倍稀释法,测定了氟甲砜霉素和氯霉素对鸡白痢沙门氏菌、禽巴氏杆菌、猪链球菌、禽大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、鸭疫李氏杆菌等6种畜禽常见病原菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)。结果表明,氟甲砜霉素对受试菌的抗菌作用与氯霉素基本一致。     

甲砜霉素散对鸡巴氏杆菌病治疗及毒性试验

甲砜霉素散对鸡巴氏杆菌病治疗及毒性试验徐仲钧，余旭平（浙江农业大学动物科学学院杭州，３１００２９）受浙江安吉兽药厂委托，对该厂生产的甲砜霉素（５％ＴＡＰ）散对鸡巴氏杆菌病的治疗效果，并与氯霉素（ＣＡＰ）进行对比，我们采用人工感染的鸡巴杆菌病用不同剂量...     

氟甲砜霉素对鸭大肠杆菌病的药效研究

为了探讨氟甲砜霉素对鸭大肠杆菌病的疗效进行了本研究。用试管2倍稀释法测定氟甲砜霉素及对照药氯霉素对大肠杆菌的最小抑菌浓度，然后用氟甲砜霉素，氯霉素进行混饲给药5d的疗效试验，试验结果表明，氟甲砜霉素，氯霉素对大肠杆菌O78株的最小抑菌浓度分别为6mg/L,8mg/L,100,200,400mg/kg氟甲砜霉素混饲给药对鸭大肠杆菌病的有效率分别为30．3％，93．9％，100％,400mg/kg氯霉素的有效率为93．9％，试验各组之间鸭的增重差异不显著。     

复方甲砜霉素注射液对人工感染鸡巴氏杆菌病的临床疗效试验

用复方甲砜霉素注射液以高(0.8ml/kg.b.W)、中(0.4ml/kg.b.w)、低(0.2ml/kg.b.w)三个剂量对人工感染鸡巴氏杆菌病的鸡群肌内注射治疗,同时设立甲砜霉素对照组。试验结果表明:用药2d后,复方甲砜霉素注射液高、中剂量组的有效率分别为93.3%、93.3%,效果优于对照药物甲砜霉素(70.0%)。     

氟甲砜霉素(florfenicol)对禽败血支原体病的药效学

以试管两倍稀释法测得体外氟甲砜霉素 (florfenicol)及对照药物恩诺沙星对禽败血支原体 (MG)的最小抑菌质量浓度分别为 1.2 5、0 .0 195 mg/ L。体内药效试验表明 ,氟甲砜霉素以 30 0、40 0、5 0 0 mg/ kg饲料混饲给药 ,连用 5 d,对实验性感染 MG的鸡具有显著的保护作用 ,与感染对照组的死亡率 (2 5 %)差异显著 (P<0 .0 1)。氟甲砜霉素及对照药物的增重效果显著高于感染对照组 (P<0 .0 1) ,中、高剂量组还能显著减少气囊损伤率 (P<0 .0 1) ,但氟甲砜霉素各用药组都不能减少抗体反应的阳性率。     

三种恩诺沙星盐对人工诱发鸡巴氏杆菌病的疗效比较

采用试管肉汤两倍稀释法,测得乳酸恩诺沙星、盐酸恩诺沙星及恩诺沙星钾对鸡多杀性巴氏杆菌的最小抑菌浓度均为０．０５ｍｇ／Ｌ。按５ｍｇ／ｋｇ恩诺沙星的剂量,分别给人工诱发巴氏杆菌病鸡内服乳酸恩诺沙星、盐酸恩诺沙星及肌注乳酸恩诺沙星、恩诺沙星钾,每１２ｈ给药１次,连续３ｄ。这些药物对鸡巴氏杆菌病的治愈率分别为１００％、９６．７％、１００％,而感染对照鸡的死亡率为１００％。结果表明,上述三种恩诺沙星盐对鸡巴     

羊奶粉中氯霉素类药物残留液相色谱-串联质谱法的研究

[目的]研究羊奶粉中氯霉素、甲砜霉素、氟甲砜霉素残留的液相色谱-串联质谱测定方法。[方法]样品经乙腈提取,固相萃取柱净化,以甲醇水作为流动相,采用多反应监测负离子模式进行定性及内标法定量分析。[结果]氯霉素、甲砜霉素、氟甲砜霉素的相关系数均大于0.999,氯霉素检出限为0.1μg/kg,甲砜霉素和氟甲砜霉素检出限为0.2μg/kg;氯霉素加标回收率为100.9%～116.2%,甲砜霉素加标回收率为88.4%～99.6%,氟甲砜霉素加标回收率为89.6%～103.2%。[结论]该方法灵敏度高、准确性好,适于测定羊奶粉中氯霉素、甲砜霉素,氟甲砜霉素的残留量。     

甲砜霉素在感染多杀性巴氏杆菌鸡体内的药物动力学

30只健康杂交肉鸡随机分成3组,每组10只,雌雄各半,分别进行健康鸡静脉注射、健康和巴氏杆菌感染鸡口服给药的药动学研究。静注和口服的给药剂量按体质量分别为15mg/kg和30mg/kg。以反相HPLC测定血浆中甲砜霉素的质量浓度,药物浓度-时间数据用3P97药动学程序软件处理。健康鸡单剂量静注给药后,血药浓度-时间数据符合无吸收二室开放模型,其主要动力学参数分别为:V(c)为(0.58±0.09)L/kg,t1/2α(0.11±0.03)h,t1/2β(0.95±0.18)h,AUC为(11.99±0.90)mg/(L.h),CL(s)为(1.26±0.10)L/(kg.h)。健康鸡和巴氏杆菌感染鸡单剂量口服给药血药浓度-时间数据均符合一级吸收一室开放模型。健康鸡口服给药的主要动力学参数分别为:Lagtime(0.04±0.02)h,t1/2ka(0.16±0.08)h,t1/2ke(1.64±0.22)h,T(peak)(0.57±0.18)h,C(max)(6.34±0.56)mg/L,AUC为(19.02±1.48)mg/(L.h),F为79.32%。巴氏杆菌感染鸡口服给药的主要动力学参数分别为:Lagtime(0.07±0.02)h,t1/2ka(0.54±0.26)h,t1/2ke(1.74±0.27)h,T(peak)(1.31±0.39)h,C(max)(5.28±0.73)mg/L,AUC为(21.75±1.03)mg/(L.h),F90.70%。与健康鸡相比,甲砜霉素在感染鸡的t1/2(ka)、T(peak)和Lag-time显著延长(P0.05或P0.01),且比健康鸡具有更高的生物利用度。但甲砜霉素在巴氏杆菌感染鸡体内的消除速度未受影响。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein