蛋黄果SCoT-PCR反应体系的建立与优化

为建立和优化蛋黄果SCoT-PCR反应体系,本研究先以蛋黄果“仙桃1号”为试材,SCoT1为引物,采用L16(45)正交试验,对影响蛋黄果SCoT-PCR反应的DNA、Mg2+、dNTPs、引物以及Taq聚合酶等因素进行优化。正交试验结果表明,不同因素对蛋黄果SCoT-PCR反应体系的影响存在差异,但不显著,其中最大的影响因素是Taq 聚合酶的含量,其次是dNTPs、模板DNA、引物和Mg2+的浓度。最终确立20μL的蛋黄果SCoT-PCR最佳反应体为：模板DNA 80 ng,Mg2+浓度3 mmol·L-1,dNTPs 浓度0.25 mmol·L-1,引物浓度0.4 μmol·L-1,Taq聚合酶含量 2 U。选用3份地理位置相距较远的蛋黄果种质为模板,对优化的反应体系进行验证,结果表明,在该体系下,3份种质均能稳定扩增出清晰明亮、数目丰富且稳定性高的条带,说明优化的蛋黄果SCoT-PCR反应体系适用于蛋黄果SCoT分子标记。     

野火球RAPD反应体系优化研究初报

为建立一个稳定的野火球RAPD反应体系,对RAPD反应条件中模板DNA用量、Taq DNA聚合酶用量、随机引物浓度、Mg2 浓度和dNTP浓度等各项参数进行筛选比较,创建其最佳反应体系为;250μl反应体系中,模板DNA51ng,Taq DNA聚合酶0.5U.引物浓度0.32μmol/L,Mg2 浓度1.2mmol/L,dNTP浓度0.20mmol/L,10×PCR Buffer 1.0μl,ddH2O19μl.     

白羊草ISSR-PCR反应体系的建立与优化

采用正交试验与单因素、双因素设计结合的方法,对白羊草ISSR-PCR反应体系的Mg2+、dNTP、模板DNA、Taq DNA聚合酶及引物5种主要因素进行优化。确立了白羊草最佳反应体系及扩增程序:25μL体系中dNTP 0.2mmol/L、Taq酶1.0U、引物0.6μmol/L、Mg2+2.5mmol/L、DNA模板30ng、10×PCR Buffer 2.5μL;扩增程序:94℃预变性5min,94℃变性45s,50～60℃(退火温度随引物不同而定)退火60s,72℃延伸90s,共35个循环,72℃后延伸5min。     

利用正交设计优化羊食道口线虫SRAP-PCR反应体系

本研究利用正交设计L16(4)对羊食道口线虫SRAP-PCR反应体系的4因素:Taq酶、Mg2+、dNTPs、引物进行摸索。结果表明:各因素的不同水平对SRAP-PCR反应结果都有显著的影响,正交设计组合4中扩增的条带最清晰;羊食道口线虫SRAP-PCR最佳反应条件:最佳引物给合为Me1/Em7,最佳反应体系为25μL:2.5μL 10×PCR buffer、20 ng模板DNA、Mg2+(25 mmol/L)3μL、dNTPs(2.5 mmol/L/μL)3μL、引物(10 pmol/μL)4μL、rTaq DNA聚合酶(5U/μL)0.2μL、灭菌ddH20补足。本研究结果为进一步采用SRAP技术来研究食道口线虫遗传进化奠定了坚实基础。     

番石榴ISSR-PCR最适反应体系的建立与验证

为更好的将ISSR标记应用于番石榴种质研究,本研究以“维邦2号”番石榴DNA为筛选体系试验材料,采用单因子试验对ISSR反应中Mg2+浓度、dNTPs浓度、引物浓度、Taq酶浓度、DNA浓度进行了优化。实验结果表明,番石榴20µl最适反应体系为：2.0µl 10×Buffer,1.0mmol/L Mg2+,0.25mmol/L dNTPs,0.8mmol/L引物,0.2U Taq酶,10ng的DNA。利用该反应体系,选用引物UBC810对9份番石榴种质进行PCR反应,再选取“南宁本地番石榴实生2号”DNA作为模板对8条ISSR引物进行PCR反应,对所确立的扩增体系进行验证。结果显示扩增产物条带多态性丰富,且特异性强、重复性好,表明本研究所确定的反应体系适用于番石榴的ISSR分子标记。     

东方蜜蜂ISSR反应体系的建立及优化

以东方蜜蜂(Apis cerana)为材料,对影响ISSR-PCR扩增结果的因素如模版DNA、Mg2+、dNTPs、Taq DNA聚合酶、引物的浓度及退火温度进行了研究.确立了适合东方蜜蜂ISSR扩增的反应体系:25IX L反应体系中最适含量为:10×PCR buffer 2.5μL,2.5mmol/L MgCl2,0.2 mmol/L dNTPs,1UTaqDNA聚合酶,0.4 pmol/μL引物,20～40 ng模板DNA.PCR反应程序为:94℃预变性5 min,94℃变性1 min,52.3℃(引物UBC811优化后的退火温度,退火温度随引物不同而定)退火30 s,72℃延伸30 s,35个循环,72℃再延伸5 min,在4℃保存.优化体系的建立为进一步利用ISSR分子标记技术进行东方蜜蜂遗传多样性研究奠定了基础.     

本氏针茅ISSR-PCR反应体系的建立及引物筛选

以CTAB法提取的本氏针茅(Stipa bungeana Trin.)基因组DNA为模板,采用正交试验设计和单因素分析相结合的方法,对影响本氏针茅ISSR-PCR反应体系中的DNA、Taq酶、dNTPs、引物和Mg2+进行优化,旨在建立适合本氏针茅ISSR-PCR分析的最佳反应体系。结果表明,在20μL的反应体系中各组分的浓度分别为:DNA(20ng/μL)2.5μL、Taq DNA酶(5U/μL)0.1μL、dNTPs(2.5mmol/L)1.6μL、引物(10μmol/L)2.3μL、Mg2+(25mmol/L)1.4μL、10×Buffer 2.5μL、ddH2O 9.6μL。经过体系验证和引物筛选试验表明该体系适于本氏针茅遗传多样性分析,该体系的建立为本氏针茅种质资源遗传多样性研究提供了理论基础。     

正交设计优化假俭草SRAP-PCR反应体系及引物筛选

以假俭草叶片DNA为模板,采用正交试验设计,以Mg2 、dNTP、引物和Taq DNA聚合酶4种因素3个水平,对假俭草SRAP反应体系进行研究,并比较了不同浓度模板DNA对扩增效果的影响,建立了假俭草的SRAP最佳反应体系.结果表明,假俭草SRAP-PCR最佳反应体系为:2 μL 10譖CR buffer、60 ng模板DNA、Mg2 1.50 mmol/L、dNTP 260 μmol/L、引物0.25 μmol/L、Taq DNA聚合酶0.5 U,总体积为20 μL.各因素对扩增反应结果均有不同影响,其中以Mg2 浓度影响最大,Taq DNA聚合酶的影响最小.运用该体系对4份假俭草种源进行验证,证明该体系稳定可靠,并从45个SRAP引物组合中筛选出扩增条带清晰、多态性丰富的26个引物组合.这一体系的建立及多态性引物组合的筛选为今后利用SRAP标记技术进行假俭草分子遗传学研究提供了科学依据.     

正交设计优化崇明白山羊SSR-PCR反应体系

以崇明白山羊基因组DNA为模板,利用正交试验设计L16(45),对影响崇明白山羊SSR-PCR反应体系的5个因素(Taq酶、Mg2+、模板DNA、dNTP及引物的浓度)进行优化。结合单因素完全随机试验筛选各因素的最佳水平,针对MCB3224引物建立了崇明白山羊SSR-PCR的最佳反应体系。结果表明:在20μL的反应体系中,5个因素的最佳水平分别为Taq DNA聚合酶0.5 U、Mg2+2.5 mmol/L、模板DNA 30 ng、dNTP 0.20 mmol/L,引物0.8 mol/L;引物的最佳退火温度为57.3℃。利用16份崇明白山羊的DNA模板和2个微卫星引物验证此反应体系,聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳,结果显示该体系稳定可靠且普适性较好。     

狗牙根SRAP-PCR反应体系优化及引物筛选

利用正交设计,从Mg2 、dNTP、引物浓度和DNA聚合酶4种因素3个水平以及不同的模板DNA浓度来优化狗牙根SRAP-PCR反应体系,并对引物进行了全面筛选。狗牙根SRAP-PCR优化反应体系结果为:2μL 10×buffer4、0 ng模板DNA、Mg2 1.25 mmol/Ld、NTP 260μmol/L、引物0.2μmol/L、Taq DNA聚合酶1.0 U,总体积20μL。运用该结果从90对引物中共筛选出扩增条带清晰、多态性丰富的SRAP引物34对。优化体系的建立及其引物的筛选为今后利用SRAP标记技术进行狗牙根遗传分析、图谱构建、基因定位与种质资源鉴定奠定了技术基础。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein