苏南地区混栽果园桔小实蝇发生规律研究

本文研究了苏南地区混栽果园桔小实蝇发生规律以及不同寄主、不同土壤管理制度对桔小实蝇种群动态的影响。结果表明：苏南混栽园桔小实蝇发生高峰期在8月份初至10月份底,是防控的最佳时期;比较不同寄主对桔小实蝇种群动态的影响中发现,枣园小实蝇发生高峰期在8月份,石榴园和柑桔园小实蝇发生高峰在9月上旬至10月中旬;枇杷、柑桔混栽园桔小实蝇发生高峰在9月上旬至10月下旬;桃、梨、柑桔混栽园桔小实蝇发生高峰在10月上旬至10月下旬;枣、柑桔混栽园桔小实蝇种群校长呈双峰型,第一个高峰从8月上旬起到9月上旬止,第二个高峰集中在10月中旬;比较不同土壤管理制度对桔小实蝇种群动态的影响中发现,生草栽培柑桔园月诱虫总量显著高于清耕栽培柑桔园。     

柑桔小实蝇的发生及其防治研究

柑桔小实蝇是我区柑桔的主要害虫之一。 1989年华宁县牛山柑桔试验场 ,因柑桔小实蝇为害 ,柑桔损失高达 17ｔ,占总产量的 3%。据我场诱捕器观测结果 ,并进行了喷药防治和诱杀比较试验 ,明确了柑桔小实蝇的发生动态及有效的防治措施。1.1993～ 1996在我场桔园设置 7个诱捕器 (诱芯用 75%酒精∶90 %敌百虫∶性诱剂 =15∶1∶3制成 ) ,每隔 4天观察记载一次。结果表明 ,柑桔小实蝇在我区于 5月上、中旬开始发生 ,6月中旬出现高峰 ,延续到 12月上旬才进入低潮时期。2 .1993年在虫口密度出现高峰时 ,采用敌百虫10 0 0倍液加 3%的红糖防治 ,取得一…     

修文县猕猴桃园实蝇种类及种群发生动态

为摸清修文县猕猴桃园实蝇种类及种群发生动态,为实蝇的监测和防控提供科学指导。2016-2018年,在修文县主要猕猴桃园,采用Steiner诱捕器、 Mcphail诱捕器内添加实蝇诱剂、蛋白诱饵诱剂对实蝇种类和数量进行系统调查与监测,并对监测数据进行分析。研究结果表明,修文县猕猴桃园实蝇发生种类为桔小实蝇、南瓜实蝇、具条实蝇。桔小实蝇成虫种群发生数量从7月开始上升,高峰期集中在8月中旬至10月。南瓜实蝇成虫种群发生数量从8月下旬开始上升,高峰期集中在10月中旬至11月。具条实蝇成虫种群发生数量从7月中旬开始上升,高峰期集中在8月至11月上旬。桔小实蝇为修文县猕猴桃园实蝇优势种,南瓜实蝇、具条实蝇为常见种。目前危害猕猴桃果实的实蝇种类为桔小实蝇,其成虫种群发生高峰期集中在8月中旬至10月,在实际生产中,应密切关注其种群发生动态,并根据危害情况及时采取有效的防控措施。实蝇种群变动受寄主植物、气象因子等因素影响。     

赣南柑桔木虱发生动态与携带黄龙病菌变化研究

为掌握近年来赣南柑桔木虱发生动态及其携带黄龙病菌变化情况,2016-2020年,定点、定时监测了赣南10个县（区）20个正常管理果园的柑桔木虱成虫发生动态变化,并于2018年和2020年利用实时荧光定量PCR检测了赣南8个县（市）正常管理果园和失管果园柑桔木虱成虫带菌率变化。结果表明,赣南地区柑桔木虱成虫发生高峰集中在5月下旬-10月上旬,2016-2019年发生数量呈逐年下降趋势,但2020年发生量较前几年有所增加,平均虫量最高峰达93头/百梢;2020年正常管理果园和失管果园柑桔木虱带菌率均低于2018年,失管果园柑桔木虱带菌率明显高于正常管理果园;经相关回归分析,柑桔木虱带菌率与果园黄龙病发病率呈显著正相关性。     

赣南地区柑橘木虱田间发生规律研究

对赣南14个不同区域正常生产管理果园定园、定时调查,结果表明,果园柑橘木虱成虫、若虫、卵一年均有4个高峰期。成虫高峰期分别为5月下旬、7月中旬、8月上、中旬和10月上旬;若虫高峰期分别为7月中旬、8月、9月上旬和10月中旬;卵高峰期分别为5月下旬、7月中旬、8月上、中旬和10月上旬。果园成虫、若虫、卵发生消长规律基本相符,卵和若虫的消长动态紧随成虫消长动态。果园柑橘木虱发生与新梢抽发和防控措施关系密切,各虫态虫口发生量下半年明显重于上半年。     

桔潜(虫斧)的综合防治技术

桔潜又称潜叶甲,属鞘翅目,叶甲科。各柑桔产区均有发生,只为害柑桔类果树,以山地果园发生严重。我县柑桔园以前仅零星发生,为害轻,近年有逐年为害加重的趋势,成为桔园的主要害虫。据对我县10余个果园调查,春梢被害率达15%～20%,严重者达50%以上,造成叶片枯萎大量脱落,树势衰弱,落花落果严重,减产20%～30%,果实品质下降。1发生规律及生活习性桔潜一年发生1代。成虫在树干树皮裂缝、地衣、苔藓内及树干周围土里越冬,越冬成虫于3月中下旬开始活动,4月上旬开始产卵,4月中旬至5月下旬为幼虫为害期,4月中下旬幼虫盛发,5月上旬开始化蛹,5月中下旬羽…     

协同诱杀区诱蝇球捕获柑桔大实蝇的能力与适期

5月上旬至7月上旬,通过连续观测记载橘园及周边山林悬挂的诱蝇球捕获大实蝇成虫的数量,发现协同诱杀区诱蝇球捕获大实蝇成虫始盛期为6月上旬末,高峰期为6月中旬和下旬;协同诱杀区悬挂诱蝇球的适期应为6月初。     

三峡库区秭归县柑桔大实蝇成虫羽化、产卵、幼虫龄期观察

通过埋蛹覆网及驻点观察发现：柑桔大实蝇在三峡库区秭归县山地果园随着海拔高度的不同,其发生期存在显著差异。海拔越高,成虫羽化期,产卵期和幼虫为害期相应推迟。成虫羽化期在山地果园发生期差异大,产卵历期和幼虫为害期长。埋蛹观察蛹死亡率高。本研究可供山区果园柑桔大实蝇防控提供参考。     

南宁市火龙果产区橘小实蝇成虫消长规律研究

本研究旨在弄清南宁市火龙果产区橘小实蝇成虫田间消长规律,以期为橘小实蝇的预测预报和综合防控提供理论依据。采用甲基丁香酚(methyl eugenol)为诱芯的诱捕器和涂有甲基丁香酚的黄板,在南宁市良庆区那陈镇西宁村和南宁市邕宁区蒲庙振企农业科技有限公司两大火龙果基地设置了14个监测点,诱捕监测2018年～2019年的橘小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis成虫消长动态并根据当地气象资料分析气象因素与橘小实蝇成虫活动数量的关系。结果表明,橘小实蝇诱捕高峰期发生在7月下半月～9月下半月,12月下半月~次年3月下半月未捕获到成虫;气温是影响当地橘小实蝇活动的主要气象因子。     

6种药剂对柑橘大实蝇成虫防效研究

摘要：为巩固发展云阳优质柑桔支柱产业,探索诱杀柑桔大实蝇成虫的环保药剂,结果表明,参试的6种药剂防效均达80%以上,绿色防控药剂0.1%阿维菌素果瑞特果实蝇诱杀剂、0.1%阿维菌素糖酒醋液防效分别达98.7%、97.68%,优于敌百虫、乙基多杀菌素、毒死蜱和阿维菌素;食物诱杀药剂防治柑桔大实蝇成虫,应在果园监测到成虫开始取食或羽化出土始期给药,并持续于整个羽化、取食、产卵期,喷洒颗粒液体诱杀效果显著。     

桔小实蝇在柑桔园的防治指标

运用田间罩笼法在明确桔小实蝇释放量与柑桔损失率、释放量与诱捕量之间的关系基础上,推导出诱捕量与损失率之间的关系,并建立了桔小实蝇防治指标模型,以台州市温州蜜橘的最低售价及防治成本等参数得出桔小实蝇在柑桔园相对每棵柑桔的防治指标为2.2头。     

连云港地区蓝莓园果蝇的消长动态及田间药效试验

本研究调查了蓝莓园果蝇的发生动态,并选取6种药剂,采用常规喷雾法比较了不同药剂、不同稀释倍数的田间药效,结果表明：①蓝莓果蝇从5月至12月期间出现了5次明显的活动高峰,分别出现在6月下旬、8月上旬、9月下旬及11月上旬和中旬;②6种药剂的防治效果随稀释倍数增大而降低,随药后天数的增加而降低;6%乙基多杀菌素悬浮剂、2%甲维盐乳油、20%甲氰菊酯乳油对果蝇的防治效果好,在各供试浓度下药后15d,防治效果均在73.82%以上,具有良好的防治效果和持效性,5%印楝素乳油与0.5%苦参碱水剂在高浓度下对蓝莓果蝇具有一定的防治效果。     

The epidemiology of Parafilaria bovicola in the Transvaal Bushveld of South Africa

A total of 20 375 flies collected off cattle on 12 farms over 36 months were identified and examined for 3rd stage P. bovicola. The 3 vector species accounted for 64.1% of the flies collected and were the only fly species found to be infected. Musca lusoria was clearly the dominant vector fly, although large numbers of Musca sp. A appeared regularly between February and April each year. This phenomenon, coupled with high numbers of M. lusoria throughout most of the year, led to an increase in the numbers of vector flies from their lowest level in June to a peak in February-April. Of the 13 070 vector flies examined for 3rd stage larvae only 64 (0.52%) were positive; of these 41 were M. lusoria and 17 Musca sp. A. No positive male flies were found. Incubation of wild-caught flies for up to 13 days at 27 degrees C noticeably increased the larval recovery rate. Flies were found to be infected mainly from August-March. Infected M. lusoria were recorded from July-March and infected Musca sp. A from January-May. Only 6 infected M. xanthomelas were collected and this was during the period August-December, when most ovipositional blood spots occur on cattle. It is concluded that P. bovicola transmission in the Bushveld is not correlated with peak periods of bleeding but rather with high numbers of vector flies, the various species augmenting each other so that transmission may take place almost throughout the year.     

果蝇活动的规律及其影响因素研究

通过研究不同天气条件、不同时段果蝇的活动规律,为果蝇成虫诱杀技术的研发与应用提供理论依据。以果蝇为研究对象,设置不同处理,在现场研究果蝇在晴天、阴天、雨天及一天内不同时段的活动规律。在供试的6种成熟水果中,香蕉、蓝莓对果蝇的引诱效果显著高于其他4种水果(P＜0.01),绿如蓝牌果蝇引诱剂的引诱效果显著高于香蕉(P＜0.01)。在晴天,果蝇的活动更为频繁(P＜0.05),晴天诱捕到的雄果蝇数量明显高于阴天和雨天(P＜0.01)。诱捕到的果蝇种类主要是黑腹果蝇、斑翅果蝇、伊米果蝇、海德氏果蝇、筋果蝇等。一天内不同时间段果蝇的活动明显不同,8:00~10:00和16:00~18:00是其活动的两个高峰期。天气条件对果蝇活动有很大影响,一天内果蝇活动存在两个高峰期,分别是8:00~10:00和16:00~18:00,利用绿如蓝牌引诱剂可对果蝇成虫进行有效诱杀。     

A study of relative horn fly,Haematobia irritans (Diptera: Muscidae), abundance on Holstein steers and steers of two Holstein crosses

A study was performed to determine if the number of horn fly (Haematobia irritans) adults differ significantly on Holstein (black and white coat color), Holstein x Holstein Friesian (black and white coat color) and Holstein x Jersey (black coat color) steers, 10-12 months old at the onset of the study. All steers were run together on lucerne paddocks and the number of flies counted at 30-day intervals from September 2000 to August 2001. No significant differences (P > 0.05, test of Kruskal-Wallis) were found in fly numbers, even in the period April-May 2001 when the infestation reached its peak. We were unable to demonstrate that coat color influenced horn fly abundance in the present study. It appears that none of the biotypes evaluated had any advantage for natural control of H. irritans.     

Growth and Mortality in Sheep and Goats under High Tsetse Challenge in Kenya

Trypanosomosis is a major impediment to livestock production and economic development in those areas of Africa where it is endemic. Although small ruminants appear to perform better than cattle in various agro-ecological zones, the importance of trypanosomosis has not been extensively investigated in these livestock. This study was designed to investigate the prevalence of trypanosomosis in sheep and goats in an endemic area and to evaluate the performance of different breeds under high tsetse challenge and the potential role of chemoprophylaxis in the control of the disease. The results showed that tsetse flies feed readily on small ruminants, and that these animals are susceptible to trypanosomosis. The Small East African goats acquired fewer infections than the Black Head Persian and Dorper sheep used in the study. In both sheep and goats, chemoprophylaxis with isometamidium chloride (Samorin, Rhone Merieux, Annecy, France) was protective, resulting in fewer infections and higher body weight gain. Trypanosomosis caused anaemia in both sheep and goats, and animals whose PCV fell below 15% rarely recovered, even with trypanocidal drug treatment. The peak transmission period was between 1 and 3 months after the peak tsetse fly density, which raises the possibility of effective strategic prophylaxis.     

Occurrence of second and third instars of Gasterophilus intestinalis and Gasterophilus nasalis in stomachs of horses in Kentucky.

The occurrence of 2nd and 3rd instars of Gasterophilus intestinalis and Gasterophilus nasalis was determined in 476 horses during the 22-year period from 1951 to 1973. Overall, G intestinalis infected 98.7% of the horses and averaged 168/horse; whereas G nasalis infected 80.7% of the horses and averaged 52/horse. Aggregate average total numbers for G intestinalis ranged from a low of 50 in September to a high of 229 in March, and for G nasalis, from a low of 14 in September to a high of 82 in February. Horses were infected by 2nd or 3rd instars of both species on a year-round basis. Differentiation between the instars provided insight into the dynamics of the infections. For G intestinalis, the data indicated (1) 2nd instars from the previous year's generation of flies continue to arrive in the stomach until April; (2) arrival of the current year's crop of 2nd instars starts in July; and (3) 3rd instars from the previous year's generation of flies are not voided in appreciable numbers until August, when numbers of the current year's crop of 3rd instars appear in the stomach. For G nasalis, the data indicated (1) arrival in the stomach of the current year's generation of 2nd instars starts in July and terminates in January and (2) 3rd instars from the previous year's generation of flies are voided over a period beginning in March and extending into August, when the current year's crop of 3rd instars begin to appear. Acquisition of infections of horses with G intestinalis is nearly a year-round process, except for April, because of the persistence of viable larvae in eggs for a prolonged period after development and fly activity has ceased in the fall. In contrast, infection with G nasalis is interrupted between December and May, because eggs hatch naturally after a short period of development, and fly activity ceases in the fall.     

Simulium jenningsi Malloch (Diptera: Simuliidae): a vector of Onchocerca lienalis Stiles (Nematoda: Filarioidea) in New York

Biting flies were collected from the umbilical areas of Onchocerca lienalis-infected cattle in New York (state) from June through September of 1980. Of the 766 flies collected, 705 were Simulium jenningsi. Microfilariae were detected in the midguts of 37 (50%) of 73 females dissected immediately after the flies had fed. The mean number of larvae per positive fly (fly with microfilariae) was 15.2. Third-stage larvae were recovered from 25 (21.9%) of 114 S jenningsi dissected 8 to 13 days after they had fed on the infected cattle; the mean number of 3rd-stage larvae per positive fly was 3.5. Dissections of flies performed on days 1 through 7 after feeding yielded various numbers of 1st and 2nd-stage larvae from the thoracic muscles. Ovarian dissections performed on 304 S jenningsi attacking cattle indicated an overall parous rate of 58%. Naturally occurring infections with filarial larvae indistinguishable from O lienalis were found in 7.3% of the parous females. Three of these flies, or 1.7% of the parous collection, harbored 3rd-stage larvae. The onset of naturally occurring filarial infections in the population of S jenningsi coincided with a peak in the parous rate in late June. Thereafter, filarial infections were generally detected when the parous rate was above 50%.