‘鸭梨’、‘新高’果实发育过程中果肉及种子有机酸含量的变化

为了研究梨种子对果实生长发育的影响,采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)技术对‘鸭梨’和‘新高’果实发育过程中果肉和种子中的有机酸含量进行了分析。结果表明：两个品种果肉中主要的有机酸组分均为苹果酸和奎尼酸,发育初期‘鸭梨’与‘新高’果肉中各组分的比率相近,但果实成熟时‘新高’果肉中苹果酸的比率59.98%显著高于‘鸭梨’的37.51%;两个品种种子中的有机酸组分比率的动态变化相近,与果肉相反,主要表现在奎尼酸比率的增加和苹果酸比率的减少。两个品种果肉和种子中的总酸、草酸、奎尼酸,苹果酸,莽草酸,柠檬酸含量均随着果实的成熟呈下降趋势,‘鸭梨’果肉中的奎尼酸、莽草酸、柠檬酸含量高于‘新高’;‘新高’在果实成熟时种子中的总酸含量4.59mg/g显著低于‘鸭梨’13.00mg/g,‘鸭梨’成熟果实种子中的草酸、奎尼酸、莽草酸含量显著高于‘新高’;在果实发育初期,种子中的苹果酸含量极显著高于果肉,在果实成熟时则显著低于果肉。     

白柿果实发育及落果生理

白柿是近几年新引进的一种新兴热带和南亚热带果树。为给白柿花果管理和生长期调控等提供理论依据和实践指导,本文以主栽品种‘W4’白柿为材料,对其生长发育期间的落果规律和果实生长动态进行观测,并分析了落果与正常发育果实中碳素水平和内源激素的含量差异。结果表明：‘W4’白柿在广州地区种植表现出的开花期是在1月下旬至2月初,整个花期约为16天。果实生长发育过程中存在三次落果高峰分别在3月中旬、4月中旬及5~6月,果实的生长符合单S型生长曲线。在果实发育期间,发现正常果及脱落幼果的可溶性总糖含量都呈上升趋势,但正常果的可溶性总糖含量显著高于脱落幼果。同时正常果的赤霉素（GA3）和玉米素（tZ）高于脱落幼果,其脱落幼果中的抑制生长激素脱落酸（ABA）和1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸（ACC）显著高于正常果,正常果与脱落幼果的IAA含量在不同时期呈先下降再上升的趋势。在整个果实发育期间正常果的（ ABA+ACC)/(GA3+IAA+tZ)之值曲线变化平稳,而脱落果的（ABA+ACC）/ (GA3+IAA+tZ)之值曲线呈波动变化的趋势,但脱落果中（ ABA+ACC)/(GA3+IAA+tZ)之值显著高于正常果。     

内源激素变化及外源生长素对紫花苜蓿种子萌发过程的影响

为了探索紫花苜蓿萌发过程内源激素的变化趋势及生长素对其萌发的影响,本研究以‘新牧4号’紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa L.‘Xinmu No.4’）为试验材料,采用酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）测定未萌发种子（M1）、露白种子（M2）、肧根长度1.0~1.2 cm种子（M3）、苗期种子（M4）这四个萌发时期种子中内源激素的含量;并研究不同浓度IAA浸种处理对种子萌发及子叶中内源激素的影响。结果表明：种子萌发过程中,赤霉素含量逐渐增多,脱落酸含量逐渐减少,但在M4时期含量略有回升;生长素含量先减少随后逐渐增多。不同浓度IAA浸种处理后,10 mg·L^-1 IAA可显著提高种子的萌发势、萌发率,促进幼苗的生长,与对照相比,子叶中脱落酸含量显著减少（P<0.05）,生长素、赤霉素含量显著增多（P<0.05）。综上所述,10 mg·L^-1 IAA浸种处理能促进苜蓿种子萌发,并促进子叶中生长素、赤霉素的合成。     

高温胁迫下‘德钦’紫花苜蓿内源激素的变化

为探析‘德钦’紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.‘Deqin’)特异耐热性的原因,本试验以高秋眠级耐热型‘赛迪10’和低秋眠级热敏型‘阿尔冈金’为对照,比较35℃/30℃(昼温/夜温)高温胁迫下‘德钦’叶片IAA,CTK,GA_3和ABA 4种内源激素的变化。结果表明,具有增强植物耐热性的ABA在‘赛迪10’中含量最高并且在高温胁迫初期急剧增加,耐热性与ABA作用相反的GA_3在‘赛迪10’中始终维持较低的水平。‘德钦’的ABA和GA_3变化趋势与‘赛迪10’相似,其ABA在高温胁迫第7d小幅增加(4.16%),也能维持相对较高的水平,但GA_3累计增加量小于‘阿尔冈金’。延缓叶片衰老的IAA和CTK在‘德钦’中的含量高,累计变化率分别为74.23%和21.6%,显著高于‘阿尔冈金’和‘赛迪10’。‘德钦’特异性耐热的原因可能与其响应高温胁迫相对较早和高水平ABA有关,且IAA和CTK含量较高,GA_3含量和累计增加量较低。     

蓝莓不同品种花芽形成过程中内源激素变化

采用酶联免疫吸附测定法测定5个蓝莓品种在花芽形成期间花芽中4种内源激素含量,研究内源激素对蓝莓花芽分化的影响,为人工调控蓝莓花芽分化奠定理论基础。研究结果表明,5个蓝莓品种在花芽形成过程中,花芽中GAs和ZR含量呈先升高后下降,再升高的变化趋势,在花芽分化初期达到最大值,之后一直保持在较低水平;IAA含量呈先下降后升高的趋势,在花芽分化中期达到最小值,之后含量迅速上升;ABA含量呈先下降后升高,再下降的趋势,在花芽分化末期达到最大值。在花芽形成过程中,5个蓝莓品种花芽中ABA/GAs比值均表现为先下降后升高;ZR/GAs和ZR/IAA的变化趋势相同,均呈先升高后下降的‘M’形变化;ABA/IAA的变化趋势与ZR/GAs相反。     

桑离体再生过程中内源激素变化的研究

植物离体器官发生是一个受多种因素调节的过程。实验结果表明 :桑子叶在培养 16d内 ,脱落酸 (ABA)随培养时间的增加而浓度增大 ,吲哚乙酸 (IAA)在培养的第 6天和第 16天出现 2个峰 ,异戊烯基腺苷 (iPAs)在培养的第 6天出现高峰 ,之后随培养时间增长而降低 ;二氢玉米素核苷 (DHZRs)和玉米素核苷 (ZRs)在培养第 8天出现浓度峰 ,之后降低。内源激素的变化与桑离体器官的发生之间显示出密切的关系。实验还发现在添加硝酸银后 ,ABA、IAA、iPAs浓度降低 ,DHZRs和ZRs的浓度比对照有所提高。推测硝酸银在桑组织培养中 ,可能通过调节内源激素的含量与比例 ,影响形态发生。因此在桑离体培养中 ,可以通过添加硝酸银来控制离体器官发生 ,进而建立高效再生体系     

桑下胚轴愈伤组织诱导及分化过程中内源激素的变化

以自然受精的桑种子的下胚轴为材料进行组织培养 ,MS +NAA( 1 0mg) +6 BA( 0 .5mg)为培养基诱导的愈伤组织生长正常 ,具有不定芽的分化能力。MS +2 ,4 D( 1 .0mg/L) +6 BA( 0 .5mg/L)诱导的愈伤组织没有分化能力 ,结构疏松并呈现褐变现象。愈伤组织分化培养与继代培养中 ,内源激素测定发现 :培养前期 ,前者的ABA、IAA和GA的含量均较后者保持一个较高的水平 ,而培养后期 ,后者的ABA有较大的上升 ,IAA和GA的含量迅速下降     

苜蓿侧根发生与内源激素的变化

研究根系发育能力不同的苜蓿品种在主根受伤后内源激素的变化。结果表明,主根伤害后,根组织生长素含量上升,根系发育能力越强者,增加量越大。细胞分裂素(玉米素、异戊烯基腺嘌呤、双亲玉米素)和赤霉素在处理后1周时下降,随后逐渐回升。生长素/细胞分裂素、生长素/赤霉素和生长素/脱落酸的比值在处理后1周时明显增加,随后逐渐下降。叶片和根组织激素分布不一致,其中叶片生长素含量相对较高,根组织细胞分裂素含量相对较高。伤害主根后1周时,叶片细胞分裂素和生长素含量明显下降,随后逐渐回升,根系发育能力越强者恢复正常含量越快。     

刻芽及涂抹发枝素对早酥梨芽体内源激素的影响

刻芽和发枝素处理是梨树体整形的重要技术手段,为探究在刻芽和外源激素处理过程中侧芽内激素响应调控机理,本试验以两年生早酥梨/杜梨为试材,研究了萌芽期不同刻芽方式及涂抹发枝素对树体侧芽内源激素含量变化的影响。结果表明：涂抹发枝素可以提高侧芽生长素（IAA）、赤霉素（GA）、玉米素核苷（ZR）激素的含量,抑制脱落酸（ABA）激素的增长;刻芽同时进行涂抹发枝素要比单做刻芽处理侧芽内生长型激素含量高,（IAA GA ZR）/ABA的比值也较大;处理前期单芽全刻脱落酸（GA）含量显著高于其他处理,处理后期（IAA GA ZR）/ABA的比值最大。刻芽和发枝素处理打破了树体内源激素的平衡,提高中心干中部芽体生长型激素含量,一定程度上削弱了生长抑制型激素产生的影响。     

不同休眠玉米种子内源激素的含量测定和分析

本研究利用高效液相色谱法,对7个不同休眠性的玉米自交系鲜种子内源激素ZT、GA₃、IAA和ABA的含量进行了测定和分析。分析了各种激素及其相互作用对玉米种子休眠的影响,为阐明玉米种子休眠机理奠定了基础。结果表明,ZT含量在一定程度上与种子休眠性呈负相关性,具有对种子萌发抑制物的拮抗作用;GA₃具有解除休眠和促进萌发的功能,在种子萌发过程中是必需的;IAA与休眠不具有相关性;ABA具有拮抗GA₃的作用,诱导种子休眠,抑制萌发。种子的休眠是几种激素综合作用的结果,种子休眠程度与种子内起促进作用和起抑制作用的激素之间的比例密切相关。强休眠特性玉米自交系具有以下特征:ZT和GA₃含量低,ABA含量高,ZT/ABA值与GA₃/ABA值较小,各激素相对平衡。     

Effects of beet pulp supplementation on growth performance,fecal moisture,serum hormones and litter performance in lactating sows

This study was conducted to evaluate effects of beet pulp supplementation on growth performance, fecal moisture, serum hormones and litter performance in lactating sows. Ninety primiparous sows (Landrace × Yorkshire) were randomly allotted to one of three dietary treatments in a 21‐day trial starting 3 days before parturition. The three dietary treatments were supplemented with 0, 10 and 20% beet pulp, respectively. Backfat loss and fecal moisture content were increased (P < 0.05), where cortisol and norepinephrine levels were decreased (P < 0.05) in sows fed beet pulp supplementation diets compared with control diet, but there was no difference between 10% and 20% beet pulp supplementation treatments. No effect was observed on bodyweight, average daily intake, weaning to estrus interval, epinephrine level in sows and litter weight, litter size, survivability in piglets among dietary treatments. Taken together, beet pulp supplementation has no significant effect of growth performance of lactating sows and piglets with decreased cortisol and norepinephrine levels in lactating sows, but it can increase fecal moisture content which is beneficial for sow feces excretion.     

Expression of steroidogenic enzymes and synthesis of steroid hormones during development of ovarian follicles in prepubertal goats

Expression of mRNAs encoding cytochrome P450 side-chain cleavage (P450scc), cytochrome P450 17 -hydroxylase (P450c17), and cytochrome P450 aromatase (P450arom) were characterized by the RT-PCR technique and concentrations of progesterone (P4), testosterone (T0) and estradiol (E2) were measured by radioimmunoassay during follicular development of prepubertal goats. Synthesis of mRNAs encoding P450scc and P450c17 began in preantral follicles, but mRNA encoding P450arom was not detectable until early antral formation. While mRNA for P450scc was expressed in both theca and granulosa cells, mRNA for P450c17 was expressed only in theca cells while P450arom mRNA only in granulosa cells. In nonatretic follicles from prepubertal ovaries, the relative quantity of mRNA expression of all the three enzymes increased with follicle size; however, while the concentration of P4 and E2 increased, that of T0 decreased with follicle size. While expression of mRNA encoding P450scc was unaffected, that of P450c17 mRNA decreased to the lowest level and mRNA for P450arom became undetectable following atresia; accordingly, while the concentration of P4 increased in the atretic medium follicles, that of T0 and E2 decreased to the lowest level after atresia. While the adult follicular stage follicles showed a similar cytochrome expression as the nonatretic follicles of prepubertal goats, the former contained higher levels of E2 and P4 than the latter. The presence of corpus luteum in an ovary decreased expression of P450scc, significantly in large follicles while it increased concentration of P4. These findings indicated that (1) similar to other species, changes in follicular steroid production in goats were explained in large measure by changes in steroidogenic enzyme expression; (2) while mRNA expression was similar, activities of some of the steroidogenic enzymes may differ between sexually mature and immature goats.     

干旱胁迫下甘肃野生草地早熟禾内源激素水平的动态变化

为了研究草地早熟禾在干旱胁迫下的响应机制,以甘肃安定野生草地早熟禾和西和野生草地早熟禾为试验材料,采用HPLC法测定了干旱胁迫下草地早熟禾叶片中的ZT,ABA和IAA含量的变化。结果表明:干旱胁迫下,ZT含量下降,ABA含量和IAA含量均先上升后下降,但与对照相比前者显著上升,后者显著下降,此外,ZT/ABA,ZT/IAA和(ZT+IAA)/ABA均下降。在2份种质材料中,安定野生草地早熟禾(ZT+IAA)/ABA下降幅度最大。激素水平上评价材料的抗旱性大小为安定野生草地早熟禾西和野生草地早熟禾。     

Effects of growth rate during the early fattening period on growth, carcass characteristics and circulating hormones in the different growth hormone genotypes of Japanese black steers

One of the bovine growth hormone (GH) genetic variants is a substitution of leucine (Leu) to valine (Val) at amino acid position 127 of the protein. The GH genotypes of 14 Japanese black steers used in the present study were Leu/Leu (A, n = 7) and Val/Val (B, n = 7). The steers in each genotype group were divided into two groups based on intended growth rate (high, 1.0 kg/day; low, 0.6 kg/day) during 10–17 months of age. The overall mean concentration of plasma GH was higher (P < 0.05) in the A group than in the B group. The serum concentration of insulin‐like growth factor‐I was higher (P < 0.05) in the B group than in the A group. The carcass weight of the A group was greater (P < 0.01) than that of the B group. However, there was no significant difference in carcass weights between the 1.0 kg/day and 0.6 kg/day groups (P > 0.05). The rib thickness of the 1.0 kg/day group was greater (P < 0.05) than that of the 0.6 kg/day group. The crude fat content of longissimus muscle was greater (P < 0.05) for the 0.6 kg/day group compared with the 1.0 kg/day group.     

凉山半细毛羊育成期生长发育的研究

凉山半细毛羊 4月龄公、母羔体重在 2 6kg以上 ,哺乳期内生长迅速 ,一月龄日增重接近 30 0g ,哺乳期内近 2 0 0g。随着年龄增长 ,生长速度逐渐变慢 ,5～ 1 2月龄公、母羔日增重分别降至 80 8g和 5 7 9g。1 5岁时公、母羊体重分别达到 60 4kg和 46 1kg。 2 5岁成年母羊体重 5 4 5kg。     

不同营养调控对草地早熟禾生长和内源激素含量影响研究

养分在促进草坪生长中发挥着重要的作用。为了探讨不同肥料在草地早熟禾生长中的作用机理,采用不同的施肥组合进行草地早熟禾草坪的建植试验,研究了不同养分调控下草地早熟禾生长发育状况与内源激素含量水平的相关性,并对草地早熟禾坪用质量状况进行了评价。研究结果表明,在配合施用一定量生物菌肥和柠檬酸的情况下,较少量的氮、磷肥施用(处理3)能显著提高草地早熟禾坪用质量;各施肥组合能显著促进植株体IAA和ZT含量的提高,抑制ABA含量在根部的合成和体内的积累;在施肥后的35 d内,IAA和ZT含量随着施肥后时间的推移而不断增加,而ABA含量在除对照以外的各处理中相对较低,且随着施肥后时间的推移,其含量也明显下降,但在对照处理中却表现出一定的增加态势。