适用于黄河水滴灌的灌水器筛选研究

传统的黄河水滴灌系统灌水器选择方法常以抗堵塞能力高低为标准,极易产生成本过高、资源浪费等问题.该研究提出了综合考虑使用年限需求、系统成本投入及碳足迹的滴灌带产品选择方法,并开展了黄河水原位加速测试试验.结果表明:黄河水滴灌条件下不同类型灌水器产品的生命周期、投入成本和碳足迹差异较大,以1 a使用期的毛管不冲洗处理组为例...     

鱼类通过混流式水轮机转轮时受压强及剪切损伤的概率分析

鱼类在通过混流式水轮机流道时会遭遇最低压强及压强梯度引发的压强损伤以及剪切应力引发的剪切损伤。为了辨识混流式转轮中压强损伤和剪切损伤的主次关系,进而有针对性的开展混流式转轮的鱼类生态友好性能优化,该文基于计算流体动力学分析方法研究了不同水头条件下混流式转轮内超出压强以及剪切损伤阈值的体积分布规律,并获得了不同工况下混流式转轮内压强、压强梯度以及剪切应力引发鱼类受损的概率。结果表明:鱼类受压强及剪切损伤的概率与流量成正相关关系,对于该文分析的混流式转轮,鱼类受最低压强损伤的概率在最小水头的最大流量工况下达到最大值9.1%,剪切损伤及高压强梯度损伤的概率在额定工况下达到最大,分别为0.823%和8.31%。在相同工况下进行3种损伤概率的对比后发现,在大流量工况下,鱼类受最低压强和高压强梯度损伤的概率更大,在小流量工况下则是压强梯度损伤概率相对较高,所以综合分析结果可知最低压强和高压强梯度是开展亲鱼型混流式转轮优化时需要考虑的主要因素,而剪切应变率则是次要因素。     

穴盘水稻秧苗通过分秧滑道的运动仿真与分析

为了研究所设计的分秧滑道的性能,利用Pro/E和ADAMS软件对穴盘水稻秧苗通过分秧滑道运动进行了仿真。建立了2种秧苗营养土钵模型,球体模型和实际尺寸营养土钵模型。结果发现秧苗在通过分秧滑道圆弧段时其速度、加速度和接触力会发生突变;秧苗通过7条滑道需要的时间最长为0.633 s,最短为0.463 s;当滑道相对竖直平面倾斜2°布置时,秧苗通过滑道的通过性与滑道竖直布置时的差异不大。通过仿真可得到7穴秧苗不同时间点在7条滑道中的运动轨迹,以及在滑道运动的状态下,秧苗通过2组分秧滑道后在田间的定植情况。研究结果为今后分秧机构的进一步优化设计和试验研究提供了参考依据。     

宁夏引黄灌区井渠双灌节水效果研究

定量研究了宁夏引黄灌区地表水与地下水联合利用的节水效果。引黄灌区的大引大排是造成渠系输水损失、农田地下水位高和潜水蒸发严重的主要原因，在整个黄河流域用水十分紧张的现状下，以引黄灌区地下水可开采量为基础，根据现有的机井条件并有计划的布设发展一批机井，考虑开采一定数量的地下水用于农业灌溉，在灌区逐步实现基于井渠双灌的水资源高效利用。研究结果表明，随地下水利用量的增大，可有效的降低灌区地下水位0.5～1.0 m、使引黄灌区的总耗水量从39.64×10⁸ m³降低到29.95×10⁸ m³、渠首引用水量从81.71×10⁸ m³降低到64.79×10⁸ m³。     

A survey of lead pollution in Baghdad

Lead pollution in Baghdad City was studied. Several potential sources of Pb pollution were investigated, among which are leaded gasoline, battery manufacturing, and printing press type. The study included the analysis of blood samples from males and females of different ages and professions. Particular attention was given to workers who are in direct contact with Pb materials in order to discover whether local contamination is taking place or not. In addition, samples of palm leaves were collected from about twenty five different parts of Baghdad in 1978 and again in 1980 in order to study the distribution and relative increase in Pb deposition caused by vehicles using leaded gasoline. The results were compared with similar samples from less crowded cities. The results of this survey have shown that Pb pollution exists; its scale, however, can not be determined accurately until more data are obtained.     

宁夏引黄灌区春小麦微咸水灌溉管理的模拟

为探讨宁夏引黄灌区春小麦适宜的微咸水灌溉管理模式,该文根据2007年田间试验的实测资料,应用SWAP模型在田间尺度上对微咸水灌溉条件下春小麦田间土壤水盐运移规律和灌溉制度进行模拟,对拟定的各种灌溉方案进行评价分析。结果表明,率定与验证的SWAP模型可用于当地微咸水灌溉管理,在当地微咸水与引黄水为1︰1的混灌条件下,试验年份春小麦优化灌溉方案为全生育期灌4水（分蘖水、拔节水、抽穗水和灌浆水）,灌溉定额为2 400 m3/hm2;在75%和50%降雨年型下,春小麦优化灌溉方案为全生育期灌4水（分蘖水、拔节水、抽穗水和灌浆水）,灌溉定额分别为3 000 m3/hm2和2 300 m3/hm2;在25%降雨年型下,春小麦优化灌溉方案为全生育期灌2水（拔节水和抽穗水）,灌溉定额为2 000 m3/hm2。该研究所提出的优化灌溉模式对于引黄灌区微咸水高效灌溉利用具有一定的指导意义。     

引黄灌区水资源联合利用耦合模型

随着引黄水量日益减少,如何有效利用有限的地表水和地下水,成为内蒙河套灌区亟待解决的问题。该文以引黄水量最小和地下水开采量最大为目标,以控制各用水区地下水位在适宜范围作为约束条件,通过动态耦合地下水模拟模型与地表地下水联合利用优化模型,建立了灌区水资源联合利用耦合模型,最后应用此耦合模型对灌区2020和2030年的引黄水和地下水进行了优化分配。结果表明：通过合理调整产业结构和有效利用地表地下水,灌区2020和2030年的引黄水量分别为39.15、38.54亿m3/a,可以达到国家规定的40亿m3/a指标。研究成果可为黄河流域乃至全国其它干旱灌区的水资源高效利用、盐碱化防治等方面提供借鉴和参考。     

Just passing through: Global change and the conservation of biodiversity in protected areas

Climate and land-use changes are expected to cause many species to shift into or beyond the boundaries of protected areas, leading to large turnover in species composition. Here, we tested whether long-established protected areas in Canada were more robust to such climate change impacts than areas with no formal protection by measuring changes in modeled butterfly species distributions (n = 139) within them. We used a recently established distribution modeling technique, Maxent, to model butterfly species’ distributions in two epochs (1900-1930 and 1960-1990). We compared rates of butterfly species richness and composition change within protected areas against distributions of randomly selected, ecologically similar, but non-protected, areas. Change in species richness and composition within protected areas were, for the most part, the same as changes observed among random areas outside protected area boundaries. These results suggest that existing protected area networks in Canada have provided little buffer against the impacts of climate change on butterfly species richness, possibly because land-use change surrounding long-standing protected areas has not been substantial enough to elevate the habitat protection afforded by these protected areas relative to other areas. Although protected areas are unarguably beneficial in conserving biological diversity, their capacity to maintain habitat appears insufficient to prevent broader-scale climate changes from sweeping species beyond their boundaries.     

大规模灌溉对海河流域气候影响模拟研究

为保障粮食安全,海河流域常年灌溉水量200亿m3以上,而大规模灌溉对区域气候产生显著影响,为揭示大规模灌溉的气候效应,该研究构建海河流域区域气候模式WRF(weather research and forecasting model),在WRF陆面模块中,开发灌溉精细化模拟的新方案,设计关闭灌溉的控制试验与开启灌溉的敏感性试验,模拟分析大规模灌溉对海河流域气候的影响。结果表明,灌溉使得海河流域潜热通量增加,显热通量减少,4—6月变幅最大。灌溉导致流域3—11月气温降低,其中4—6月降温最大,且空间上总体表现为灌溉量越多的地区降温越大,4—6月平原区降温0.64℃,子牙河平原与大清河淀西平原交界地带降温超过1.0℃。灌溉主要影响对流性降水,导致海河流域年降水增加6.07 mm,集中在4—6月,空间上主要在大清河流域与子牙河流域,其中大清河山区4—6月降水增加15～30 mm。灌溉改变近地表气象要素,使得流域参考作物蒸散发量减少,单位面积作物需水量降低。因此,大规模灌溉的气候效应在供需两侧支撑保障流域水安全,在一定程度上缓解流域水资源供需矛盾。研究可为水资源优化配置与水资源安全保障布局等提...     

基于RZWQM模型的石羊河流域春小麦灌溉制度优化

为探讨石羊河流域春小麦适宜灌水上限及不同生育期计划湿润层深度,在该地区开展田间试验。利用田间试验资料对RZWQM(root zone water quality model)模型进行率定和验证,并应用模型模拟了灌水上限及不同生育阶段计划湿润层深度对春小麦籽粒产量、灌水量、籽粒灌溉水利用效率及灌水次数的影响。结果表明:不同灌水处理间产量差异较小,但所需灌水量有较大差异,存在节水空间;灌水上限对于灌水量的影响要远远大于对产量的影响,灌水上限的降低会增加灌水次数,从而提高小麦产量;适宜的计划湿润层深度可以保证灌溉水尽可能多的分布于根系吸收范围内,避免浪费,达到节水目的;试验证明,通过调控灌水上限和各生育期计划湿润层深度可以达到节水增产的目的。综合考虑各控制因素对产量、所需灌水量及籽粒灌溉水利用效率的影响,建议该地区春小麦灌溉制度为:灌水上限选择80%田间持水量,苗期计划湿润层深度为30 cm,拔节期计划湿润层深度为60 cm,抽穗期计划湿润层深度为50 cm,灌浆期计划湿润层深度为70 cm。     

利用拉普拉斯变换模拟渗灌材料吸水特性曲线

为了定量研究渗灌复合材料吸水特性与其组分之间的关系,该文利用拉普拉斯变换求解渗灌复合材料的吸水微分方程,同时模拟吸水率曲线,应用传递函数系数建立渗灌复合材料的吸水性与其试验组分之间的定量关系。设置10组比例不同的组分制备而成的渗灌复合材料进行一次和二次吸水试验,另外6组比例不同的组分制备而成复合材料进行一次吸水试验进行验证。结果表明:基于拉普拉斯变换求解的渗灌材料吸水曲线模拟值与实测值的相对误差为0.04%~7.17%,均方根误差0.0717,说明利用拉普拉斯变换对吸水曲线进行表征具有很好的稳定性、适用性及精确性;传递函数系数与材料组分之间的定量关系可以用指数函数来表达,应用指数函数计算获得的传递函数的模拟值与实测值的均方根误差≤0.5,经验证,最大相对误差为4.01%,表明传递函数系数与复合材料试验组分间指数函数关系的可靠性。该研究对于后续的渗灌材料的研制及其导水特性研究具有指导意义。     

渭干河灌区水盐均衡特征分析

灌区水盐均衡分析是合理设计排水系统及其效果评价的基础。该文根据水盐平衡原理，利用田间实测资料对渭干河灌区的水盐动态特征进行了分析，并研究了灌区积、脱盐状况与排水效果；分析了用主要代表性离子浓度代替离子总浓度进行土壤盐分动态特征评价的合理性；探讨了土壤含盐量的影响因素，以及地下水埋深、矿化度与土壤含盐量的相关关系，为从宏观角度来分析与判定灌区水盐平衡特征与排水效率提供参考。     

气候变暖对宁夏引黄灌区土壤盐分及其灌水量的影响

气候变暖加剧了土壤水分蒸发,带动土壤盐分向上移动,引起土壤盐分增加,导致土壤盐碱危害加剧。采用近35 a来的土壤盐分定位观测资料和气象资料,研究气候变暖对宁夏引黄灌区土壤盐分变化的影响。研究结果表明：近 35 a随着全球变暖,宁夏引黄灌区土壤全盐含量呈明显的增加趋势,轻盐化土壤、中盐化土壤和重盐化土壤全盐质量分数分别增加0.08、0.13和0.19 g/kg;当温度增加0.5～3.0℃时,宁夏引黄灌区轻盐化土壤、中盐化土壤和重盐化土壤淋洗土壤增加盐分所需的灌水量分别增加8.2%～9.1%、8.2%～8.7%和8.3%～8.8%,总灌水量增加1.29～1.40亿m3。     

灌区灌溉管理质量的综合评价指标研究

提出了用于评价灌区灌溉管理质量的8个指标，应用主成分分析原理建立了灌区灌溉管理质量评价的综合指标－综合主成分，并提出了综合主成分的评价标准，能较全面地反映灌区灌溉管理状况、较好地描述灌区灌溉管理水平，具有实用性和可操作性。     

Desert reclamation using Yellow River irrigation water in Ningxia, China

Abstract. The effects of silt-laden Yellow River irrigation water on the properties of reclaimed dune sands were investigated at the Shapotou Research Station in Ningxia Autonomous Region, China. The practice resulted in distinct and rapid improvements in the physical and chemical properties of reclaimed desert soils. Irrigation led to the development of sandy loam topsoils, with up to 39 cm accumulating over 25 years of treatment. These topsoils had improved structure, greater soil organic matter contents and smaller bulk densities than buried desert sands. Geochemical analyses suggested river silt and sheep manure were making distinctive contributions to the improved soil fertility, with older topsoils having progressively greater concentrations of Ca, Mg, K, P, S, Fe, Mn and Zn. Soil Cr concentrations are increasing and it seems appropriate that changes in heavy metal concentrations in irrigated soils are monitored.     

灌区灌溉管理质量的综合评价指标研究

提出了用于评价灌区灌溉管理质量的8个指标,应用主成分分析原理建立了灌区灌溉管理质量评价的综合指标-综合主成分,并提出了综合主成分的评价标准,能较全面地反映灌区灌溉管理状况、较好地描述灌区灌溉管理水平,具有实用性和可操作性.     

Impact of sanitary landfill on air quality in Baghdad

Hydrogen sulfide, NH₃ and CH₄ are pollutant gases known to be generated from the fermentation of organic matter in solid waste. This work was conducted in a completed sanitary landfill in Baghdad to investigate the possible effect of gases generated and emitted from this landfill on the ambient air quality of the area. Pollutant gases were monitored twice a week for a 14 mo period using continuous monitoring type instruments. Results indicate that concentrations of H₂S, NH₃, and CH₄ occasionally reach relatively high levels. The air quality of the area is not substantially deteriorated.     

不同水平年塔里木河流域灌溉面积超载分析

为探讨不同水平年塔里木河流域可承载最大灌溉面积及超载情况,该文依据水量平衡原理,以当地实际情况调用水原则为基础,计算出2010年和2020年塔里木河流域4条源流和1条干流(四源一干)可承载的最大灌溉面积及实际灌溉面积。结果表明:1)2010年四源一干实际灌溉面积有17.1×105 hm2,而流域可承载最大灌溉面积只有12.9×105 hm2,共超载了4.33×105 hm2,超载了33.6%,其中有4个流域超载严重,叶尔羌河、阿克苏河、开-孔河流域和塔里木河干流灌溉面积分别超载了21.0%、35.2%、84.6%、66.7%;2)与2010年相比,2020年预计只有3个流域超载而且各流域的超载比例均大幅度下降,超载面积总共减少了2.98×105 hm2,减少了68.86%。2020年环境承载力增加的主要原因可能在于:水资源利用水平提高和规划灌溉面积减少。该研究可为塔里木河流域绿洲规模的研究提供参考。     

Assessment of Water Quality Status for the Selangor River in Malaysia

Water quality degradation in the Selangor River will still be present in the years to come since pollutant loads from poultry farms, municipal wastewaters, and industrial wastewaters are not envisaged to be handled effectively. This will be facing the problems of water quality status to use for multiple purposes and to provide its aquatic environment continuously. The water quality evaluation system is used to assess the water quality condition in the river. This system distinguishes two categories of water condition i.e., the water quality index and water quality aptitude. The assessment of water quality for the Selangor River from nine stations along the main stream, which concludes that water has been highly polluted (index 5) immediately downstream of station 02 Selangor River before confluence with Kubu River due to high concentration of microorganisms and immediately downstream of station 06 Selangor River before confluence with Batang Kali River due to high concentrations of microorganisms and suspended particles, was verified. Mineral micropollutants were found to gradually pollute the stream water, ranging from the unpolluted water (index 1) in the upstream to the bad quality (index 4) in the downstream area.     

滴灌轮灌分组优化模型与算法

传统的轮灌组划分计算方式效率较低且难以获得较好方案.该研究首次采用智能算法来求解轮灌组划分问题,依据《微灌工程技术标准》及轮灌组划分原则,提出了基于流量均衡的数学模型及其约束条件.通过分析支管空间分布,确定了滴灌问题的邻域特征,在半径阈值范围内给出了最大限度查找关键路径的邻域搜索策略和不可行解修复算法,并采用传统遗传算...