Predicting pragmatic reasoning in language games

One of the most astonishing features of human language is its capacity to convey information efficiently in context. Many theories provide informal accounts of communicative inference, yet there have been few successes in making precise, quantitative predictions about pragmatic reasoning. We examined judgments about simple referential communication games, modeling behavior in these games by assuming that speakers attempt to be informative and that listeners use Bayesian inference to recover speakers' intended referents. Our model provides a close, parameter-free fit to human judgments, suggesting that the use of information-theoretic tools to predict pragmatic reasoning may lead to more effective formal models of communication.     

Experimental philosophy and the problem of free will

Many philosophical problems are rooted in everyday thought, and experimental philosophy uses social scientific techniques to study the psychological underpinnings of such problems. In the case of free will, research suggests that people in a diverse range of cultures reject determinism, but people give conflicting responses on whether determinism would undermine moral responsibility. When presented with abstract questions, people tend to maintain that determinism would undermine responsibility, but when presented with concrete cases of wrongdoing, people tend to say that determinism is consistent with moral responsibility. It remains unclear why people reject determinism and what drives people's conflicted attitudes about responsibility. Experimental philosophy aims to address these issues and thereby illuminate the philosophical problem of free will.     

Pure reasoning in 12-month-old infants as probabilistic inference

Many organisms can predict future events from the statistics of past experience, but humans also excel at making predictions by pure reasoning: integrating multiple sources of information, guided by abstract knowledge, to form rational expectations about novel situations, never directly experienced. Here, we show that this reasoning is surprisingly rich, powerful, and coherent even in preverbal infants. When 12-month-old infants view complex displays of multiple moving objects, they form time-varying expectations about future events that are a systematic and rational function of several stimulus variables. Infants' looking times are consistent with a Bayesian ideal observer embodying abstract principles of object motion. The model explains infants' statistical expectations and classic qualitative findings about object cognition in younger babies, not originally viewed as probabilistic inferences.     

对农村思想政治工作的思考

农村不同于城市，具有自身的特殊性，在农村开展思想政治工作，应着力解决好三个问题:一要把抽象的理论通俗化，让农民听得进、听得懂:二要以理服人，让真理征服人心:三要贯彻物质利益原则，让切切实实的利益来证明思想政治工作的正确性。     

Multiple aspects of unnaturalness: are cisgenic crops perceived as being more natural and more acceptable than transgenic crops?

In Europe the use of genetically modified (GM) crops in food production has so far failed to gain wide public approval. Ordinary people are concerned about issues not covered by the existing regulation, including usefulness and unnaturalness. In response, particularly to worries about unnaturalness, biotechnologists have suggested that inserted genes should derive only from the plant itself, or from close relatives. This paper examines public perceptions of these so-called ‘cisgenic crops’ and asks whether the public shares the idea that they are less unnatural and thus more acceptable than transgenic plants. Using five focus group interviews, we identified five lines of argument about naturalness with a bearing on the assessment of cisgenic crops as well as GM crops in general. The paper concludes that, depending on perceptions of naturalness, some people would agree that cisgenic crops are more acceptable than their transgenic counterparts. The finding that ordinary people value different aspects of naturalness may be relevant to a broader audience than just those interested in gene technology. It cautions against a simplistic interpretation of what counts as ‘natural’.     

Pattern classification by adaptive machines

Man's intelligent behavior is due in part to his ability to select, classify, and abstract significant information reaching him from his environment by way of his senses. This function, pattern recognition, has become a major focus of research by scientists working in the field of artificial intelligence. At the lowest level, pattern recognition reduces to pattern classification, which consists of the separation, into desired classes, of groups of objects, sounds, odors, events, properties, and the like; the separations are based on sets of measurements made on the entities being classified. The pattern classifier is composed of a data filter and a categorizer. The data filter selects the distinguishing features and represents them as sets of real numbers; each set is termed a pattern. The categorizer assigns each pattern to one of several desired classes. Patterns can be represented geometrically as points in an n-dimensional space; the n coordinates of each point are the numerical values of the features selected to represent the pattern. A pattern classification system separates an n-dimensional space into regions, each of which ideally contains points of only one class. One method to effect this separation is by means of ldquo;trainablerdquo; categorizers-major components of adaptive machines. They consist of networks whose internal parameters are varied according to a set of fixed rules during a training cycle. A statistically large sample of known patterns are presented, one at a time, to the networks; internal corrections are made each time a pattern is erroneously classified. Classifica-tion performance tends to improve as the set of known patterns is cycled repetitively through the machine. Finally, the adequacy of adaptation is tested by a separate set of similar patterns which have not been used in the training process. A number of different machine organizations and training rules have been developed and are being applied successfully to numerous classification problems. More difficult recognition problems requiring the aid of logioal tests and analysis, search and association, use the digital computer programmed to supplement the functions of the adaptive classifier.     

How to grow a mind: statistics, structure, and abstraction

In coming to understand the world-in learning concepts, acquiring language, and grasping causal relations-our minds make inferences that appear to go far beyond the data available. How do we do it? This review describes recent approaches to reverse-engineering human learning and cognitive development and, in parallel, engineering more humanlike machine learning systems. Computational models that perform probabilistic inference over hierarchies of flexibly structured representations can address some of the deepest questions about the nature and origins of human thought: How does abstract knowledge guide learning and reasoning from sparse data? What forms does our knowledge take, across different domains and tasks? And how is that abstract knowledge itself acquired?     

基于网络的鸡病防治与诊断专家系统的设计

目前中国鸡病防治中存在一些暂时无法解决的难题,如基层中鸡病诊断专家缺乏、鸡病防控不及时等。基于现状,利用计算机网络技术和人工智能技术,将SQL数据库和ASP.NET技术相结合,设计并开发了基于网络的鸡病防治与诊断专家系统。该系统将鸡病诊断和鸡病防治知识进行集成,采用基于规则的模糊化的混合推理策略,实现了鸡病诊断和防治的数字化和智能化,用户可通过网络实现鸡病诊断、鸡病防治、鸡群管理、知识查询和统计分析等功能。经验证性试验和专家评测,该系统结构合理,功能完善,可以满足广大基层用户的需求,具有一定的推广应用前景。     

建设高素质农民培育循环系统之探讨

乡村振兴,关键在人。培养造就一批高素质农民队伍,是促进乡村人才振兴和农业农村现代化的重要抓手。近年来,高素质农民培育工作得到了党和政府的高度重视,通过整合教育培训资源、建好用好培育体系、分层分类开展全产业链培训等措施,形成了较为完善的工作机制,取得了实实在在的成效。为进一步提高培育质量,规范各级培育机构的工作行为,需要建立“进行培训需求调查→制定培训计划→组织实施培训→开展农民培训效果评估→修订培训计划→组织实施培训......”的循环系统,完善高素质农民培训运行机制,提高培育质量和效果,促进乡村人才振兴和农业农村现代化。     

关于O命题换位的再思考

对于直言命题的变形推理，传统上认为0命题不能换位。本文通过欧拉图我们可以证明以全称命题为前提的换质位法推理中0命题是能够换位的。它完全符合传统的直言命题变形推理规则。     

Computer-based instructional dialogs in science courses

The personal computer is opening the door to supplemental, essentially tutorial, modes of science instruction that, particularly at introductory levels, can significantly enhance understanding of science and develop abstract reasoning skills. Competently prepared and judiciously utilized materials have the potential to improve the education of science and engineering professionals, elementary and secondary teachers, and, to some degree, the public at large.     

动物源性食品中氨基糖苷类抗生素检测技术的研究进展

氨基糖苷类抗生素在畜牧业中被普遍应用,但其在动物组织中的残留给人类带来很大的危害。人们开始越来越重视氨基糖苷类抗生素在动物源性食品中的残留问题。一些发达国家和国际食品法典委员会,对氨基糖苷类抗生素的限量,都作了很严格的规定,并且该抗生素的检测技术已成为研究的热点。笔者对目前氨基糖苷类抗生素的检测技术作了综述,并对以后的发展方向进行了展望。     

农业发展的新的哲学思考

本文从哲学角度对生态农业产生的意义进行了分析研究,指出生态农业理论反映了人类社会农业发展观念的重大改变,把人与自然关系的哲学抽象具体到农业生产的实践过程,体现了综合化这一农业发展的新趋势,从而在农业发展的哲学思想上给人们以新的启迪。     

多中心治理理论视阈下农业人才培养模式与机制研究

农业人才是支撑现代农业发展的主体力量,如何多途径助力农业人才培养,对实现产业振兴与人才振兴双目标具有重要意义。基于多中心治理理论,构建农业人才培养治理主体—治理方式—治理规则—治理目标(4G)分析框架,运用多案例分析法,分析农业人才培养典型模式,剖析其运行机制。研究表明,实践案例中形成了特征鲜明的产品导向型、职业学徒式、研学一体化和利益共享制4种典型模式,培养了大批与产业发展紧密融合的绿色生产型、经营管理型和技能服务型农业人才,提升了人才的生态环保能力、职业化程度和科学技术水平。各个典型模式已形成多元主体互动衔接协同、差异化培养方式逐渐适配契合、培养规则不断完善规范趋同、提高管理效率目标与追求经济利益双重治理目标为导向的多中心治理运行机制。为了进一步优化与推广农业人才培养模式,提出单一政府主导转变为与市场和社会主体协同、推动多元主体治理方式不断契合衔接、促进多元主体创新规范治理规则趋同一致、兼顾管理效率与市场效益的双重治理目标导向的政策启示。     

论外来词的汉化翻译

改革开放以来，中外文化交流不断扩大和加深，中外词语的对流达到前所未有的频繁。外来语随着广泛的使用，与汉语不断融合，甚至达到汉化的极致。这不仅极大地丰富了汉语词汇，也丰富了人们的语言表达方式。本文主要对汉语中的外来词汉译形式、汉化翻译现状及汉译原则等方面分别进行了简要阐述，以便于人们进一步了解“洋”词“汉”借这一语言现象，并且掌握汉语中外来词汇的翻译规律，从而使外来词更好地服务于汉语。     

芽孢杆菌诱变育种研究进展

芽孢杆菌作为一种重要的工业微生物菌种,越来越引起人们的普遍关注和青睐。目前,关于芽孢杆菌诱变育种的方法多种多样,诱变育种丰富和拓宽了菌种的变异类型,但还存在不少问题。从物理诱变育种、化学诱变育种、生物诱变育种、复合诱变育种4个方面对芽孢杆菌诱变育种方法进行了总结,以期为生产中选取优良芽孢杆菌提供实用有效的诱变育种方法。     

基于产生式与框架知识表示的造林专家系统研建

本文根据造林专家确定造林地立地条件和造林模式的知识构成,采用了产生式表示法与基于框架表示法相结合来表示.设计了相应的规则库和事实库结构,优化了推理规则的表示方法,将多条规则表示的造林推理知识简化为一条规则,给出了实例,在此基础上详细地给出了具体的推理算法.设计了系统的功能结构,实现了一个造林专家系统,在实际生产中进行了应用.     

Rule learning by rats

Using rules extracted from experience to solve problems in novel situations involves cognitions such as analogical reasoning and language learning and is considered a keystone of humans' unique abilities. Nonprimates, it has been argued, lack such rule transfer. We report that Rattus norvegicus can learn simple rules and apply them to new situations. Rats learned that sequences of stimuli consistent with a rule (such as XYX) were different from other sequences (such as XXY or YXX). When novel stimuli were used to construct sequences that did or did not obey the previously learned rule, rats transferred their learning. Therefore, rats, like humans, can transfer structural knowledge from sequential experiences.     

Human echo perception

It has been shown that human test subjects have the ability, under controlled laboratory conditions, to use echoes to detect the presence or absence of targets placed before them. In addition, blind and sighted persons have been able to detect a target monaurally, to make simple shape discriminations, and to locate a target in space. Signal, environmental, and individual variability affect performance in a measurable fashion. This research is an initial step in measuring the limits of a human being's ability to use echoes as a source of information about his physical surroundings. At this point it seems unlikely that the unaided human ear can rival the bat's auditory system for echo perception. It may be, however, that modern technology can partially bridge the evolutionary gap and bring more useful echoes to man's ear than those it now receives. Such an accomplishment would allow us to examine the extent to which man might benefit from this means of sensing his environment.     

Violently active galaxies: the search for the energy machine

The energy source in these galaxies will be shown to be a black hole, I think, even though it may take 100 years before we have proven it.-MARTIN REES, at the Institute of Astronomy in Cambridge, England I think it will take 1000 years and we may very well be on the wrong track. These [black hole] models are getting into the textbooks now, but there is never anything testable and people are working on smaller and smaller pieces of the problem.- GEOFFREY BURBIDGE, at the Univeristy of California, San Diego, and soon to assume the post of head of the Kitt Peak National Observatory in Tucson, Arizona REES: I agree, but I would argue that the way we are going about it is the most productive approach, even though the modelers may be getting the illusory satisfaction of a Ptolomean theorist who adds another epicycle. BURBRIDGE: I'm glad to hear you say that, Martin. The trouble is that so many people take these things more seriously than you do.