南美白对虾的营养需求

南美白对虾以其适应力强、繁殖期长、耐盐性广等优点,已经成为我国重要养殖品种。国外对南美白对虾营养需求的研究,已经有很多报道。本文综述其对蛋白质、糖类、脂类、矿物质、维生素等的营养需求,为我国南美白对虾的养殖提供借鉴。     

南美白对虾的营养需求及饲料配制

南美白对虾是迄今世界上养殖产量最高的对虾之一,文中概述了南美白对虾营养需求,阐明了蛋白质、脂肪、微量元素和维生素特别是必需氨基酸和必需脂肪酸对南美白对虾的重要作用,并列举了部分营养素的需求量。通过对南美白对虾饲料原料配比及配置工艺的研究,进一步阐明了南美白对虾饲料的营养性和配方的科学性。通过对南美白对虾饲料的国内外现状的叙述,总结了存在的问题和研究的进展,为今后对南美白对虾的饲料和营养的进一步研究提供了参考。     

南美白对虾幼虾饲料蛋白质的需要量

以酪蛋白和明胶为主要蛋白源,配制成蛋白质质量分数分别为28%、33%、38%、43%和48%的5种精饲料,分别在盐度2和28的水体中,对南美白对虾(Penaeusvannamei)幼虾进行49d的饲养试验。虾苗平均体重为(0 011±0 001)g,每天投喂4次。结果表明,饲料系数、蛋白质效率均随饲料蛋白质含量的增加而减小,饲料蛋白质水平对南美白对虾幼虾肌肉游离氨基酸和肝胰腺胰蛋白酶的活性有显著的影响。在盐度2的水体中,26.7%饲料蛋白质水平最适宜;在盐度28的水体中,33.0%饲料蛋白质水平最适宜。说明在一定范围内,低蛋白高能量饲料可以取得更高的蛋白质利用率以及更好的对虾养殖效果。     

诱导南美白对虾交配行为的观察

南美白对虾（Ｐｅｎａｅｕｓ　ｖａｎｎａｍｅｉ）在对虾属中属于开放型纳精囊虾种（即雌虾不具纳精囊）,具有对水环境抗逆能力强,营养要求低,生长快,肉味鲜美,虾体加工出肉率高,全年皆可进行育苗生产和有较强的抗病力等特点,在世界现有养殖条件下以“强悍者（ａ ｔｏｕｇｈ ａｎｉｍａｌ）”著称,因此被誉为当今世界上公认的３大优良虾种之一。 笔者就１９９４～１９９９年南美白对虾育苗生产中观察到的亲虾交配情况报告如下,希望能够为进行南美白对虾育苗生产的单位提供一些帮助。１ 材料和方法１．１ 亲虾 国内实验室条件下全人…     

南美白对虾养殖危机四伏

南美白对虾具有较强的抗病力与较高的养殖经济效益，我国大陆早在1988年就引进了该品种，但大规模养殖却始于1998年。南美白对虾具有其他对虾不可替代的优点，如它对营养需求较低，出肉率高、生长速度快，耐低氧能力强、盐度适应范围广等。尤其是自1992年白斑病、黄头病肆虐我国大陆养殖的中国对虾、斑节对虾以来，南美白对虾以其对这两种病具有较强的抵抗能力获得飞速发展，[第一段]     

南美白对虾健康养殖技术1.南美白对虾的生物学

(接上期 )5　生活习性5 1　水温　南美白对虾的适应水温为 1 3～ 40℃ ,生长的最适水温为 2 3～ 3 0℃ ;水温低于 1 6℃时 ,基本停食 ,长期低于 1 3℃出现昏迷 ,低于 7～ 9℃死亡。个体越小对水温变化的适应能力越弱。水温升到 41℃时 ,体长小于 4ｃｍ的个体 1 2ｈ死亡 ,大于 4ｃｍ的个体 ,1 2ｈ仅部分死亡。5 2　盐度　适应盐度为 2～ 3 4,最适生长盐度为 1 0～2 0 ,与中国对虾 (1 0～ 2 0 )相似 ,而低于斑节对虾和日本对虾 (2 0～ 2 5 ) [18] ;在逐渐淡化的情况下 ,可在盐度 2的淡水中生长 ,但口味略有下降 ,所以 ,在收虾前 1～ 2周 ,应…     

南美白对虾营养需求的研究进展

南美白对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei Boone 1931)可以适应多种养殖环境,分布于秘鲁、厄瓜多尔和墨西哥一带。因其适应能力强、耐盐性广、生长迅速、繁殖期长、抗病力强、肉味鲜美、加工出肉率高等优点,一直是西半球重要的水产养殖品种。1988年引入我国后迅速     

南美白对虾营养需求的研究

南美白对虾以其适应力强、繁殖期长、盐性广等优点,已经成为我国重要养殖品种.国外对南美白对虾营养需求的研究,已经有很多报道.本文综述其对蛋白质、糖类、脂类、矿物质、维生素等的营养需求,为我国南美白对虾的养殖提供借鉴.     

南美白对虾健康养殖技术-2.南美白对虾的人工繁殖

根据肉眼观察卵巢的大小、颜色和组织切片中卵细胞发育最大一期的面积,将南美白对虾的卵巢发育分为5期^[1,2]。     

两种对虾微粒饲料的营养分析及养殖效果比较

采用凯氏定氮、索氏抽提等常规分析方法对两种虾片的营养构成进行了分析。结果表明,两种虾片的氨基酸、脂肪酸种类齐全、必需氨基酸和必需脂肪酸含量较高、常规营养成分含量适当。新研制的微颗粒饲料——卤虫虾片与国外成型产品日本海宝虾片相比,卤虫虾片的必需氨基酸和鲜味氨基酸较高,卤虫虾片的必需脂肪酸特别是EPA和DHA较高,这为卤虫虾片的喂养试验提供了理论依据。在随后进行的南美白对虾的饲喂试验中,其成活率明显高于日本海宝虾片。     

凡纳滨对虾营养生理和高效环保饲料研究进展

凡纳滨对虾(Penaeus vannamei)是我国最主要的海水对虾类养殖品种,2021年海水养殖产量达到119.77万吨,占全国海水虾类养殖总产量的80%以上。目前,国内外对于凡纳滨对虾的营养需求与饲料研究已有较多报道,但是对于不同生长阶段的精准营养需求以及营养素和功能性饲料添加剂的相互关系研究仍不够深入。本文主要就其蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物和微量营养素的需求,蛋白源和脂肪源替代鱼粉和鱼油,功能性饲料添加剂应用等方面的研究进展进行综述,以期为凡纳滨对虾的精准营养研究及高效环保饲料的开发提供科学参考,从而推动其养殖业的健康可持续发展。     

Bioavailability of feed grade calcium phosphate incorporated into practical diets for Penaeus vannamei

Practical diets designed for penaeid shrimp are commonly supplemented with phosphorus, which may lead to unnecessary nutrient loading of the culture system and effluent waters as well as unnecessary investments in a nutrient that is not utilized by the culture species. To facilitate the optimization of phosphorus levels in practical shrimp feeds, research was conducted with Penaeus vannamei juveniles to determine the biological availability of two feed-grade calcium phosphate sources. A practical basal diet containing 350 g protein kg⁻¹ diet and 9.8 g P kg⁻¹ diet was formulated using anchovy and soybean meal as the primary protein and phosphorus sources. The basal diet was supplemented with graded levels of phosphorus and offered to juvenile shrimp (0.57 ± 0.017 g) over a 10-week period. Weight gain and estimated feed efficiency values increased with phosphorus supplements, indicating a dietary deficiency of the basal diet. Under the reported conditions, a dietary supplement of 1.4 or 2.3 g P kg⁻¹ diet was required for maximum growth and estimated feed efficiency values if Cefkaphos (primarily monobasic calcium phosphate) or Dynafos (primarily dibasic calcium phosphate) was utilized. Dynafos was determined to have a relative biological value (RBV) of 63.8% of Cefkaphos based on final weights of the shrimp offered diets containing 1.25 g supplemental P kg⁻¹ diet. A similar RBV of 60.9% was estimated based on broken-line analyses of growth data. There were no significant differences in apparent net phosphorus retention (ANPR) for the basal diet (23.1%) or diets supplemented with 1.25 g P kg⁻¹ diet originating from Cefkaphos (25.7%) or Dynafos (17.9%). However, shifts in ANPR values of the diets corresponded to biological availability of the two phosphorus sources.     

哲罗鱼稚鱼氨基酸的需要量

采用高生物价的酪蛋白、明胶为蛋白源的蛋白饲料(PD)和无蛋白饲料(FPD)饲养哲罗鱼稚鱼(6.8～7.3g),通过在实验开始和结束时测定鱼体氨基酸的组成,研究氨基酸的增重需要和维持需要,并计算哲罗鱼必需氨基酸的需求量。试验在室内玻璃钢水族箱中进行,分两个处理,每个处理3个重复,每个重复25尾鱼。试验期间水温23～25℃,溶氧为6.4～7.5mg/L,试验共进行28d。试验结果表明,与FPD组相比,PD组鱼成活率、饲料系数、增重率、粗脂肪的含量均显著升高(P<0.05),而FPD组的水分含量显著增加(P<0.05)。PD组和FPD组鱼体粗蛋白的末含量与初始值相比差异不显著(P>0.05)。鱼体必需氨基酸的维持量(除色氨酸外)均占鱼体必需氨基酸的增加量和维持量之和的20%～30%,色氨酸占54.52%,所以在估计鱼体必需氨基酸的需要量时,鱼体必需氨基酸的维持量是不能忽略的。哲罗鱼各种EAA需求量[g/(100g鱼体重)/d]为苏氨酸(Thr)0.040,缬氨酸(Va1)0.041,蛋氨酸(Met)0.027,异亮氨酸(I1e)0.034,亮氨酸(Leu)0.067,苯丙氨酸(Phe)0.035,赖氨酸(Lys)0...     

Arginine and histidine requirements of the Indian major carp, Labeo rohita (Hamilton)

Growth studies were conducted to quantify requirements for the essential amino acids (EAA), arginine and histidine in Labeo rohita (Hamilton). Diets incorporating casein and gelatine, as sources of intact protein, supplemented with crystalline amino acids were formulated to a crude protein content of 400 g kg^?1. Diets with six graded levels of arginine (14.6, 17.0, 19.0, 21.0, 23.0 and 25 g kg^?1) and histidine (3.2, 5.0, 7.0, 9.0, 11.0 and 13.0 g kg^?1) were formulated and fed to triplicate groups of juvenile rohu twice a day up to satiation for 60 days. Dietary requirements for arginine and histidine for rohu, estimated using break point analysis, were 23 and 9 of the diet respectively (57.5 and 22.5 g kg^?1 of dietary protein). Food conversion rate, specific growth rate and survival were better in treatments with diets containing optimum levels of EAA.     

Total sulphur amino acid requirement of the Indian major carp, Labeo rohita (Hamilton)

The quantitative dietary sulphur amino acid requirement of the Indian major carp, Labeo rohita (Hamilton), was determined by conducting a growth study. The experimental diets contained 400 g crude protein kg⁻¹ from casein, gelatine and supplemental crystalline amino acids. Diets containing six graded levels of methionine (3.2, 6.5, 9.0, 11.5, 14 and 16.5 g kg⁻¹) with a constant level of cystine (1.4 g kg⁻¹) were formulated and fed to triplicate groups of Labeo rohita fingerlings twice a day to satiation for 60 days. The optimum dietary requirement for methionine was estimated using the break-point regression analysis at 11.5 g kg⁻¹ of diet or 28.8 g kg⁻¹ of dietary protein. Thus the total sulphur amino acid (Met + Cys) requirement was determined to be 12.9 g kg⁻¹ of diet or 32.3 g kg⁻¹ of protein. Higher survival, specific growth rate and food conversion efficiency values were observed for fish fed the diet containing optimum levels of sulphur amino acids.     

南美白对虾高产养殖试验报告

1999年5～10月在海南省琼海市的三口虾塘内对南美白对虾进行了高产养殖试验。试验结果表明,南美白对虾对环境适应能力强,未发生虾病,成活率达93.9％以上;生长速度快,90d左右养殖体重达15g/尾以上,110d左右养殖体重达25g/尾;经济效益好,产量高,达451.5～882kg/亩,饲料系数小,在1:5以下,是海水养殖的优良品种。     

Nutritional evaluation of fatty acids for the open thelycum shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei: I. Effect of dietary linoleic and linolenic acids at different concentrations and ratios on juvenile shrimp growth, survival and fatty acid composition

A 6‐week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the nutritional value of dietary linoleic (18:2n‐6, LOA) and linolenic (18:3n‐3, LNA) acids for juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei by determining their effects on growth, survival and fatty acid composition of hepatopancreas and muscle tissue. Diets were formulated to contain 5% total lipid. A basal diet contained only palmitic and stearic acids, each at 2.5% of diet. Six diets contained one of three levels (0.25, 0.5 and 1%) of either LOA or LNA, and three diets had different ratios of LNA/LOA (1, 3, 9) at a combined inclusion level of 0.5% of diet. An additional diet contained 0.5% of a mixture of n‐3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA). The fatty acid profile of hepatopancreas and muscle of shrimp reflected the profile of the diets. HUFA of the n‐3 family showed higher nutritional value than LOA or LNA for juvenile L. vannamei by producing significantly (P < 0.05) higher final weight and weight gain. Neither LOA nor LNA, alone or in combination, improved growth significantly compared with shrimp fed the basal diet.Thus, dietary requirements for LOA and LNA were not demonstrated under these experimental conditions.