Effect of dietary fumonisin B1 on certain immune parameters of weaned pigs

Only few data are available on the effect of fumonisins on the immune response. The aim of the present study was to examine whether dietary fumonisin B1 (FB1) has any effect on the humoral and cellular immune response in weaned pigs, depending on the dose and the time of toxin exposure. Fusarium moniliforme fungal culture was added to the experimental animals' diet to ensure an FB1 intake of 1, 5 and 10 ppm (first experiment) or 100 mg per animal per day (second experiment). The control animals were fed a toxin-free diet. In order to determine the immune response, the animals were vaccinated against Aujeszky's disease with inactivated vaccine (Aujesping K, Phylaxia-Sanofi, Budapest, Hungary). Specific and nonspecific in vitro cellular immune response was measured by the lymphocyte stimulation test (LST) induced by PHA-P, Con A, LPS and inactivated suspension of the Aujeszky's disease virus. Humoral immune response, e.g. specific antibody titre, was measured by the virus neutralisation (VN) test. None of the immunological parameters examined showed significant differences between groups. It could be concluded that fumonisin B1 had no significant effect on the humoral and cellular specific and nonspecific immune response when fed in a high dose (100 mg/animal/day for 8 days) or in a low concentration even for a longer period (1, 5 and 10 ppm for 3-4 months).     

Use of formalin-fixed tissues to determine fumonisin B1-induced sphingolipid alterations in swine.

Fumonisin B1 is a mycotoxin that causes lethal pulmonary edema in swine. Sphinganine, sphingosine, and the sphinganine to sphingosine ratio are important biomarkers for fumonisin B1 exposure. Currently, tissues selected for sphinganine and sphingosine analyses are frozen at -80 degrees C until analyses take place. However, for diagnostics and some research projects, formalin is used more routinely as a preservative for long-term storage of tissues. To determine whether formalin-fixed tissues could be used for sphinganine and sphingosine analyses, sphinganine and sphingosine concentrations were quantified in both frozen and formalin-fixed lung, liver, kidney, and heart from fumonisin B1-treated and control pigs. Tissues were evaluated 3 months after freezing and 3, 6, and 12 months after formalin fixation. Sphinganine, sphingosine, and the sphinganine to sphingosine ratio of both frozen and formalin-fixed lung and liver from fumonisin B1-treated pigs were elevated. Formalin-fixed tissues had lower sphinganine and sphingosine concentrations but higher sphinganine to sphingosine ratios than the corresponding frozen tissues. Storage in formalin for up to 12 months did not affect the results. Sphingosine analysis could not be performed in formalin-fixed heart and kidney because of noninterpretable chromatograms. Therefore, formalin-fixed lung and liver can be used to determine fumonisin B1-induced sphinganine and sphingosine alterations in swine, with the sphinganine to sphingosine ratio being the most useful.     

The optimal vitamin B 6 requirement of early weaned piglets

In a two-period rearing trial (1st to 24th and 24th to 45th experimental day) using 72 early-weaned piglets, the optimal vitamin-B6 requirement was determined on the basis of different performance criteria and biochemical parameters. In the corresponding live weight ranges of 3.5 to 10 kg and 10 to 21 kg, the animals allotted in 6 groups were ad lib. fed a prestarter and starter feed, respectively containing 0.5, 1.2, 2.0, 2.8, 3.5 and 6.6 mg vitamin B6 per kg dry matter. For adequate feed intake and weight development, a dietary vitamin B6 content of 2.0 mg/kg and 1.2 mg/kg proved necessary for the 1st and 2nd part of the experiment, respectively. An optimal intermediary metabolic situation and thus an optimum vitamin B6 requirement covering, which was derived from the renal xanthurenic acid excretion and the SGOT activity, was attained only at a vitamin B6 supply level of 3.5 and 2.8 mg/kg for the 1st and 2nd experimental periods, respectively. This corresponds to an average vitamin B6 requirement per animal and day of 0.8 mg for the weight range 3.5 to 10 kg, and of 1.9 mg for the weight range 10 to 21 kg.     

一种能解决断奶仔猪饲料中AGPs的方法

喷雾干燥猪血浆(猪血粉)因在非反刍动物饲料中具有天然的抗生素生长促进剂的作用而在欧盟和欧盟以外的地区受到养猪生产者的青睐.     

Activated carbon does not prevent the toxicity of culture material containing fumonisin B1 when fed to weanling piglets

Fumonisins are mycotoxins found primarily in corn and corn products that are produced by Fusarium verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and several other Fusarium species. The toxicity of fumonisin B1 (FB) from culture material with and without activated carbon was evaluated using weanling piglets. Fifty-six weanling pigs were assigned to one of four treatments diets based on BW. The treatment diets were 1) control = corn-soybean basal diet with < 2 ppm FB; 2) AC = control + activated carbon at 1% of the diet, as fed; 3) FB = control + culture material (formulated to contain 30 ppm FB, as-fed basis); and 4) AC + FB = control + activated carbon at 1% of the diet as fed + culture material (formulated to contain 30 ppm FB). A total of four replicates of four pigs per pen for the control and AC treatments and three piglets per pen for the FB and AC + FB treatments were used. Feed and water were offered ad libitum for the duration of the 42-d experiment. Compared with pigs fed the control or AC diets, pigs receiving the two FB-contaminated diets (FB or AC + FB) had lower G:F (P < 0.01), higher serum enzyme activities of gamma-glutamyltransferase and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (P < 0.05), and higher concentrations of cholesterol, free sphinganine, sphingosine-1-phosphate, and sphinganine 1-phosphate (P < 0.05). Although animals consuming FB diets showed no signs of respiratory distress, all pigs consuming either the FB or the AC + FB diets had marked pulmonary edema. Lesions were observed in the lungs, heart, and liver of pigs fed the FB or AC + FB diets, and treatment-associated changes also were seen in the pancreas, intestines, spleen, and lymph nodes. No lesions were observed in the brain. In liver, lung, heart, pancreas, spleen, intestines, and lymph nodes, the histopathological effects observed were more severe in the AC + FB group, suggesting that the AC treatment worsened the toxic effects of FB. Additionally, immunological measurements of macrophage function (CD14) were affected (P < 0.05) by the consumption of the FB diets. The consumption of FB diets containing 30 ppm fumonisin B1 from cultured material significantly affected performance, biochemical measurements, and organ pathology in weanling pigs. The addition of activated carbon at the rate of 1% to the diet was not effective in protecting against the detrimental effects of fumonisin consumption.     

断奶仔猪饲养管理体会

加强断奶仔猪的饲养管理，可降低断奶应激带来的损失，提高断奶仔猪成活率，增加养猪业的经济效益。１断奶仔猪的饲养为了使断奶仔猪尽快地适应断奶后的饲料，减少腹泻发生，减轻断奶造成的影响，保证仔猪的快速生长发育，应采取以下措施：１．１对哺乳仔猪进行强制性补料，从仔猪出生后７日龄开始喂给教槽料，教槽料必须是易消化吸收具有特殊香味的颗粒饲料。每天抓几粒教槽料放入仔猪嘴里，每天喂２～３次，连续５天，到１２日龄时，大多仔猪都能开食，１５日龄可全窝仔猪开食，以后每天少添勤添料，为断奶打基础。１．２断奶前３天，减少…     

断奶仔猪爆发严重呼吸道疾病

2012年9月和10月,西班牙一家规模为1 050头母猪的猪场其断奶仔猪出现呼吸道疾病的症状。经过实地采样、实验室检测、分析,得出这次仔猪在断奶期间爆发呼吸道疾病临床病症的致病因子是SIV。因为断奶仔猪发病太早,无法给其进行免疫预防,所以最后决定给所有母猪接种猪流感三价苗用以预防所生自护病毒感染。     

断奶仔猪爆发严重呼吸道疾病（续完）

6疾病诊断 （1）首次诊断 ①把活的病仔猪送人实验室进行检测 2012年9月12日,在巡视保育场B时,我们发现4～5周龄仔猪开始出现咳嗽症状,大量仔猪伴有呼吸困难和精神消沉.挑选2头仔猪不进行抗生素治疗,并与2012年9月14日送往实验室.     

Effects of prolonged exposure to low-dose fumonisin B1 in pigs

From the point of view of human exposure, fumonisins (FB1, FB2, FB1, FB4), a relatively recently (1988) discovered and identified group of mycotoxins, represent one of the five most important mycotoxin groups causing human disease. In an earlier experiment studying the effects of relatively low doses (10, 20 and 40 p.p.m.) of FB1 in weaned piglets, it was established that the 4-week feeding of 10 p.p.m. (mg/kg feed) FB1 produced mild pulmonary oedema. This suggested the importance of studies with even lower doses of the toxin to determine the tolerable limits. The objective of this experiment was therefore to study the effects of prolonged (8-week) exposure to still lower concentrations (0, 1, 5 and 10 mg/kg feed) of FB1. The 8-week feeding of FB1 in low concentrations (1-10 p.p.m.) did not cause clinical signs and significant performance impairment in pigs, but rendered irreversible the chronic changes that had already developed in the animals in a dose-dependent manner. Dissection revealed pathological alterations of the lungs in one of the animals given 1 p.p.m. (n = 4), in two animals exposed to 5 p.p.m. (n = 5), and in three animals given 10 p.p.m. (n = 4). In all three treatment groups, proliferation of the connective tissue fibres, primarily of those around the lymphatic vessels, in the subpleural and interlobular connective tissue of the lungs, extending to the peribronchial and peribronchiolar areas, was seen. The results of this experiment call attention to the risk of prolonged low-dose toxin exposure, which has very important public health implications.     

Macro-element excretion and retention in early weaned piglets with vitamin B6 deficiency

Two metabolic trials using early-weaned piglets were performed to find out whether highly vitamin B6 deficient prest,rter- or starter feeds (0.4 mg vitamin B6/Kg) would affect the excretion and retention of Ca, P, Mg, K and Na as compared with pair-fed control animals given 6.5 mg B6/Kg. The depleted animals showing typical vitamin B6 deficiency symptoms in the course of the trials, were found to excrete in the feces somewhat smaller amounts of minerals during both metabolic periods. Likewise, the deficiency animals had lower renal Ca and P excretion rates. On the whole, the Ca balance gave significantly higher retention values for the depleted piglets. In terms of nitrogen deposition, both Ca and P revealed significantly higher retention under vitamin B6 deficiency.     

Housing and climatic conditions for early weaned piglets

The recent results of research carried out on housing and climatic conditions for early weaned piglets are reviewed in the present paper.Piglets weaned at 3–4 weeks of age are, in most cases, raised on a totally wired floor in weaning houses. The optimum area per animal and the number of piglets per pen depend on their age and weight at entry and leaving of the weaning house, respectively. The “all-in-all-out” management system is shown to improve the growth performance of piglets.The effects of some physical components of the thermal environment (air temperature, wind speed and relative humidity) on the growth, energy and nitrogen metabolism of the piglet were analysed. An interaction between the air temperature and the feeding level, on the one hand, and the air temperature and the management system (type of floor, piglets raised individually or in groups) on the other, was found. However, no definite conclusions can be drawn about the optimum environmental conditions for early weaned piglets.     

断奶仔猪养育的关键措施

从断奶到4月龄的仔猪叫断奶仔猪。仔猪断奶后,肌肉、骨骼生长十分迅速,需要补充丰富的营养。断奶期间仔猪会遇到内外环境的各种应激。同时,由吃液态的营养全面、易消化的母乳到完全吃配合饲料,胃肠也需要一个逐步适应过程,在这个过程中,胃肠本身也在生长发育,分泌消化液成分也有所变化,以适应配合日粮。有的养殖户为了管理上的方便而进行并圈,猪群间个体位序的建立需要争斗来完成,这对仔猪是一个强应激。据统计,断奶期间仔猪死亡率占全程死亡率的40％,可见这个阶段在饲养管理上占有很大的比重。     

饲用酶制剂对断奶仔猪生产性能的影响

添加饲用酶制剂不仅能有效消除饲料中抗营养因子和某些毒素的有害作用．而且能够全面促进饲粮养分的分解消化和吸收利用,从而大幅提高常规饲料的利用率,促进动物生长。为验证酶制剂在规模化养猪中的实际效果,本试验选用60头45日龄的长×大二元杂交断奶仔猪,随机分为两组．试验组在对照组日粮的基础上添加复合饲用酶制剂0．1％,以观察该酶制剂在断乳仔猪玉米豆粕型日粮中的饲养效果。试验结果表明：试验组日增重比对照组提高8．84％,饲料转化率提高9．95％。     

断奶仔猪下痢的治疗方案和体会

断奶仔猪下痢的临床表现主要为：病猪精神倦怠，被毛逆立无光，粪便稀薄如水；有的拉稀呈喷射状，色为灰白至灰黑色不等；有的肛门周围粪便污染严重；有的虽未污染，但仔细观察，发现肛门松弛、发红，用手触摸方感到湿润。     

断奶仔猪苏氨酸营养需要研究

<正>断奶仔猪的早期营养与其后期的生长性能密切相关。苏氨酸为断奶仔猪限制性必需氨基酸之一,对其生长性能的发挥有重要作用。当前的大部分断奶仔猪料根据理想蛋白模式和仔猪营养需要的要求,基本     

短链脂肪酸醋在仔猪日粮中的应用研究

本试验主要研究以三丁酸甘油酯为主的短链脂肪酸酯对早期断奶仔猪生长性能的影响.选用25±1日龄的大白和长白断奶仔猪72头,随机分为试验组和对照组.每组设3个重复.每个重复12头猪,试验周期为20d.试验组日粮中添加0.4%短链脂肪酸酯,对照组相应部分用0.4%的乳清粉代替.结果表明:添加0.4%短链脂肪酸酯的试验组对早期断奶仔猪的日增重有显著性影响(p<0.05).     

The biological stress of early weaned piglets

Pigs experience biological stress such as physiological, environmental, and social challenges when weaned from the sow. The process of weaning is one of the most stressful events in the pig’s life that can contribute to intestinal and immune system dysfunctions that result in reduced pig health, growth, and feed intake, particularly during the first week after weaning. Technological improvements in housing, nutrition, health, and management have been used to minimize some of the adverse effects of weaning stress, but a greater understanding of the biological impact of stress is needed to improve strategies to overcome weaning stress. The focus of this review paper is to briefly describe how the biological stress associated with weaning impacts intestinal morphology, structure, physiology, and intestinal immune responses that can impact subsequent production efficiencies such as growth, intake, morbidity, and mortality.