Pig colostrum and milk composition:comparisons between Chinese Meishan and US breeds

The composition of colostrum and milk from Chinese Meishan and American Yorkshire gills was characterized at farrowing (d 0), 24 h after farrowing (d 1), and on d 7 and 21 of lactation. Lactose concentrations were lower for Meishan vs. Yorkshire gills on d 0, 1, and 7, but not on d 21. Fat concentrations were higher for Meishan than for Yorkshire gilts at each sampling time, particularly on d 1 and 7. Total protein concentrations were similar on d 0 and 1, but lower for Meishan than for Yorkshire gilts on d 7 and 21. Milk proteins from Meishan gilts, Yorkshire gilts, and crossbred sows (Yorkshire × Hampshire × Landrace) were compared by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Differences in size or relative proportion of caseins and the major whey proteins were not observed. Several high molecular weight whey proteins and a minor casein band were observed to segregate among breeds. These protein differences among breeds may be valuable markers in studies on lactating Mei-shan × Yorkshire crossbred animals. Results of this study suggest that colostrum and milk composition should not be a major limiting factor in survival and growth of piglets born to Meishan × Yorkshire crossbred gilts.     

梅山猪和香猪Prop-1基因的初步比较

Prop-1基因编码一种影响垂体前叶发生的转录因子,在人和动物均已发现由于该基因突变而引起的综合性垂体功能障碍,进而影响生长和繁殖。梅山猪和香猪的繁殖力和生长性能差异非常显著,为了了解这些差异的遗传基础,对两种猪的Prop-1基因进行了测序和比较。梅山猪Prop-1基因第198密码子为TTG,编码亮氨酸,而香猪为GTG,编码缬氨酸,即两种猪的Prop-1基因产物不同;在Prop-1基因终止密码下游250bp左右有一个腺苷酸丰富区,梅山猪有14个腺苷酸串联,香猪有11个腺苷酸串联。上述结果为进一步研究梅山猪和香猪之间生产性能差异的遗传基础提供了新线索。     

绵羊输卵管上皮细胞的分离与培养

通过建立输卵管上皮细胞的体外培养和传代的方法，进行形态学观察及冻存。取雌性绵羊输卵管上皮细胞，用胶原酶消化和不锈钢网过筛法分离输卵管内膜基质细胞和上皮细胞，进行单细胞原代及传代培养。在输卵管上皮细胞的培养可持续培养4-6周，传3-4代。原代培养细胞7d长成单层，传代细胞4d长成单层。该研究旨在建立一套输卵管上皮细胞体外培养和传代的方法，为进一步研究β-防御素在雌性生殖道的作用方面提供很好的研究模型。     

Morphometrical Features of the Corneal Epithelium in Mammals

The study has been conducted on 40 species of mammals included in different taxonomic orders: 10 carnivores (felines and canides), 13 primates and 17 herbivores (artiodactyles, perisodactyles and proboscideans). Domestic, experimental and wild animals have been included in the sample. The purpose of the study is to offer new data regarding morphometric aspects of the epithelium of the cornea of mammals. We also aim to establish the relationships and differences between the different epithelia studied and to determine the morphometric characteristics which best define the epithelium of the different species under study. The results obtained have demonstrated the existence of correlations between thicknesses, number of cellular layers and number of the epithelial cells in the different groups. It has also been established that the variants in thickness and number of layers define and characterize the epithelia. Finally, the study reveals that morphometric characteristics of the epithelium of primates and carnivores have more similarities than those of herbivores.     

猪输卵管上皮细胞、颗粒细胞、耳上皮细胞及胎儿成纤维细胞的培养

本文培养了猪输卵管上皮细胞、颗粒细胞、耳上皮细胞、胎儿成纤维细胞等几种细胞 ,比较了几种细胞原代和传代培养的特点 ,发现原代培养时猪耳组织、胎儿组织消化后的单细胞和剩余细胞团块一起培养 ,其生长速度较单个细胞快。 4种细胞中颗粒细胞体积最大 ,生长速度最慢 ,传代密度须保持 2× 10 5 ml以上为宜。     

Morphological Changes and Proliferative Activity in the Oviductal Epithelium during Hormonally Defined Stages of the Oestrous Cycle in the Bitch

The aim of the present study was to investigate morphological changes and proliferative activities in the epithelium of the canine oviduct with regard to the part of the oviduct – possibly indicating the existence of a locally restricted sperm reservoir – and the stage of the oestrous cycle. Nine healthy adult nulliparous bitches were submitted to ovariohysterectomy at three stages of the cycle: anoestrus (n = 3), late follicular phase (n = 3) and mid‐luteal phase (n = 3). The whole oviduct ranging from the utero‐tubal junction (UTJ) to the infundibulum (IN) was collected, divided into UTJ, IN plus six segments of equal length, i.e. eight oviductal specimens per animal were studied by light microscopy. Morphological characteristics of ovaries and endometrium were recorded macroscopically and verified histologically. The height of oviduct epithelial cells and percentage of ciliated cells (CC) were assessed and the respective data analysed statistically. Proliferative activity was immunohistochemically visualized by means of Ki‐67 antigen detection. Blood was collected and concentrations of oestradiol‐17β and progesterone (P₄) were measured. Within the IN and five of the six tissue samples collected from the ampulla and isthmus in anoestrous bitches, the oviductal surface epithelium consisted of low cuboidal cells demonstrating a uniform dark staining intensity. Only a very few scattered lighter staining CC could be detected. Under the influence of oestrogens during late follicular phase, the oviductal epithelium was highly differentiated. Lighter stained CC with apically located nuclei were easily distinguishable from basophilic secretory cells with apical cytoplasmic protrusions. Cell height and percentage of CC were significantly higher than in anoestrus (p ≤ 0.05). During mid‐luteal phase, high levels of P₄ were associated with differentiated and dedifferentiated cells as well as cells in regression seen in the mucosal folds of all samples. The percentage of CC and cell height were significantly lower than during late follicular phase (p ≤ 0.05). Further signs of dedifferentiation consisted of a loss of cilia, a pinching off of the apical cytoplasm as well as the presence of debris and macrophages within the oviductal lumen. In the oviductal part of UTJ and the caudal isthmus hormone‐dependent variations in cellular morphology were less distinct. Changes in cell height were minimal and did not differ significantly throughout the oestrous cycle. Hypertrophic cells with large nuclei were predominantly present at these sites, but did not consistently demonstrate signs of ciliation or secretion. Sporadic proliferating activity, visualized by means of Ki‐67 antigen, was mainly seen in some cells of the late follicular phase samples. Thus, overall proliferative activity is generally very low or may occur within a relatively short period of time. It therefore cannot be excluded, that periods exhibiting higher mitotic rates are not included in the present study. It should, however, be mentioned that cells demonstrating morphological signs of apoptosis can only be seen very sporadically within a few specimens during mid‐luteal phase, thus, reflecting low proliferative capacities and minimal cellular turnover found during this study. The results of the present study strongly indicate that oestrogens cause hypertrophy and differentiation, whereas P₄ induces gradual dedifferentiation or regression of the oviductal epithelium. Furthermore, they reveal clearly visible changes in the morphology of the tubal epithelium during the oestrous cycle. Depending on the tubal segment, these are, however, variably expressed. Whether the low degree of cellular variation of the UTJ and caudal isthmus is caused by specific hormone concentrations at these sites or specific regulatory mechanisms and may be associated with specific functional properties such as the formation of a locally restricted sperm reservoir needs further investigations.     

梅山猪ob基因多态性与繁殖性状的相关性研究

本文利用Bi-PASA方法研究了梅山猪ob基因的 3714位点多态性与繁殖性能的相关。ob基因经Bi-PASA扩增以后出现 3个条带 ,表现为 3种基因型 (AA型、AB型和BB型 ) ,两个等位基因A和B。经方差分析检验 ,AA型母猪的产仔数显著低于AB型和BB型个体的产仔数 (P <0 .0 5 ,10 .4头与 11.7和 11.6头 )。而AA型仔猪生后生长速度显著高于AB型和BB型 (P <0 .0 5 ,4 .5 5 3kg与 4 .0 4 4t4 .0 4 3,2 0日龄 ;7.6 2 1kg与 6 .6 0 4和 6 .6kg ,35日龄 ) ,试验猪群ob基因处于平衡状态 ,故可能ob基因并不是各性状变异的主要原因     

江口萝卜猪和梅山猪的猪应急综合征主效基因RYR1的PCR-RFLP检测

猪兰尼定受体1(Ryanodine Receptor1,RYR1)基因是导致猪应激综合征、影响猪肉质的主效基因.试验采用RFLP方法,以大白猪、2个杂交猪群(杜洛克×长白猪×大白猪和长白猪×大白猪)为对照,检测了江口萝卜猪与引入的梅山猪群RYR1基因的分布类型.结果表明,对照组中,外三元、外二元杂交猪和大白猪中均检测到...     

X-ray Microanalysis of the Secretory Epithelium of the Endometrial Glands and Intraluminal Uterine Fluid in Oestrus Mares

X‐ray microanalysis was used to determine the occurrence of transudation as a source of intrauterine fluid in mares during oestrus. The content of some selected elements was studied in secretory vesicles of the epithelium of endometrial glands and in intraluminal fluid of healthy mares of varying age and parity. An in situ cotton tampon was used to absorb intrauterine fluid from 23 gynaecologically healthy mares during oestrus. Immediately after tampon withdrawal, endometrial tissue for biopsy was removed from the uterine body/horn junction while videoendoscopy was performed. The tissue specimens were frozen ultra‐rapidly against a copper surface chilled with liquid N₂. X‐ray microanalysis of frozen fully hydrated endometrial samples and of microdroplets of intraluminal fluid (n = 20) was performed, using a SEM microscope equipped with a cryo‐stage and an X‐ray microanalysis system. The concentrations of sodium (Na), potassium (K), chlorine (Cl), sulphur (S), phosphorus (P) and calcium (Ca) in the epithelium of endometrial glands and in intraluminal fluid were compared with those in serum. There was a significant difference in the concentrations of all analysed elements between the secretory gland epithelium and the intraluminal fluid apart from S. The major elements in glandular epithelium were K and P. Although there was a significant difference in the concentrations of Na, Cl, S and Ca between the uterine fluid and serum, there was still a conspicuous resemblance in the relationship between the different elements in uterine fluid and serum, with Na and Cl being the dominant elements. Sulphur and especially Ca were present only in small amounts throughout. Neither age nor parity affected the elemental concentrations of Na, K, Cl, S, P and Ca in gland epithelium, uterine fluid or serum. It was concluded that serum transudation contributes to a great extent to the composition of uterine fluid, having a diluting effect upon the specific secretion of the uterine glands.     

Isolation and Culture of Luminal Oviductal and Glandular Uterine Epithelia from the Pig (Sus scrofa)

Contents Pig luminal oviductal and glandular uterine epithelia were isolated and cultured to monolayers. Within 4–5 days after isolation the monolayers from glandular uterine epithelium reached confluency, while cultures of luminal oviductal epithelium needed 6–7 days to reach this stage. The epithelial character of the cultured cells was confirmed by scanning electronmicroscopy (SEM) and by demonstration of intermediate filaments using immunohitochemistry. SEM analysis revealed that the monolayers from luminal oviductal origin consisted of microvilli rich epithelial cells only. In SEM preparations from glandular luterine epithelium we observed microvilli bearing as well as ciliated epithelial cells. All isolates from glandular uterine epithelium contained connective tissue derived fibroblasts. In cryosections of fresh oviductal and endometrial tissues, epithelial cells did react specifically with anti-keratin while anti-vimentin was not bound. Cultured epithelial cells, however, reacted with both anti-vimentin and anti-keratin indicating that cells from oviductal or urterine origin might dedifferentiate with respect to intermediate filament expression when brought into culture. Inhalt: Isolierung und Kultur von Epithelzellen aus dem Eileiterlumen und von glandulären uterinen Epithelzellen beim Schwein (Sus scrofa) Porcine Epithelzellen aus dem Eileiterlumen und glanduläre uterine Epithelzellen wurden isoliert und als Monolayer kultiviert. Innerhalb von 4–5 Tagen nach der Isolierung waren die uterinen Epithelzellen zusammengewachsen. Epithelzellen des Eileiters benötigten 6–7 Tage um dieses Stadium zu erreichen. Der epitheliale Charakter der Zellen wurde durch elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen (SEM) und durch den immunhistologischen Nachweis intermediärer Filamente bestätigt. DieelektronenmikroskopischeUntersuchung zeigte, daβdie Monolayer aus den Eileiterzellen nur aus Mikrovilli-reichen Epithelzellen bestanden. Dagegen wiesen die glandulären Uterinzellen sowohl Zellen mit Mikrovilli als auch mit Zilien besetzte Epithelzellen bei der elektronenmikroskopichen Untersuchung auf. Alle isolierten Epithelzellen uterinen Ursprungs enthielten Fibroblasten aus dem verbindenden Gewebe. In Cryoschnitten frischer Eileiter- und Endometriumsgewebe reagierten die Epithelzellen spezifisch mit Anti-Keratin, wohingegen Anti-Vimentin nicht gebunden wurde. Epithelzellen aus der Kultur reagierten jedoch mit beiden Substanzen. Dies kann als Hinweis gewertet werden, daβ die Zellen in der Kulturphase in Abhängigkeit der Intermediärfilamente entdifferenziert werden.     

类固醇激素对牛输卵管上皮细胞特异性糖蛋白基因表达作用的研究

模拟发情期母牛体内类固醇激素水平，在培养乏情期母牛输卵管上皮细胞的体系中添加雌二醇(E2)、孕酮(P)和血小板激活因子(platelet activating factor，PAF)，以诱导细胞的分泌作用。借助Northern的斑点杂交技术分析输卵管上皮特异性糖蛋白(OGP)基因RNA水平，研究激素及生长因子对体外培养的乏情期母牛输卵管上皮细胞分泌OGP的影响。结果显示：E2、P和PAF可以促进乏情期母牛输卵管上皮细胞OGP基因的表达。     

影响梅山猪繁殖性能的生理结构及遗传因素研究进展

梅山猪是太湖猪的一个类群,以繁殖力高闻名于世.本文通过对梅山猪高产仔数性状的生理结构、遗传因素等加以综述,主要阐述了梅山猪的子宫、胎盘对高产的作用、影响多产仔性能QTL的精细定位、主效基因的多态性与高产仔数之间的关系及早期胚胎特有的发育机能对高产的影响.探讨了如何从基因组水平研究梅山猪高产的成因,以期为深入地解析梅山猪高产的分子遗传机制提供一些参考.     

Light and Scanning Electron Microscopic Studies of Oviductal Epithelium in Thai Swamp Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) at the Follicular and Luteal Phases

The purpose of this study was to investigate the morphological changes in the epithelium of Thai swamp buffalo oviducts at the follicular and luteal phases by histological technique and scanning electron microscopy. The samples from the infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus and uterotubal junction (UTJ) of the oviduct were taken immediately after slaughter at the local abattoir. Noticeable cyclic changes were observed on the epithelial surface of the infundibulum and ampulla, but few changes were present in the isthmus and UTJ. At the follicular phase, the epithelium of infundibulum and ampulla were densely covered with ciliated cells whose cilia concealed the apical processes of the secretory cells. In contrast, the secretory cells dominated in the epithelium at the luteal phase and most of the ciliated cells were hidden by the bulbous processes of these cells. In the isthmus and UTJ at the follicular and luteal phases, the secretory cells were almost flat or gently rounded and covered with numerous microvilli at their apical surface. In conclusion, the histological and ultrastructural observation of Thai swamp oviduct epithelium revealed marked cyclic changes in the cellular differences associated with the main functions of segmental variations.     

Ultrastructural Features of the Bovine Cecal Mucosa

The cecal surface epithelium of cattle was lined entirely by columnar cells except near the openings of the glands where a few partially depleted goblet cells were encountered. Surface columnar cells with pale cytoplasm, indented (sometimes dome-shaped) apical border and irregular microvilli, were also found near the gland orifices. Surface columnar cells -near the openings of the glands contained large cytoplasmic vacuoles and lysosomal-like bodies. Near the extrusion zone, however, the columnar cells contained highly indented and apically displaced nuclei. The glands were usually long and straight and lined by an epithelium concisting mainly of undifferentiated and goblet cells. There were few entero-endocrine and non-epithelial cells (intra-epithelial lymphocytes and globule leukocytes). Paneth cells were absent. The undifferentiated cells contained many free ribosomes and apical secretory granules. Some of these cells were undergoing mitotic division. Goblet cells exhibited a typical brandy-glass appearance and showed dark and light mucigenous granules. Endocrine cells with polymorphic secretory granules and cells with more uniform secretory granules were identified in the basal part of the epithelium. Globule leukocytes and intra-epithelial lymphocytes were usually encountered near the basal part of the epithelium. The lamina propria was highly cellular. It contained many plasma cells, mast cells and small lymphocytes, and few eosinophils, neutrophils and globule leukocytes. Some of the plasma cells contained large, dense Russell bodies within the cisternae of the rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum. The neutrophils displayed distinct populations of small and large cytoplasmic granules. Some of the eosinophilic granules showed narrow crystalline cores. Large lymphocytes were found in the lamina propria, but occurred less frequently than small lymphocytes.     

In Vivo and In Vitro Sperm Interaction with Oviductal Epithelial Cells of Llama

Sperm reservoirs in South American Camelids would be crucial for successful fertilization. Since ovulation occurs approximately 36 h after mating, the maintenance of the sperm viability in the oviduct waiting for the ovum is a critical reproductive event. Our study aimed at determining whether the isthmus or the utero tubal junction (UTJ) could function as a sperm reservoir in llama by means of in vivo and in vitro experiments. For the in vivo experiments, the oviducts of adult females with a dominant follicle bigger than 7 mm were examined for the presence of sperm at 6, 18, 24, 28 and 35 h after mating. The results using scanning and transmission electron microscopy showed ultrastructural differences between isthmus and UTJ with respect to (1) predominance of secretory cells in the UTJ and ciliated cells in the isthmus epithelium and (2) cytoplasmic bulbous projection of the secretory cells in the UTJ. Sperm adhered by a mucus‐like substance were seen only in the UTJ at 6, 18, 24 and 28 h post‐mating. Lack of sperm adhered to oviductal mucosa was observed around ovulation (35 h). In vitro experiments demonstrated higher ability of UTJ epithelial cell explants with respect to isthmus explants to bind sperm in a co‐cultured system. The anatomical features and the presence of a sperm bonding agent in the UTJ together with the in vitro differential binding of sperm to UTJ explants strongly suggest that both may be feasible mechanisms that facilitate sperm storage in this oviductal region in llama.     

小梅山猪促卵泡素β基因多态性及其与繁殖性能的关系

用PCR SSCPs法检测小梅山猪母猪群促卵泡素 (FSH) β基因的多态性 ,分析该基因与产仔数和仔猪体重的关系。小梅山猪母猪群FSH β基因N基因频率为 0 .4 14 1,n基因频率为 0 .5 85 9,该基因处于遗传非平衡状态。nn基因型母猪的总产仔数和产活仔数比NN型母猪的分别多 0 .7头和 1.1头 (P <0 .0 5 )。小梅山猪产仔数曲线是开口向下的二次曲线 ,其中nn型母猪具有较理想的产仔模型 ,其拟合的最高产仔数最大 ,且产仔数达高峰后下降较慢。nn型母猪的仔猪初生重比NN基因型母猪的重 (P <0 .0 5 )。杂合型母猪的总产仔数 (12 .38)、产活仔数 (11.6 9)、仔猪初生重 (1.72 )和 35日龄断奶重 (2 0 .16 )比纯合型母猪的大 ,表现出一定的杂合效应。这些结果提示母猪的n等位基因对产仔数和仔猪初生重有利 ,该基因可望用于猪的标记辅助选择     

Hypothyroidism Affects Differentially the Cell Size of Epithelial Cells Among Oviductal Regions of Rabbits

Oviductal regions show particular histological characteristics and functions. Tubal pathologies and hypothyroidism are related to primary and secondary infertility. The impact of hypothyroidism on the histological characteristics of oviductal regions has been scarcely studied. Our aim was to analyse the histological characteristics of oviductal regions in control and hypothyroid rabbits. Hypothyroidism was induced by oral administration of methimazole (MMI) for 30 days. For both groups, serum concentrations of thyroid and gonadal hormones were determined. Sections of oviductal regions were stained with the Masson's trichrome technique to analyse both epithelial and smooth muscle layers. The percentage of proliferative epithelial cells (anti‐Ki67) in diverse oviductal regions was also quantified. Data were compared with Student t‐test, Mann–Whitney U‐test, or Fischer's test. In comparison with the control group, the hypothyroid group showed: (i) a low concentration of T3 and T4, but a high level of TSH; (ii) similar values of serum estradiol, progesterone and testosterone; (iii) a large size of ciliated cells in the ampulla (AMP), isthmus (IST) and utero‐tubal junction (UTJ); (iv) a large size of secretory cells in the IST region; (v) a low percentage of proliferative secretory cells in the fimbria‐infundibulum (FIM‐INF) region; and (vi) a similar thickness of the smooth muscle layer and the cross‐sectional area in the AMP and IST regions. Modifications in the size of the oviductal epithelium in hypothyroid rabbits could be related to changes in the cell metabolism that may impact on the reproductive functions achieved by oviduct.     

小梅山猪种质指标测定与杂交利用分析

小梅山猪是我国优良的地方品种猪,纯种小梅山猪体型小而紧凑细致、繁殖力高、杂种优势明显,为了更好地保护与利用这一优秀种质资源,本试验对小梅山猪育种中心纯种小梅山猪的种质指标进行测定,并分析其杂交利用情况。结果表明:该猪场现有猪群的群体近交系数为0.1953,头胎平均总产仔数为(13.57±3.70)头,头胎平均产活仔数为(12.75±4.23)头;2胎及2胎以上平均总产仔数为(14.09±4.17)头,2胎及2胎以上平均产活仔数为(13.39±3.92)头,后肢畸形率为0.40%,黑脚为0.60%,杂毛为0.20%,驼背为1.40%;纯种小梅山猪日增重、饲料转化率、胴体瘦肉率分别为324.4g/d、4.01∶1、46.23%,而培育的长白×小梅山二元杂交猪和大约克×长白×小梅山三元杂交猪日增重、饲料转化率、胴体瘦肉率分别为553.7 g/d、3.31、53.33%和622.3g/d、3.18、57.83%。